Automotive PM and PN tail-pipe emissions measurements, Pegasor Mi3
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urnkey monitoring system for modern automotive PM and PN emissions measurements, Pegasor Mi3 Pegasor Mi3 is a unique turnkey solution for professional emission testing. It has been designed especially for particulate mass and number emission monitoring on board vehicle and at engine test bench sites.
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Automotive PM and PN tail-pipe emissions measurements, Pegasor Mi3
- 1. INDOOR | OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING
- 2. Monitoring systems for gaseous and dust pollution + data management
- 3. Urban Fenceline Bio Aerosols Construction Traffic | Roadside Sick building syndrome
- 4. Pegasor Particle Sensor Technology (PPS) for Exhaust PM and PN Measurement
- 5. Content PM and PN measurement challenges Pegasor Particle Sensor (PPS) Technology Operation principle Calibration Operation parameters and advantages PPS installation examples Pegasor Mi3 Customer measurement results Partially defected DPF study Partial reference list Conclusion Publications
- 6. The biggest sources of error in particle mass and particle number measurement are Diluting sampling train effects Possible measurement instrument cross sensitivity to e.g. gaseous compounds Validity of instrument calibration Unknown temperature, pressure and exhaust gas flowrate velocity fluctuation effects PM and PN Measurement Challenges
- 7. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Penetration% PMP type/like system 30 nm 50 nm 100 nm PMP Dilution Chain Penetration
- 8. Pegasor Particle Sensor (PPS) Technology
- 9. PPS Technology Pegasor M and Mi3 sensors are based on a novel measurement technique enabling real-time, continuous and high sensitivity measurement of raw exhaust PM and PN emissions - No diluting and cooling sampling - Sample extracted from raw exhaust - Fastest device in the market - Sample extraction insensitive to exhaust gas pressure fluctuations and velocity effects - Exhaust gas temperature can be anything from -20 °C up to 850 °C - Sample conditioned to 200 ° C at the inlet of the sensor
- 10. PPS Operation Principle clean air corona discharge pump flow trap out sample in ejector throat + ion soot +
- 12. PPS Operation Parameters Inlet flow 6 LPM Outlet flow 17,7 LPM Ionizing and sheath air 11,7 LPM @1.5 bar overpressure 3 LPM of the clean air flow used for ionization and ejector pump flow
- 13. Mass & Number Calibration Dry soot selected as a calibration aerosol in order to make result comparable with MSS
- 14. What does each Instrument Measure?
- 15. Qin expressed in stdlpm (21.1°C and 101.3 kPa) with a heated sensor Final Calibration Formulas & Measurement Range stdlpmQfAm mg L in 5 3 103.6 stdlpmQ 288 fAcm 1 N in 3 Mass [mg/m3] Number [cm-3] Calculation Mass = L x PPS Number = N x PPS Coefficient Function Mass [mg/m3] Number [cm-3] Sensitivity 0.0012 600 Max Range 300 1.3×109
- 16. 12/12/2017 16 Pegasor Technical Marketing Presentation/ Juha Tikkanen PPS Calibration for GDI
- 17. PPS Operational Parameters Sampling line temperature self regulated to 200 °C 1 m sampling line length enough to stabilize the sample temperature to 200 °C in the sensor inlet from exhaust gas temperatures between -20°C up to 850°C Especially important for GDI Sensor temperature self regulated to 200 °C Mass concentrations from < 1 g/m3 to 350 mg/m3 Number concentrations from 600 #/cm3 up to 1.3e9 #/cm3 Time response 0,2 s (measured) Data acquisition GUI (laptop), programmable analog out or AK Operating voltage 24 V Continuously self diagnosed for sensor loading (+several other parameters)
- 18. – Real-time, measured time response 0,2 s – Flow through design (non collective) – Continuous operation – Raw exhaust measurement without dilution – Sensor reading independent of sample gas conditions • Pressure fluctuations • Flow velocity – Can be applied to wide ranges of sample temperatures – Measures particle active surface area – adjustable low Dp • Accurate calibration possible for both • Particle mass concentration • Particle number concentration PPS Advantages
- 21. Pegasor Mi3
- 22. Pegasor Mi3 Technology Pegasor Mi3 is based on Pegasor M sensor technology (Pegasor M inside) enabling all well known functions of Pegasor M sensor now in a turnkey solution - After power on, Mi3 prepares itself for preset measurement settings In certain circumstances a dilution function is possible to use. This is done with a controlled flow of zero air to dilute the sample flow
- 23. Mi3 Operational Diagram FPF = Fine Particle Filter FPF
- 24. Mi3 I/O –Pegasor M inside
- 25. Mi3 Embedded Electronics Control Board Fully integrated unit control Enables to transfer and store data through PPS Plotter Software AK Protocol CAN bus Analog outputs
- 26. Mi3 I/O Power supply DC 24V 20A or AC100-240V 500W Power consumption is max 500W at startup and 200W in steady state. External connections: - AK-protocol over Ethernet - CAN-bus (D9 connector) - 4ch analog out - 4-20 mA / 0-10V - BNC/screw terminal connection
- 27. Mi3 User Interface Power Switch USB port to operate Mi3 with PPS Plotter Software Manual Buttons Measure, standby, stop Status indicator lights Sensor and valve heaters Air supply pressure and moisture Data I/O (Ethernet USB) Alarm/over temperature
- 28. Pegasor Mi3 Initialization Air intake 3-10bar dry and particle free instrument air • 20lpm air consumption in normal mode • 10lpm air consumption in mobile mode (Pegasor mobile air supply) - Zero air is produced with an integrated membrane pump in mobile mode All configuration is done using the PPS Plotter software Also firmware updates are done using the Plotter SW • After configuration the Plotter SW & computer can be removed.
- 29. Front panel: push buttons ("measure", "standby", "stop“) • led indicators for status Plotter software • USB (plug and play) max 5m cable Ethernet (the IP address can be set freely, it is not fixed) • AK-protocol over Ethernet 6ch 3-30V digital inputs; optoisolated & isolated 5V supply • 3 modes: "measure", "standby" and "stop“ • Measure -> Particles are sampled and measured • Standby -> Zero air is flushed through sensor • Stop -> Valves are closed and sensor switched of • 3 triggers for setting time stamps in Plotter software Mi3 Choices of Operation
- 30. Plotter software Ethernet (AK-protocol, long cables possible) CAN bus (high speed CAN) 4 channel analog output; 0-10V or 4-20mA galvanic isolation • each output can be individually configured • any range within 0-20mA (active type, max 600 Ω loop impedance) • any range within +-10V • selectable filters (1st order low pass) • input signal & range can be freely chosen (mg, pA, number, ….) 2 channel relay output ("measure ok" and "alarm") Mi3 Data Output
- 32. Number Concentration with PPS-M Data Courtesy of LAT
- 33. Downstream DPF Pegasor-AVL APC 10.06.201109:43:01_1832 969mbar 0 % Pegasor[mV] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 APCxDR [P/cm³] 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 20110610-153618_d2066lf31_tl_1832.b01.utx.nc (APCxDR,Pegasor): Minimum.............: 0 Maximum.............: 42.2 arith. Mittelwert...: 6.47074 Mittlere Abweichung.: 5.36203 Varianz.............: 42.7516 Standard-Abweichung.: 6.53847 20110610-153618_d2066lf31_tl_1832.b01.utx.nc (APCxDR,Pegasor): correlation = 0.974638 Polynom-Ordnung 1: f(x) = p0 + p1*x + ... p0 = 0.639447797647088 p1 = 1.63713995382763e-05 Data Courtesy of MAN
- 34. Engine Exhaust Manifold Measurement Data Courtesy of KHT • PPS-M in exhaust manifold 4-6, just before the turbine • Cylinder 1 misfire • High EGR
- 35. Dynamic Repeatability – 11 Measurements PPS-M average stability ± 8% MSS average stability ± 10 % StabilityStability Time[s] Time[s] PPS-Mx100[mV] MSS[mg/m3] 12/12 /2017 35 Pegas or Techn ical Marke ting Prese ntatio n/
- 36. 0 100 200 300 400 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 time [s] PPS-M,M/10 0 10 20 30 40 MSS[mg/m³] PPS-M [mV] M/10 [Nm] MSS [mg/m³] 0 100 200 300 400 1080 1100 1120 1140 time [s] PPS-M,M/10 0 10 20 30 40 MSS[mg/m³] PPS-M [mV] M/10 [Nm] MSS [mg/m³] Time Response of PPS vs. MSS Use of slow averaging instruments make conclusions difficult and often wrong
- 37. 1.00E+09 1.00E+10 1.00E+11 1.00E+12 1.00E+13 1.00E+14 PS4854 SLOT1005 SR4000 PSP7297 PSP142 1 10 100 1000 10000 CPC 3022 #/km clone PMP #/km Pegasor 2.8 L diesel w/o DPF 1.5 L diesel* w DPF *CPC data missing 2 L diesel w DPF 1.5 L diesel w/o DPF 1.2 L gasoline ParticleNumber(1/km) PPS-M(mV) Particle Number Measurement; PPS, PMP, CPC Gasoline vehicle emits large amounts of particles < 23 nm
- 38. Particle Number Measurement The total exhaust gas flowrate for PPS-M is not known 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 NEDC Time (s) PPS-M PN Speed PPSSignal(-) Particlenumber×1013(s-1),Speed(kmh-1) PN TSI CPC 3776 from CVS PPS-M Raw Exhaust Gas Data Courtesy of LAT
- 40. Partially Failed DPF Study 2 ring-off cracks
- 41. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 NEDC cold NEDC hot Unfiltered Functional DPF Damaged DPF PM[mg/km] Euro 5/6 6× 1E+10 1E+11 1E+12 1E+13 1E+14 NEDC cold NEDC hot Particlenumber[km- 1] Euro 5/6 (b) 17× NEDC Cold NEDC Cold NEDC HotNEDC Cold NEDC HotNEDC Hot 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09 NEDC cold NEDC hot PPSSignal[-] (c) 14× NEDC Cold NEDC Hot Euro5/6 Euro5/6 6x 17x PPSSignal(-) PM[mg/km] PN[1/km] Unfiltered Functional DPF Damaged DPF 14x PPS-M response to DPF Failure
- 42. PPS-M vs. Smokemeter PPS-M has • Better resolution and sensitivity • More meaningful results 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0 1 2 3 4 OEM Light crack Multiple cracks Ring-off crack Two ring-off cracks Time (×103 s) Efficiency (a) PPS PPS-M Smokemeter Time (x103 s)Time (x103 s) EfficiencyEfficiency PPS DPF From engine Vent to atmosphere Smokemeter Heated probes
- 44. Conclusions Diluting sample train effects must be understood Pegasor particle sensor is the world’s first continuously operating sensor with capabilities for permanent installation on board vehicle Provides information on total mass and total number of particles Diesel GDI Most cost effective solution for real-time PM and PN measurement Low capital cost Low maintenance cost Fastest Time Response, down to 0,2 s time resolution Technology well adopted by the automotive industry Pegasor Mi3 turnkey solution for test cell and PEMS
- 45. Publications L. Ntziachristos et al., (2009), ’ A New Sensor for On-Board Diagnosis of Particle Filter Operation – First Results and Development Potential, FAD Conference, Dresden, November 4-5.2009. T. Lanki et al., (2011), ‘An electrical sensor for long-term monitoring of ultrafine particles in workplaces’, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 304 012013 L. Ntziachristos et al., (2011), ‘Exhaust Particle Sensor for OBD Application’, SAE Paper 2011-01-0626 M. Besch et al., (2011), ‘Assessment of novel in-line particulate matter sensor with respect to OBD and emissions control applications’, Proceedings of the ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference, ICEF2011 October 2-5, 2011, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, ICEF2011-60142 L. Ntziachristos et al., (2013), ‘Application of the Pegasor Particle Sensor for the Measurement of Mass and Particle Number Emissions’, SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6(2):521-531, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-1561. Amanatidis, S et al., (2013). "Applicability of the Pegasor Particle Sensor to Measure Particle Number, Mass and PM Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 2013- 24-0167, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-24-0167 M. Maricq, (2013), ‘Monitoring Motor Vehicle PM Emissions: An Evaluation of Three Portable Low-Cost Aerosol Instruments’, Aerosol Science and Technology, 47:5, 564-573. S. Amanatidis et al., (2014). ’Use of a PPS Sensor in Evaluating the Impact of Fuel Efficiency Improvement Technologies on the Particle Emissions of a Euro 5 Diesel Car’. SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1601 Rostedt, A., Arffman, A., Janka, K., Yli-Ojanperä, J. and Keskinen, J., Characterization and Response Model of the PPS-M Aerosol Sensor, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 48, 1022-1030, 2014.
- 46. Conference Presentations J. Tikkanen et al., (2011), ‘Pegasor Particle Sensor (PPS-M) for Raw Exhaust PM Measurement’, 21st CRC Real World Emissions Workshop, March 20-23, 2011, San Diego, USA Marc Besch et al., (2011), ‘In-Use NTE PM Measurement Methodology using an In-Line, Real-Time Exhaust PM Emissions Sensor’, 15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, June 26-29, 2011, Zürich, Switzerland F. Gensdarmes et al., (2011), ‘Evaluation of Pegasor PPS Response Time for Real Time Aerosol Concentration Measurements’, EAC 2011, September 4-9, 2011, Manchester, UK. L. Ntziachristos et al. (2012), ‘Mass Calibration of a Novel PM Sensor’, 22nd CRC Real World Emissions Workshop, March 25-28, 2012, San Diego, USA M. Besch et al., (2012), ‘On-Road Particle Matter Emissions Assessment from a Compliant HD Diesel Truck While Driving Across the US’, 22nd CRC Real World Emissions Workshop, March 25-28, 2012, San Diego, USA J. Karim et al., (2012), ‘Preliminary Investigation of the Correlation between In-Use Diesel Engine PM Emission Rates and Opacity’, 2012 PEMS Conference and Workshop, March 28-30, 2012, Riverside, USA Beck, H. et al., (2012), ‘Correlation between Pegasor Particle Sensor and Particle Number Counter Application of Pegasor Particle Sensor in Heavy Duty Exhaust’. 16th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, June 24-27, 2012, Zürich, Switzerland Ntziachristos, L., (2012), ‘Calibration and performance of a novel particle sensor for automotive application’, EAC - 2012, European Aerosol Conference, Granada, 2-7 Sept. 2012, Spain. J. Tikkanen et al, (2013). ’Dilution Artifacts. A Significant Source of Error from Absolute Concentration and Possibly Difficult to Reproduce. PMP vs. Raw Exhaust’, 17th ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, June 23th – 26th 2013, Zürich, Switzerland M. Besch et al., (2014), ’ Off-cycle light-duty diesel vehicle emissions under real-world driving conditions’, 24th CRC Real World Emissions Workshop, March 30 -April 2, 2014, San Diego, California Tanfeng C et al., (2014), ’ Comparison of the SEMTECH ECOSTAR CPM to AVL 483 MSS, AVL 489 APC, and CVS gravimetric PM’, 2014 PEMS Conference and Workshop, April 3-4, 2014, Riverside, California D. Booker, (2014). Challenges and Solutions for Light Duty Real-World PEMS Testing under the auspices of the European RDE/LDV Program’, 2014 PEMS Conference and Workshop, April 3-4, 2014, Riverside, California
- 47. Thank You! European Tech Serv NV Sparkevaardekenstraat 3 8600 Diksmuide Belgium Tel. +32 (0)51 81 00 10 Fax +32 (0)51 69 78 17 info@etserv.be sales@etserv.be
Editor's Notes
- Comments have been added to the slides in order to help to understand what is the message
- Ultrafine particles do not scatter light. Therefore they are invisible for optical measurement devices. Just like human eye does not see particle emissions from modern diesel or GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) vehicles. Lower limit for optical detection is 300 nm. Therefore they are not suitable for modern engine measurements and should be replaced with devices that actually measure the emitted particles and not e.g. NOx.
- 3 LPM of clean particle free air is flown through a corona chamber. In the chamber air becomes ionized by a corona discharge. As the ionized, 1.5 bar overpressure air goes through the critical orifice, it creates suction flow for particle containing gas from the exhaust. Ions and particles mix and particles acquire a well known charge on their surface. Excess ions are removed in the 50 V ion trap. With higher voltages trap can be used for size selective lower cut. 400 V corresponds to 23 nm lower cut off diameter. As the charged particles exit the senosr (faraday cup) the current they carry is measured with a sensitive electrometer. Since inlet and outlet for the ejector driven sensor are connected in the same exhaust line, sensor sample intake is independent of exhaust gas flow velocity and pressure fluctuations.
- PPS-M is operated as a faraday cup.
- Of the used 11,7 LPM of clean air flow, 3 LPM is used for ionization and roughly 9 LPM for sheath air to keep the sensor clean for extended periods of time. PPS-M self diagnostics is continuously monitoring the sensor loading and informs the user when sensor sould be cleaned. 3 LPM ionizing air flow draws 6 LPM of sample into the sensor.
- PPS-M was calibrated at LAT against gravimetric filter in the CVS, AVL Micro Soot Sensor (MSS), ELPI (Electrical Low Pressure Impactor) and SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) in diluted raw exhaust. PPS-M was in raw exhaust as well. Engine was run in dry soot mode.
- Dynamic range more than 5 orders of magnitude.
- Proper hot sampling. Heated inlet line and heated + insulated sensor. Some customers insulate the sample outlet line as well. Operating air supply for the sensor must be dry (dew point -40 °C) and particle free. In vibrating conditions flexible sampling tubes are recommended. Make sure the sensor is properly grounded in order to prevent noise from the test cell to be integrated in the data.
- Accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility for PPS-M in total nummer measurement is very good.
- Fast response of PPS-M enables to study homogeneity of EGR (Exhaust Gas Recycling). Red line is pressure inside cylinder 1. Blue line is PPS-M PM concentration and black line is the exhaust gas pressure. PPS-M reading does not go to zero during cylinder 1 misfire because of EGR. This EGR study can be done for each cylinder even simultaneously with several PPS-M units.
- AVL MSS provides strongly averaged data and fast transients in the PM concentration could not be seen. 0.2 s response time of PPS-M reveals all details of PM formation in the engine.
- See L. Ntziachristos et al., (2011), ‘Exhaust Particle Sensor for OBD Application’, SAE Paper 2011-01-0626
- See L. Ntziachristos et al., (2011), ‘Exhaust Particle Sensor for OBD Application’, SAE Paper 2011-01-0626
- See L. Ntziachristos et al., (2011), ‘Exhaust Particle Sensor for OBD Application’, SAE Paper 2011-01-0626
- See L. Ntziachristos et al., (2011), ‘Exhaust Particle Sensor for OBD Application’, SAE Paper 2011-01-0626 Please note that Smokemeter is giving false data on two ring-off crack measurement. The efficiency does not go back to 100% as Smokemeter indicates. It only goes back to ˜90%.