This document discusses the sol-gel synthesis and characterization of Titania-Zirconia matrices doped with rare earth ions and CdS. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to sol-gel processing and its advantages. Chapter 2 discusses the spectroscopy of Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions in the Titania-Zirconia matrix. Chapter 3 details the structural and optical characterization of CdS/Tb3+/Eu3+ doped Titania-Zirconia matrices prepared via sol-gel processing. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the materials' structure, composition, and optical properties.

2. Chapter 1 : General Introduction
Chapter 2 :Spectroscopy of ions in
Titania-Zirconia Matrix
Chapter 3 : Structural and optical
characterization of CdS/Tb3+
/Eu3+
doped
Titania-Zirconia matrices

3. General
Introduction

4. A Sol is a stable dispersion of colloidal
particles or polymers in a solvent.
A Gel consist of a three dimensional
continuous network.
Sol gel processing is a method for
producing solid materials from small
molecules.

5. Sol gel processingSol gel processing
Schematic representation of sol gel processing of
materials

6. Processing steps

7. Advantages
• Glasses with new composition
• High homogeneity and purity
• Low processing temperature.
Applications
Protective coating
Thin film fiber
Catalysts

8. Spectroscopy Of
Tb3+
andEu3+
Ions In
Titania-Zirconia Matrix

11. Methdology
Fourier Transform Infrared
spectroscopy(FTIR)
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis(TGA)-
Differential Thermal Analysis(DTA)
Colorimetric

12. Structural and Optical characterization of
CdS/Eu3+/Tb3+
doped TiO2-ZrO2 matrices

13. INTRODUCTION
Sol-gel processing offers the most outstanding
advantages for mixed oxide systems, in which the
chemical homogeneity of the various elements can be
controlled down to the atomic level.
The synthesis of a suitable Titania-Zirconia matrix
through sol-gel method. Further CdS /Eu3+
/Tb3+
doped
Titania-Zirconia matrices were also prepared.
The fluorescence spectra reveal that the intensity of the
characteristic emission of europium and terbium ions
increases considerably in the presence of CdS .RGB
emission were observed from matrix.

14. Experimental

15. Experimental

16. TEM ANALYSIS
 A)HRTEM MICROGRAPH B)SELECTED AREA ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF CdS
DOPPED TiO2-ZrO2 MATRIX HEATED AT 6degree celcsius.
 The inter planar distances (d) 3.53Å,3.41Å,3.09Å,2.38Å,1.81Å,1.74Å.
 Bulk CdS having d values 3.56Å, 3.35Å, 3.14Å, 2.45Å, 1.91Å and 1.76Å.
 Average size 7.8 nm
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

17. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
80
100
120
140
160
180
640 660 680 700
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
Transmittance(arb.unit)
Wave number (cm-1)
663 Cm-1 Zr-O -Ti bond
Transmittance(arb.unit)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
CdS 600C
440
841 1338 1541
Sample B
TGA/DTA Curve of CdS doped matrix FTIR Curve CdS doped matrix
 At 1000
C, 12% weight loss.
 A total weight loss of about 36% .

18. Absorption Studies
Absorption spectrum of CdS dopedTiO2-
ZrO2 matrix
α2
vs hν graph for the determination of
optical band gap of the CdS doped matrix
300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Absorbance(arb.unit)
Wavelength (nm)
CdS (3%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1x10
6
2x10
6
3x10
6
α2(cm-2)
hυ (eV)
CdS (3%)
Eg= 3.22 eV
d
A303.2
=α
(3.2)
( ) 2/1
gEhBh −= ννα

19. Emission Studies
520 540 560 580 600 620 640
0
50
100
150
200
Intensity(arb.unit)
Wavelength (nm)
Tb 3%cdS 3%
Emission spectra of Tb3+
/CdS doped
TiO2-ZrO2 matrix
500 550 600 650 700
0
100
200
300
400
Intensity(au)
Wavelength(nm)
Eu3% cdS3%
Emission spectra of Eu3+
/CdS doped
TiO2
-ZrO2
matrices for an excitation
wavelength of 393 nm.

20. Colorimetric Studies
450 500 550 600 650
0
50
100
150
200
250
Intensity(a.u)
Wavelength (nm)
Eu/Tb/CdS(3%)
Fluorescence spectrum of CdS/ Eu3+
/ Tb3+
doped TiO2
-
ZrO2
matrix at an excitation wavelength of 360 nm

21. The CIE Chromaticity for CdS/ Eu3+
/ Tb3+
doped TiO2-ZrO2matrices
The chromaticity
(x,y) coordinates
in the CIE
diagram were
calculated.
The coordinates
were calculated
to be (0.294,
0.333) for the
CdS doped
sample.

22. Conclusion
• Titania-zirconia matrix doped with CdS/Tb3+
is
prepared through sol-gel route.
• The TGA-DTA analysis shows that the total
weight loss of the sample.
• The FTIR spectrum reveals different vibrational
modes present in the sample.
• The CIE coordinates of CdS doped sample is
close to the standard equal energy white light
illuminates (x=0.3333,y=0.3333).