This document contains information about course assessment and chapters in the fundamentals of operating systems. It is divided into several sections:
1) The course assessment breakdown includes 50% for continuous assessment consisting of quizzes, assignments, lab work and theory tests. The remaining 50% is for a final examination.
2) The chapters in fundamentals of operating systems include introductions, basic concepts, resource management, file management, and Windows operating systems.
3) Detailed information is provided on various operating system strategies, types, generations, versions, distributions and requirements. Terminologies, structures, models and approaches to operating systems are also summarized.
This document provides definitions for various BIOS configuration options. It explains what each option controls, such as allowing the selection of boot devices, configuration of fan speeds, enabling or disabling peripherals, and viewing hardware error logs. The definitions cover a range of topics from power management and hardware monitoring to component configuration and priority settings for booting parts of the system.
The document discusses key topics relating to operating systems including:
1) It defines common operating system terminology like multitasking and multiprocessing.
2) It describes the main components of an operating system like the kernel, shell, and file system.
3) It identifies different types of interfaces for interacting with an operating system such as command line interfaces, menu interfaces, and graphical user interfaces.
This document discusses operating systems including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. It provides details on versions, release dates, and minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, and Mac OS X 10.6. Key points include Windows 95 being the oldest Windows version, Windows 7 requiring a minimum of 16GB hard disk space for 32-bit and 20GB for 64-bit installations, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 releasing in 2007, the original Mac OS being the oldest Mac OS version, and Mac OS X 10.6 requiring a minimum of 256MB of RAM. It also distinguishes between open source and closed source operating systems.
The document discusses energy-efficient storage in virtual machine environments. It notes that energy management is challenging due to the separation between the virtual machine monitor (VMM) and guest operating systems (OSs). Two approaches are proposed: early flush notifications from the VMM to VMs to synchronize buffer flushes, and buffering writes from VMs in the VMM when the disk is asleep to extend idle time. Evaluation shows these approaches reduce energy consumption by up to 14.8% compared to standard disk management in environments with multiple VMs.
The document discusses the boot process of Linux operating systems. When a computer with Linux is turned on, the boot code in ROM loads and starts the kernel. The kernel then probes the system hardware and spawns the system init process. The Linux system can boot automatically or manually. In automatic mode, the complete boot procedure occurs without input, while manual mode involves operator intervention at a certain point before initialization scripts run. The typical Linux boot process involves loading and initializing the kernel, detecting and configuring devices, creating kernel threads, optional operator intervention, running system startup scripts, and achieving multiuser operation.
This document summarizes a presentation on transcendent memory (tmem) on the Xen virtual machine monitor. Tmem aims to solve the challenges of physical memory management in virtualized systems by creating a shared memory pool from unused and wasted guest memory. The presentation provides background on memory management in operating systems and virtual machine monitors, an overview of the tmem design and implementation progress, and a performance analysis comparing self-ballooning, tmem, tmem with deduplication, and tmem with deduplication and compression.
Ibm system programming training module 2 - linux basicsBinsent Ribera
1. Linux originated as a free Unix-like operating system created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and has since become popular worldwide due to its open-source licensing model.
2. To install Linux, users must prepare their system by checking hardware compatibility, partitioning disks to make space for Linux, and obtaining installation media.
3. The installation process involves selecting language and keyboard settings, partitioning and formatting disks, installing boot loaders, configuring the network, and installing packages.
This document provides a high-level overview of the boot process, components, and initialization of an Ubuntu system. It describes how the BIOS loads the bootloader from the hard drive master boot record, which then loads GRUB. GRUB loads the Linux kernel, which initializes in privileged mode. The kernel loads init as the first userland process to start essential services like the display manager, which starts the X window server and allows user authentication and session startup.
This document provides definitions for various BIOS configuration options. It explains what each option controls, such as allowing the selection of boot devices, configuration of fan speeds, enabling or disabling peripherals, and viewing hardware error logs. The definitions cover a range of topics from power management and hardware monitoring to component configuration and priority settings for booting parts of the system.
The document discusses key topics relating to operating systems including:
1) It defines common operating system terminology like multitasking and multiprocessing.
2) It describes the main components of an operating system like the kernel, shell, and file system.
3) It identifies different types of interfaces for interacting with an operating system such as command line interfaces, menu interfaces, and graphical user interfaces.
This document discusses operating systems including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. It provides details on versions, release dates, and minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, and Mac OS X 10.6. Key points include Windows 95 being the oldest Windows version, Windows 7 requiring a minimum of 16GB hard disk space for 32-bit and 20GB for 64-bit installations, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 releasing in 2007, the original Mac OS being the oldest Mac OS version, and Mac OS X 10.6 requiring a minimum of 256MB of RAM. It also distinguishes between open source and closed source operating systems.
The document discusses energy-efficient storage in virtual machine environments. It notes that energy management is challenging due to the separation between the virtual machine monitor (VMM) and guest operating systems (OSs). Two approaches are proposed: early flush notifications from the VMM to VMs to synchronize buffer flushes, and buffering writes from VMs in the VMM when the disk is asleep to extend idle time. Evaluation shows these approaches reduce energy consumption by up to 14.8% compared to standard disk management in environments with multiple VMs.
The document discusses the boot process of Linux operating systems. When a computer with Linux is turned on, the boot code in ROM loads and starts the kernel. The kernel then probes the system hardware and spawns the system init process. The Linux system can boot automatically or manually. In automatic mode, the complete boot procedure occurs without input, while manual mode involves operator intervention at a certain point before initialization scripts run. The typical Linux boot process involves loading and initializing the kernel, detecting and configuring devices, creating kernel threads, optional operator intervention, running system startup scripts, and achieving multiuser operation.
This document summarizes a presentation on transcendent memory (tmem) on the Xen virtual machine monitor. Tmem aims to solve the challenges of physical memory management in virtualized systems by creating a shared memory pool from unused and wasted guest memory. The presentation provides background on memory management in operating systems and virtual machine monitors, an overview of the tmem design and implementation progress, and a performance analysis comparing self-ballooning, tmem, tmem with deduplication, and tmem with deduplication and compression.
Ibm system programming training module 2 - linux basicsBinsent Ribera
1. Linux originated as a free Unix-like operating system created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and has since become popular worldwide due to its open-source licensing model.
2. To install Linux, users must prepare their system by checking hardware compatibility, partitioning disks to make space for Linux, and obtaining installation media.
3. The installation process involves selecting language and keyboard settings, partitioning and formatting disks, installing boot loaders, configuring the network, and installing packages.
This document provides a high-level overview of the boot process, components, and initialization of an Ubuntu system. It describes how the BIOS loads the bootloader from the hard drive master boot record, which then loads GRUB. GRUB loads the Linux kernel, which initializes in privileged mode. The kernel loads init as the first userland process to start essential services like the display manager, which starts the X window server and allows user authentication and session startup.
The document discusses the 6 stages of the Linux boot process:
1. BIOS performs checks and loads the boot loader from the hard drive.
2. The boot loader (MBR) loads and executes the next stage boot loader (GRUB).
3. GRUB loads and executes the Linux kernel and initrd image.
4. The kernel mounts the root file system and executes the init program.
5. Init determines the run level and loads programs to start services for that run level.
6. File system corruption can occur if the system crashes before file system buffers in memory are synchronized to disk.
The document lists the skills of an individual including:
1. Computer care skills such as installing operating systems, performing backups, and updating and cleaning computers.
2. Printing skills like setting up and operating printers.
3. Basic networking skills like troubleshooting networks.
4. Evaluating online information regarding hardware, software, and legal/ethical issues.
Code4vn - Linux day - linux boot processCường Nguyễn
The Linux boot process begins with the BIOS initializing hardware and loading the boot loader from the master boot record. The boot loader then loads the GRUB boot loader which displays a menu to select the operating system. GRUB loads the Linux kernel which initializes hardware and loads drivers. The kernel then executes the init program as the parent of all processes. Init runs scripts to start essential services and enters the selected runlevel, where getty processes provide login prompts and spawn user shells.
Dennis C. Erickson is a senior mentor for two FRC teams, 1510 and 2898. The document provides details about the driver station dashboard, including that it can display status, sensor, and video information from the robot. It also describes how to customize the dashboard display and send data from the robot to the driver station.
This document provides a guidebook for a course on PC hardware, maintenance, and repair. It outlines the course objectives, which include identifying PC components, understanding how PCs operate, troubleshooting hardware issues, installing hardware upgrades, and basic networking skills. It provides a table of contents and chapters to read from the required textbook. The first section of the course will cover basics like electrical power, computer viruses, PC components, POST, boot processes, and guidelines for testing and repairing PCs. Students are provided diagnostic and preparation software to use.
This document covers the components of computer systems, operating systems, and features of Windows 7. It describes components like the motherboard, CPU, memory, hard disks, video/sound cards, and monitors. It discusses operating system functions like user interfaces, device configuration, file management, and security. It compares features of Mac OS X and Windows 7, and recommends a computer system for Intellitech Inc. with a core i3 processor, 4GB RAM, 320GB hard drive, and Windows 7. It provides guidance on user accounts, disk cleanup/defragmentation, date/time settings, and security policies.
The Linux booting process begins with the BIOS performing basic checks before activating the MBR, which then loads the boot loader GRUB. GRUB executes the Linux kernel, which loads the root file system, init, device drivers, and runlevels to start Linux in single-user, multi-user, or graphical mode.
The document is a user manual for a Production TimeKeeper system that monitors production data and stores it in an SD memory card. It monitors up to 10 production lines simultaneously, tracking production counts, downtime, TAKT times and more. All monitored data is stored in an accessible history memory. It has buttons and remote inputs to control running, pausing and stopping production monitoring. The stored data includes production goals, actual counts, warnings and more.
This document provides information about the BIOS setup utility, including how to access it and descriptions of some of the main pages and configuration options. The BIOS stores system settings and information to initialize components at startup. If the configuration is incorrect, it could cause issues booting or functioning properly. The setup utility can be used to manually configure hardware settings like the CPU, memory, and storage devices.
The xTablet T7000 is a rugged tablet computer that can withstand harsh environments. It has a 7" sunlight-readable touchscreen, full Windows operating system, optional keyboard, and long battery life. The tablet is drop-tested and weather-resistant. Accessories include vehicle mounts and bar code scanners to enable mobile workforce applications. It offers durability and functionality for field work at a lower total cost of ownership than consumer devices.
Lubuntu is a lightweight Linux distribution based on Ubuntu that uses LXDE as its desktop environment. It is optimized for older and lower-powered hardware. The document discusses Lubuntu's history, system requirements of 512MB RAM and a Pentium 4 or equivalent CPU. It also outlines Lubuntu's installation process, which involves downloading an ISO, burning it to a disc or USB, booting from it to start the installation, and selecting options like username during setup. Key features mentioned include system settings, office productivity apps, internet browsing, multimedia playback, and a lightweight file manager.
To dual boot Windows operating systems, you need multiple partitions for each OS, with enough space allocated. Install the oldest OS first, leaving unpartitioned space. Then install the second OS, creating a new partition in the remaining space. The boot loader can be configured to choose which OS loads by default.
In our tests, an Ultrabook prototype improved performance dramatically over a 2010 laptop system in every area we tested. The Ultrabook prototype reduced boot time by 74.7 percent, launched common applications up to 57.6 percent faster, provided up to 2.75 times the graphics performance, increased battery life by up to 52.6 percent, and encrypted a hard disk 2.5 times faster than the 2010 laptop we tested. It also provided a responsive touch-screen interface.
The benefits of replacing your older laptop with a new Ultrabook are clear: you can get more performance and a better experience out of a sleeker, more easily portable Ultrabook system.
The document introduces the Sahara NetSlate a230T, a 12.1-inch touchscreen tablet PC designed for business applications. Powered by an Intel Atom processor, it has a resistive touchscreen, WiFi, optional 3G, and is available with Windows 7 or XP. It is lightweight and durable, making it suitable for mobile or stationary enterprise uses such as systems control or kiosks.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key steps to configure a CDMA EVDO Rev.A USB dongle to connect to the internet on Ubuntu 10.1:
1) Modprobe the USB driver and install wvdial and gnome-ppp for dial-up access.
2) Change user account permissions to allow internet access via modem.
3) Use the Gnome-ppp dialer application to detect the USB dongle, enter login credentials, and connect.
Ubuntu is a popular Linux-based operating system that is free, open-source and user-friendly. It has many advantages over other operating systems like Windows including being less resource intensive, more secure, and providing regular free updates. Ubuntu is widely used both for personal computers and servers around the world.
This document provides instructions for installing Gentoo Linux. It begins with partitioning the disk using fdisk to create /boot, swap, and encrypted root partitions. The boot and root partitions are formatted with ext2 and ext4 respectively. The encrypted root partition is encrypted with cryptsetup/LUKS. The partitions are mounted and the system is chrooted into. Configuration files like make.conf are edited to optimize the system. Packages are then synced and updated using portage and emerge. Finally, GRUB is installed as the boot loader.
To start up a computer, one must first turn on the AVR, then the CPU box via its power button, followed by the monitor via its power button. The computer will run hardware tests before the Windows desktop appears, at which point the Start button can be clicked to access programs. For shutdown, click Start then select Shut Down, choose Turn Off in the dialog box, and finally power off the monitor.
The document provides instructions for installing and using the Lenten Reborn Card, which allows multiple operating systems to be installed on a single computer and enables system restoration. It describes four installation methods: Express Installation to instantly restore Windows; Keep C Only to preserve the Windows C drive; Custom Installation for advanced users to partition the disk; and SNCOPY to clone partitions and deploy software across networks. The document provides step-by-step guides for each installation method and explains the card's features and settings.
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system and describes its main functions like resource sharing and control of application programs. It discusses different OS architectures including monolithic, layered, and microkernel designs. It also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, multiprogramming, multitasking, multi-user, multiprocessing, and real-time operating systems.
This document discusses factors that affect computer performance such as processor design, clock speed, cache memory, and RAM size. It also discusses how the operating system manages hardware resources and provides a user interface. The main types of operating systems are single-user/single-task, single-user/multi-task, and multi-user. Operating systems schedule tasks, manage memory and processors, communicate with hardware through device drivers, and allow users to interact with computers without deep technical knowledge.
The document discusses the 6 stages of the Linux boot process:
1. BIOS performs checks and loads the boot loader from the hard drive.
2. The boot loader (MBR) loads and executes the next stage boot loader (GRUB).
3. GRUB loads and executes the Linux kernel and initrd image.
4. The kernel mounts the root file system and executes the init program.
5. Init determines the run level and loads programs to start services for that run level.
6. File system corruption can occur if the system crashes before file system buffers in memory are synchronized to disk.
The document lists the skills of an individual including:
1. Computer care skills such as installing operating systems, performing backups, and updating and cleaning computers.
2. Printing skills like setting up and operating printers.
3. Basic networking skills like troubleshooting networks.
4. Evaluating online information regarding hardware, software, and legal/ethical issues.
Code4vn - Linux day - linux boot processCường Nguyễn
The Linux boot process begins with the BIOS initializing hardware and loading the boot loader from the master boot record. The boot loader then loads the GRUB boot loader which displays a menu to select the operating system. GRUB loads the Linux kernel which initializes hardware and loads drivers. The kernel then executes the init program as the parent of all processes. Init runs scripts to start essential services and enters the selected runlevel, where getty processes provide login prompts and spawn user shells.
Dennis C. Erickson is a senior mentor for two FRC teams, 1510 and 2898. The document provides details about the driver station dashboard, including that it can display status, sensor, and video information from the robot. It also describes how to customize the dashboard display and send data from the robot to the driver station.
This document provides a guidebook for a course on PC hardware, maintenance, and repair. It outlines the course objectives, which include identifying PC components, understanding how PCs operate, troubleshooting hardware issues, installing hardware upgrades, and basic networking skills. It provides a table of contents and chapters to read from the required textbook. The first section of the course will cover basics like electrical power, computer viruses, PC components, POST, boot processes, and guidelines for testing and repairing PCs. Students are provided diagnostic and preparation software to use.
This document covers the components of computer systems, operating systems, and features of Windows 7. It describes components like the motherboard, CPU, memory, hard disks, video/sound cards, and monitors. It discusses operating system functions like user interfaces, device configuration, file management, and security. It compares features of Mac OS X and Windows 7, and recommends a computer system for Intellitech Inc. with a core i3 processor, 4GB RAM, 320GB hard drive, and Windows 7. It provides guidance on user accounts, disk cleanup/defragmentation, date/time settings, and security policies.
The Linux booting process begins with the BIOS performing basic checks before activating the MBR, which then loads the boot loader GRUB. GRUB executes the Linux kernel, which loads the root file system, init, device drivers, and runlevels to start Linux in single-user, multi-user, or graphical mode.
The document is a user manual for a Production TimeKeeper system that monitors production data and stores it in an SD memory card. It monitors up to 10 production lines simultaneously, tracking production counts, downtime, TAKT times and more. All monitored data is stored in an accessible history memory. It has buttons and remote inputs to control running, pausing and stopping production monitoring. The stored data includes production goals, actual counts, warnings and more.
This document provides information about the BIOS setup utility, including how to access it and descriptions of some of the main pages and configuration options. The BIOS stores system settings and information to initialize components at startup. If the configuration is incorrect, it could cause issues booting or functioning properly. The setup utility can be used to manually configure hardware settings like the CPU, memory, and storage devices.
The xTablet T7000 is a rugged tablet computer that can withstand harsh environments. It has a 7" sunlight-readable touchscreen, full Windows operating system, optional keyboard, and long battery life. The tablet is drop-tested and weather-resistant. Accessories include vehicle mounts and bar code scanners to enable mobile workforce applications. It offers durability and functionality for field work at a lower total cost of ownership than consumer devices.
Lubuntu is a lightweight Linux distribution based on Ubuntu that uses LXDE as its desktop environment. It is optimized for older and lower-powered hardware. The document discusses Lubuntu's history, system requirements of 512MB RAM and a Pentium 4 or equivalent CPU. It also outlines Lubuntu's installation process, which involves downloading an ISO, burning it to a disc or USB, booting from it to start the installation, and selecting options like username during setup. Key features mentioned include system settings, office productivity apps, internet browsing, multimedia playback, and a lightweight file manager.
To dual boot Windows operating systems, you need multiple partitions for each OS, with enough space allocated. Install the oldest OS first, leaving unpartitioned space. Then install the second OS, creating a new partition in the remaining space. The boot loader can be configured to choose which OS loads by default.
In our tests, an Ultrabook prototype improved performance dramatically over a 2010 laptop system in every area we tested. The Ultrabook prototype reduced boot time by 74.7 percent, launched common applications up to 57.6 percent faster, provided up to 2.75 times the graphics performance, increased battery life by up to 52.6 percent, and encrypted a hard disk 2.5 times faster than the 2010 laptop we tested. It also provided a responsive touch-screen interface.
The benefits of replacing your older laptop with a new Ultrabook are clear: you can get more performance and a better experience out of a sleeker, more easily portable Ultrabook system.
The document introduces the Sahara NetSlate a230T, a 12.1-inch touchscreen tablet PC designed for business applications. Powered by an Intel Atom processor, it has a resistive touchscreen, WiFi, optional 3G, and is available with Windows 7 or XP. It is lightweight and durable, making it suitable for mobile or stationary enterprise uses such as systems control or kiosks.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key steps to configure a CDMA EVDO Rev.A USB dongle to connect to the internet on Ubuntu 10.1:
1) Modprobe the USB driver and install wvdial and gnome-ppp for dial-up access.
2) Change user account permissions to allow internet access via modem.
3) Use the Gnome-ppp dialer application to detect the USB dongle, enter login credentials, and connect.
Ubuntu is a popular Linux-based operating system that is free, open-source and user-friendly. It has many advantages over other operating systems like Windows including being less resource intensive, more secure, and providing regular free updates. Ubuntu is widely used both for personal computers and servers around the world.
This document provides instructions for installing Gentoo Linux. It begins with partitioning the disk using fdisk to create /boot, swap, and encrypted root partitions. The boot and root partitions are formatted with ext2 and ext4 respectively. The encrypted root partition is encrypted with cryptsetup/LUKS. The partitions are mounted and the system is chrooted into. Configuration files like make.conf are edited to optimize the system. Packages are then synced and updated using portage and emerge. Finally, GRUB is installed as the boot loader.
To start up a computer, one must first turn on the AVR, then the CPU box via its power button, followed by the monitor via its power button. The computer will run hardware tests before the Windows desktop appears, at which point the Start button can be clicked to access programs. For shutdown, click Start then select Shut Down, choose Turn Off in the dialog box, and finally power off the monitor.
The document provides instructions for installing and using the Lenten Reborn Card, which allows multiple operating systems to be installed on a single computer and enables system restoration. It describes four installation methods: Express Installation to instantly restore Windows; Keep C Only to preserve the Windows C drive; Custom Installation for advanced users to partition the disk; and SNCOPY to clone partitions and deploy software across networks. The document provides step-by-step guides for each installation method and explains the card's features and settings.
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system and describes its main functions like resource sharing and control of application programs. It discusses different OS architectures including monolithic, layered, and microkernel designs. It also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, multiprogramming, multitasking, multi-user, multiprocessing, and real-time operating systems.
This document discusses factors that affect computer performance such as processor design, clock speed, cache memory, and RAM size. It also discusses how the operating system manages hardware resources and provides a user interface. The main types of operating systems are single-user/single-task, single-user/multi-task, and multi-user. Operating systems schedule tasks, manage memory and processors, communicate with hardware through device drivers, and allow users to interact with computers without deep technical knowledge.
The operating system is a set of programs that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The main functions of an operating system include starting the computer, managing programs and memory, and handling input/output devices. Popular operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux, and MS-DOS.
The document provides information about operating systems including:
1. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer hardware and software resources and acts as an interface between users and applications.
2. It describes the layers of an operating system including the kernel, system libraries, shell/commands, and user applications/GUIs.
3. It discusses the history of operating systems from early batch processing systems to modern single-user and multi-user systems with graphical interfaces.
This document introduces different types of operating systems and computing environments. It discusses mainframe systems including batch, multiprogrammed, and time-sharing systems. It also covers desktop systems, multiprocessor systems including symmetric multiprocessing, distributed systems using client-server and peer-to-peer models, clustered systems, real-time systems, handheld systems, and the migration of operating system concepts across different environments. The document provides definitions and examples to explain the characteristics of each system type.
The document is a project report on developing an Android-based mobile search engine. It includes sections on the introduction to Android operating system and databases. Some key details include that Android is an open source platform based on Linux, and uses Java for application development. It also discusses database architecture, components of database management systems like SQL engines and storage engines, and different types of databases like operational databases and data warehouses.
The document discusses operating systems, providing definitions and examples. It notes that an operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services for programs, and is required for applications to function. Popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. The document then gives a brief history of several operating systems, including GM-NAA I/O, Unix, MS-DOS, Mac OS, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, IOS, Android, Windows 7, and Windows 8. It concludes by describing some key components and features of operating systems, such as the kernel, program execution, modes, device drivers
The document discusses operating systems, including the differences between system software and application software, the functions of operating systems and examples of widely used operating systems for personal computers, servers, and other devices. It also covers utility programs and envisions what future operating systems may be like, becoming more voice-driven and able to access cloud-based software.
Advanced virtualization techniques for FAUmachinewebhostingguy
This document describes advanced virtualization techniques used in FAUmachine, a virtual PC developed by researchers. It presents a just-in-time compiler that can transform kernel mode code into code suitable for execution in a user mode simulator. This allows system-level binaries and operating systems like Windows to run virtually. It also describes a small host kernel modification to simplify system call redirection, improving virtual machine performance. Details are given on the just-in-time compiler and kernel extension, and their impact on performance is evaluated.
An operating system is a set of programs that allow for the administration of computer hardware and resources. It performs key functions like managing the processor, memory, inputs/outputs, and running applications. Main features include convenience, efficiency, ability to evolve, and administering hardware. Popular operating systems today include Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, and Solaris. Operating systems can be classified based on users (single vs multi-user), processes (single vs multi-tasking), processors (single vs multi-processor), and time (real-time vs time-sharing). Drivers allow operating systems to interface with hardware.
The document provides information on introduction to computers and operating systems. It discusses the history and components of computers, as well as the different generations of computers. It also explains the basic elements of a computer system including hardware, software, input and output devices. The document then covers operating systems and their functions such as processor management, memory management, and user interfaces. It provides details on graphical and command line interfaces. Finally, the document summarizes word processing software and functions like opening documents, saving files, page setup and printing.
The document discusses various aspects of computer systems including:
1. It defines input devices, processors, storage devices, and output devices as the main components of computer hardware.
2. It explains that computer software includes system software like operating systems and utility programs, as well as application software for tasks like word processing.
3. It provides examples of different data storage units like kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes that are used to measure data and storage capacities.
Operating systems have evolved through four generations from the 1940s to present. Early systems in the 1940s had no operating systems, while systems in the 1950s introduced batch processing with punch cards. In the 1960s, multiprogramming and time-sharing were developed to better utilize resources. Personal computers and workstations emerged in the 1980s with operating systems like MS-DOS, Mac OS, and Windows facilitating use by non-technical users. Modern operating systems provide interfaces, process management, system resource management, security, and file management. Popular operating systems today include Mac OS X, Ubuntu, Linux, Android, and Fedora.
An operating system manages computer hardware and software resources and allows applications to run. It performs basic functions like managing devices, files, memory, and providing an interface for other programs. Common operating systems include Ubuntu, Android, Windows, and Mac OS. Android has the largest market share in smartphones. Operating systems have evolved from early batch systems to today's multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time systems. An operating system is essential software that enables a computer to function and run other programs.
This document discusses embedded software development and image processing using the TI DaVinci platform. It provides an overview of the DaVinci SOC which includes both a GPP and DSP. It describes installing the necessary toolchain and software, setting up an NFS server, building the Linux kernel, cross-compiling programs, and provides an example of a simple image zooming application.
This document summarizes the evolution of operating systems over 5 phases:
Phase 0 (1940-1955) had no operating systems and programs were manually loaded via card decks. Phase 1 (1955-1970) introduced batch processing with batch monitors. Phase 2 (1970-1980) enabled timesharing with systems like CTSS allowing multiple interactive users. Phase 3 (1980-1990) saw the rise of personal computers running single-user operating systems like MS-DOS. Phase 4 (1990-2000) focused on networking and client-server models. Phase 5 (2000-present) includes modern mobile and GUI-based operating systems on computers and phones.
The document discusses operating systems, describing them as software that manages hardware resources and allows users to run programs efficiently. It outlines the main functions of operating systems, including managing resources, tasks, files, and providing a user interface. The document also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, interactive, real-time, and hybrid systems. It provides examples of popular operating systems like Windows, Linux, UNIX, and discusses how to install multiple operating systems on one computer.
An operating system is a set of programs that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It controls input/output devices, allocates storage and processing time, and presents a simplified view of the system to users and programs. Key functions of an operating system include efficiently utilizing resources, isolating users from hardware complexities, and loading itself into memory on startup. Operating systems are designed for different operational modes like batch, time-sharing, and real-time to suit various usage scenarios.
In the given Slide I have tried to cover the basics of Operating System from the perspective of Linux user. Or you can say Linux as an Operating System
This document discusses operating systems and their functions. It defines operating systems as software that controls the overall operation of a computer by managing hardware resources, providing security, and interfacing with applications. The key functions of an operating system are described as managing hardware, security, system interfaces, and application interfaces. A history of operating systems is also provided, from early batch processing to modern time-sharing and multitasking systems.
3. COURSE ASSESSMENT
I- CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT (PB) = 50%
a) Quiz = min 7 (15%)
b) Assignment =min 5 (25%)
c) Lab work = min 10 (20%) Will be converted to 50%
d) Theory Test = min 2 (40%)
II- FINAL EXAMINATION = 50%
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
4. CHAPTERS IN FUNDAMENTALS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM
2.0 BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPT MANAGEMENT
3.0 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
4.0 FILE MANAGEMENT
5.0 WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
5. CHAPTER 1.0
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
6. INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?
OS IS THE SOUL
♦ a program that acts as an intermediary between a user OF
and the computer hardware THE COMPUTER
♦ An operating system, or OS, is a software program that
enables the computer hardware to communicate and
operate with the computer software. Without a computer
operating system, a computer would be useless
♦ Operating systems can also be considered to be
managers of the resources. An
operating system determines which computer
resources will be utilized for solving which
problem and the order in which they will be used
♦ Software controlling the overall operation of a multipurpose computer
system, including such tasks as memory allocation, input and output
distribution, interrupt processing, and job scheduling.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
7. MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF OS
Three (3) main responsibilities of operating system :
♦ Perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input
from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on
the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
♦ Ensure that different programs and users running
at the same time do not interfere with each other.
♦ Provide a software platform on top of which other
programs (i.e., application software) can run.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
8. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
♦Computer software can be divided into two main
categories :
a) application software :consists of the programs for performing
tasks particular on behalf of user .Examples: spreadsheets, database
systems, desktop publishing systems, program development
software, and games
b) system software : designed to operate the computer
hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running
application software. Divided into two categories which are operating
system (MS Windows, Linux,Mac)and utilities (eq:
antivirus software, clean disk, disk defragment).
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
9. HISTORY OF OS : GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1st GENERATION 2nd GENERATION
GENERATIONS OF
3rd GENERATION COMPUTER
5 th GENERATION
4 th GENERATION
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
10. 1st GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : VACUUM TUBES & PLUG BOARDS
(1945-1955)
1. Use of vacuum tubes
2. Big & Clumsy
3. High Electricity Consumption
4. Programming in Mechanical Language
5. Larger AC were needed
6. Lot of electricity failure occurred
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
11. 2nd GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : TRANSISTORS & BATCH SYSTEMS, (1955-1965)
1. Transistors were used
2. Core Memory was developed
3. Faster than First Generation computers
4. First Operating System was developed
5. Programming was in Machine Language &
Assembly Language
6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used
7. Computers became smaller in size than the
First Generation computers
8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed
less electricity
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
12. 3 rd GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : ICs & MULTIPROGRAMMING (1965-1980)
1. Integrated circuits developed
2. Power consumption was low
3. SSI & MSI Technology was used
4. High level languages were used
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
13. 4 th GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : PERSONAL COMPUTERS, (1980-Present)
1. LSI & VLSI Technology used
2. Development of Portable Computers
3. RAID Technology of data storage
4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia,
simulation
5. Computers started in use for Data
Communication
6. Different types of memories with very high
accessing speed & storage capacity
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
14. 5 th GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER (Present)
1. Used in parallel processing
2. Used superconductors
3. Used in speech recognition
4. Used in intelligent robots
5. Used in artificial intelligence
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
15. VARIOUS TYPES OF OS STRATEGY
♦Batch Operating System
- This strategy involves reading a series of jobs (called a batch) into the
machine and then executing the programs for each job in the batch. This approach
does not allow users to interact with programs while they operate.
♦Multiprogramming Operating System
- The ability to do more than one job is called multiprogramming. The system
separates the memory out into several pieces and lets each one of the pieces be a
different job that the computer was running. The ability to do multiprogramming
speed the computers up tremendously.
- When one job idled to wait for input or output, the operating system could
automatically switch to another job that was ready.
♦Distributed Operating System
- An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and
makes them appear to be a single computer
- Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine
- When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed
system.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
16. VARIOUS PRODUCT /TYPES OF OS IN TODAY’S MARKET
SUN / SOLARIS
MICROSOFT WINDOWS
LINUX
MAC OS
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
17. VERSION S OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
WINDOWS 95
WINDOWS 98 WINDOWS 2000 WINDOWS ME
WINDOWS 7
WINDOWS XP WINDOWS VISTA
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18. DISTRIBUTIONS OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
UBUNTU LINUX SUSE LINUX
RED HAT LINUX
CENTOS LINUX
TURBO LINUX
FEDORA LINUX
DEBIAN LINUX
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
19. MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
VISTA BUSINESS
EDITION
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
20. MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
UBUNTU LINUX
Processor: Intel: Pentium 1-4 or Xeon; AMD: Duron, Athlon,
Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Athlon 64, Sempron or Opteron
256 MB of RAM (512 MB recommended)
500 MB of disk space (800 MB to 2 GB often required when
including a basic set of applications)
GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR LINUX
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
21. OPEN SOURCE VS CLOSED SOURCE OS
OPEN SOURCE
♦ means the source code is available to the end-user. The user can
use,change,modify and improve the software, to redistribute it in
modified or unmodified forms . Eq: Linux OS
CLOSED SOURCE
♦ means that the source code is held by the developer, and only they can
make any changes or study it. Eq: Windows OS.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
22. MENU-DRIVEN SYSTEM
A program that obtains input from a user by displaying a list of options – the menu – from
which the user indicates his/her choice. Eq: ATM Machine, automatic washing machine.
SHELL PROGRAM
The shell is used to issue commands, start processes, control jobs, redirect input and
output, and other mundane things that you do on a modern computer. Not only that, the
shell is a pretty complete programming language.
FULLY GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
Type of user interface item that allows people to interact with programs in more ways
than typing that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a
mouse such as computers; hand-held devices such as MP3 Players, Portable Media
Players or Gaming devices;
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
23. NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
♦Coordinate the activities of multiple computers across a network. The network
operating system acts as a director to keep the network running smoothly
♦Operating system that contains components and programs that allow a computer on a
network to serve requests from other computer for data and provide access to other
resources such as printer and file systems.
♦Network operating systems typically are used to run computers that act as servers.
They provide the capabilities required for network operation.
♦The two major types of network operating systems are:
- Peer-to-Peer
- Client/Server
♦ Some of the Network services such as File Sharing, Print sharing, User administration
& Backing up data
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
24. TERMINOLOGIES IN OS
Cooperative Multitasking:
♦ A form of multitasking where it is the responsibility of the currently running task to
give up the processor to allow other tasks to run.
♦A type of multitasking in which the process currently controlling the CPU must
offer control to other processes. It is called cooperative because all programs must
cooperate for it to work. If one program does not cooperate, it can stop the CPU.
Preemptive multitasking:
♦A method of running more than one program on a computer at a time, in which control of the
processor is decided by the operating system, which allocates each program a recurring time
segment.
♦is task in which a computer operating system uses some criteria to decide how long to allocate
to any one task before giving another task a turn to use the operating system. The act of taking
control of the operating system from one task and giving it to another task is called preempting.
Multithreading:
♦Multi-Threading is the ability of a CPU to execute several threads of execution apparently at
the same time. CPUs are very fast at executing instructions. Modern PCs can execute nearly a
billion instructions every second. Instead of running the same program for one second, the CPU
will run one program for perhaps a few hundred microseconds then switch to another and run it
for a short while and so on.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
25. OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE
1) MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
♦ This system considered as “ The big mess” because this structure is no structure actually
♦ The components of monolithic system are unorganized
♦ Any module can call any other module without any reservation.
♦ Does not enforce data hiding . Every procedure is visible to every other procedure.
It delivered better application performance but extending such a system can be difficult
Work because modifying a procedure can introduce bugs in unrelated parts of the system.
♦ Example system : CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) & MS-DOS
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
26. Figure 1: Monolithic Operating System
♦When a user –mode program calls a system service, the processor traps the call and then
switches the calling thread to kernel mode. Completion of system service, switches the
thread back to the user mode, by the operating system and allows the caller to continue.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
27. Figure 2: A simple structuring model for a monolithic system
♦A main program that invokes the requested service procedure.
♦A set of service procedures that carry out the system calls.
♦ A set of utility procedures that help the services procedures.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
28. 2) LAYERED SYSTEM
♦The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower
layers.
♦This system had 6 layers.
The Structure of the THE ()operating system
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
29. ♦ Layer 0 dealt with allocation of the processor, switching between processes when
interrupts occurred or timers expired. Layer 0 provided the basic multiprogramming
of the CPU.
♦ Layer 1 did the memory management. It allocated space for processes in main
memory and on a 512k word drum used for holding parts of processes (pages)for
which there was no room in main memory. The layer 1 software took care of making
sure pages were brought into memory whenever they were needed.
♦Layer 2 handled communication between each process and the operator console.
Above this layer each process effectively had its own operator console.
♦ Layer 3 took care of managing the I/O devices and buffering the information
streams to and from them.
♦Layer 4 was where the user programs were found. They did not have to worry
about process, memory, console, or I/O management.
♦The system operator process was located in layer 5.
♦Example system: VAX /VMS, MULTICS, UNIX
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
30. 3) VIRTUAL MACHINES
♦The heart of the system, known as the virtual machine monitor, runs on the bare
hardware and does the multiprogramming, providing not one, but several virtual
machines to the next layer up.
♦ Each virtual machine is identical to the true hardware, each one can run any
operating system that will run directly on the hard ware.
♦Different virtual machines can, and usually do, run different operating systems.
Some run one of the descendants of OF/360 for batch processing, while other ones run
a single-user, interactive system called CMS (conversational Monitor System)
for timesharing users.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
32. 4) CLIENT-SERVER MODEL
♦All the kernel does is handle the communication between clients and servers
♦By splitting the operating system up into parts, each of which only handles one
fact of the system, such as file service, process service, Terminal service, or
memory service, each part becomes small and manageable.
♦ Another advantage of the client-server model is its adaptability to use in
distributed system. If a client communicates with a server by sending it messages,
the client need not know whether the message is handled locally in its own
machine, or whether it was sent across a network to a server on a remote machine.
As far as the client is concerned, the same thing happens in both cases: a request
was sent and a reply came back.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
34. MAJOR SUBSYSTEM IN OS
1) PROCESS MANAGEMENT
♦ A process is a program in execution
♦ A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O
devices, to accomplish its task.
♦ A process is an active entity whereas a program is a passive entity.
♦ OS process management activities:
- Process creation and deletion.
- Process suspension and resumption.
- Process synchronization. -
- Process communication.
- Process deadlock handling
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
35. 2) FILE MANAGEMENT
♦ The OS provides a uniform logical view of information storage. (Many different types of
physical media.)
♦ A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. File contents, file
formats, file structures, file attributes.
♦ Files are organized into directories.
♦ OS file management activities
- File creation and deletion.
- Directory creation and deletion.
- Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
- Mapping files onto secondary storage.
- File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
36. 3) MEMORY MANAGEMENT
♦Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.
♦Memory is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
♦ Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in the case of system failure.
♦OS memory management activities:
- Keep track of which parts of memory are used and by whom.
- Decide which processes are to be loaded when memory space becomes available.
- Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
37. SYSTEM CALLS
inition: ♦ Provide an interface between Operating System and it’s application
program.
♦ Generally available as assembly-language instructions.
♦ Languages defined to replace assembly language for systems
programming allow system calls to be made directly (e.g., C, C++, Perl)
Types Of System Calls:
1) Process control
2) File management
3) Device management
4) Information maintenance
5) Communications
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
38. 1) PROCESS CONTROL
♦ Create and terminate processes: fork,
exit.
♦ Execute processes: exec.
♦ Get/set process attributes.
♦ Abort, end processes.
♦ Wait for time, wait for event, signal event.
♦ Allocate and free memory.
2) FILE MANAGEMENT
♦ Create file, delete file.
♦ Open, close.
♦ Read, write, reposition.
♦ Get/set file attributes.
♦ Similar operations for directories.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
39. 3) DEVICE MANAGEMENT
♦ Request/release device.
♦ Read, write, reposition.
♦ Get/set device attributes.
♦ Logically attach or detach
devices.
4) INFORMATION MAINTENANCE
♦Get time or date, set time or date.
♦ Get system data, set system data.
♦ Get process, file or device attributes.
♦ Set process, file or device attributes.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP
40. 5) COMMUNICATION
♦ Create, delete communication connection.
♦ Send, receive messages.
♦ Transfer status information.
♦ Attach or detach remote devices.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP