This will provide mortality pattern of Uttar Pradesh an evidence from NFHS data. And also you will get to learn the basic technical methods on calculating various mortality rate.

1. MORTALITY PROFILE OF UTTAR
PRADESH
PRESENTED BY:
SUMANA ACHARYA & SAGOLSEM ROSHAN SINGH
MASTER IN POPULATION SCIENCE, IIPS, MUMBAI

2. CONTENTS
• PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
• SOURCES OF DATA
• MEASURES OF MORTALITY
• UNDERSTANDING MORTALITY TRENDS
• CONCLUSION

3. PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
• Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the
country accounting for 16.4 per cent of the country’s
population.
• Total population of Uttar Pradesh as per 2011 census
is 199,812,341 of which males are 104,480,510 and
females 95,331,831.
• It covers 243,290 square kilometers, which is equal
to 6.88% of the total area of India.
• Uttar Pradesh lags behind many of the big states in
terms of mortality indicators such as high IMR and
MMR.

4. SOURCES OF DATA
•SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
(SRS) 1971-2013
•CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM (CRS)
2013
•ANNUAL HEALTH SURVEY 2010-2013
•NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION

5. MEASURES OF MORTALITY
• Mortality in a population can be monitored by a variety of measures-
1. Crude Death Rates
2. Age specific death rates
3. Cause specific death rates
4. Life table estimates
> Life expectancy
> Survivorship
5. Special Indicators
> Infant and Maternal Mortality Rates

6. The age sex pyramid of Uttar Pradesh shows the population
movement from one age group to another in one decade. The
broad base of the pyramid shows that it is basically a young
population.
15000000 10000000 5000000 0 5000000 10000000 15000000
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
80+
2001
Males Females
15000000 10000000 5000000 0 5000000 10000000 15000000
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
80+
2011
Males Females
AGE SEX PYRAMID FOR 2001 & 2011

7. • From the above figures we can make comparisons between the two
decades of 2001 and 2011.
• The age sex pyramid for Uttar Pradesh in 2001has a flat base
showing that the state has a young population. Whereas in 2011 the
population for age group 0-4 shows a significant reduction. This may
be due to increase in education and improvement in other factors
which lead to decline in high fertility.
• A bulk of population has moved from 0-4 age group to 14-20, this
may be probably due to the better health conditions provided by the
state which has helped to sustain life.
• Another contrasting feature can be seen between the two graphs is
that in old ages the tip of the pyramid had been significantly
tampering in 2001, but in 2011 a considerable amount of population

8. The female ASDR is replaced by the male ASDR. The gaps between the total
males and females have reduced over a decade. The bath tub shape is well
maintained over the years.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Below1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
AGE SEX SPECIFIC DEATH
RATES, UTTAR PRADESH, 2003
Total Male Female
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
Below1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
AGE SEX SPECIFIC DEATH
RATES, UTTAR PRADESH, 2013
Age- Total Age- Male Age- Female
AGE SEX SPECIFIC DEATH RATES

9. There has been a steady decline in the child mortality
rate, with greater difference in the 1991, the difference
between the two has reduced over the period and since
2006 the difference started narrowing.
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2013
CHILD MORTALITY RATE
Total Male Female
CHILD
MORTALI
TY RATE
YEAR Total Male Female
1991 35.6 33.2 38.4
1996 31.4 28.1 35.0
2001 26.8 25.0 28.8
2006 23.9 22.6 25.4
2011 17.9 16.4 19.5
CHILD MORTALITY RATE

10. • Child Mortality is the death of a child before the child’s fifth birthday.
• According to Professor Arokiasamy in his studies on “Gender
differentials in Child Mortality in India”, he mentioned that neglect and
discrimination among children due to three reasons-
1. food and nutrition
2. Health care
3. Emotional well being
Again child mortality rate for females remains higher as compared to
males, studies have shown that the delay made in taking a sick girl to the
doctor is more as compared to boys. As well as the lower rates of
immunization among females as of the males. All these can be traced
back to socio- cultural background prevailing in the state.

11. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
• Infant Mortality Rate refers to death of young children,
typically those less than one year of age. It is generally
expressed as the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per
year per 1000 live births in the same year.
• IMR=
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
*1000
• IMR can be further sub-divided into:
- Neonatal Mortality – is a new born birth occurring within 28
days post partum, it happens basically due to
- Post neonatal Mortality – includes death after 28 days of life
but before one year.

12. Female IMR remains much higher than males. There has been a
steady decline in the infant mortality rate after 1989, and the
difference between male and female IMR has reduced
significantly.
TRENDS IN INFANT MORTALITY RATES
BY SEX, 1982-2013
YEAR Total Male Female
1983 155 152 160
1986 132 131 133
1989 118 114 123
1992 98 92 105
1995 86 82 91
1998 85 79 93
2001 83 82 84
2004 72 71 72
2007 69 67 70
2010 61 58 63
2013 50 49 52
TRENDS IN INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY SEX IN
UTTAR PRADESH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
TRENDS IN INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY SEX
(1971-2013)
Infant mortality rate Total Infant mortality rate Male
Infant mortality rate Female

13. • IMR is a good indicator of the overall health status of a
population. It was used as an indicator to monitor progress
towards the fourth goal of the MDGs of UN for the year 2015.
• Uttar Pradesh represents one of the highest IMRs among the
other states of India.
• High female IMR in U.P can be understood by the socio- cultural
background of the state, where son preference leads to high
female infanticide and feticide.
• IMR is very high for young mothers as well as for older
mothers.

14. • Uttar Pradesh is a state where females are neglected right
from their birth to young age till death, which again craves
situations for high mortality as compared to other states in
India. The reasons being low weight at birth , respiratory
infection, malnutrition, diseases, and also problem with
home environment.

15. TOTAL RURAL URBAN
1981 150 146 96
1986 132 140 88
1991 97 102 74
1996 85 88 67
2001 83 86 62
2006 71 75 53
2011 57 60 41
TRENDS IN INFANT MORTALITY
RATES BY RESIDENCE, 1981 TO
2011
• From the above table and line graph we can well observe that the rural
urban difference in Infant Mortality rates are quite noticeable. Whereas
they maintain a falling trend from 1981 to that of 2011.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
TRENDS IN INFANT MORTALITY
RATES BY RESIDENCE, 1981 TO
2011
TOTAL RURAL URBAN
TRENDS IN INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY RESIDENCE
IN UTTAR PRADESH

16. • Infant mortality in rural areas is 50 percent higher than in urban areas
according to NFHS 3.
• This difference may be due to various factors such as poor health
facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of accessibility, inaccessible
government facilities, caste based discrimination in many districts of
Uttar Pradesh, level of education, socio- cultural evils such as son
preference which is comparatively higher in the rural areas.
• Children whose mothers have no education are more than twice likely
to die before their first birthday as children whose mother have
completed at least 10 years of schooling.
• Education some times also works as a negative factor, reasons for
high IMR in urban areas could be due to sex selective abortion being
commonly practiced in the educated and upper income classes.

17. Age Group 2003 2013
Below 1 41 54
1-4 49 61
5-9 52 61
10-14 48 56
15-19 44 52
20-24 39 47
25-29 35 42
30-34 31 38
35-39 27 34
40-44 23 29
45-49 19 25
50-54 16 21
55-59 12 18
60-64 9 15
65-69 7 12
70-74 5 9
75-79 3 6
80-84 3 4
85+ 5 4
41
49
52
48
44
39
35
31
27
23
19
16
12
9
7
5 3 3
5
54
61 61
56
52
47
42
38
34
29
25
21
18
15
12
9
6
4 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH,
2003 AND 2013
2003 2013
The life expectancies at birth have shown an improvement. The curves remain
same for both the years but narrowing towards the older ages.
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

18. • Mathematically, life expectancy at birth is the mean number of years of life
remaining at a given age, assuming age specific mortality rates remain at
their most recently measured level.
• Otherwise it can also be understood as what is the probability that a person
of that age will die before his or her next birthday.
• From the figure and the table we can see that life expectancies at birth and
for one year of age remain low for both 2003 as well as 2013 due to high
Infant mortality rates. Following which the Life expectancies show a bump
which is due to reduced risk of child mortality. Otherwise a falling trend is
maintained for all the other ages.
• Life expectancy is increasing in 2013 from the last decade due to various
reasons-
1. Reduction in Infant mortality
2. Rising living standards
3. Improved life style and better education
4. Advances ion health care and medicines.

19. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2004-2006 2007-2009 2010-2012
Maternal mortality ratio
Year
Maternal
mortality ratio
2004-2006 440
2007-2009 359
2010-2012 292

20. • Maternal death is death of a woman, while pregnant, or within days of
termination pregnancy, irrespective of the duration or site of
pregnancy or death from any cause related to or aggravated by the
pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental causes.
• The maternal mortality ratio for Uttar Pradesh remains high as
compared to other states of the country. The various reasons being,
lack of infrastructure, lack of education, socio cultural factors such as
lack of pre and post pregnancy care, domestic violence against
mothers giving birth to females, etc.
• From the bar diagram representing MMR shows a falling trend. This
may be due to various reasons of improvement in Health facilities,
changing socio-cultural practices, empowerment of woman, increased
woman safety, etc.