The stage is a designated performance space for actors and a focal point for the audience. An ideal stage depth should be equal to the proscenium opening width. A raised stage is usually 600-1100 mm high with modular floor sections that can be removed. Safety curtains can separate the stage from the auditorium in case of a fire. Theater design considers sight lines, seating density and capacity, exits, and acoustics to provide all audience members a good view and listening experience. Secondary spaces like dressing rooms, workshops, and a projection room support performances and screenings.

1. STAGE
In theatre or performance arts, the stage is a
designated space for the performance of
productions. The stage serves as a space for
actors or performers and a focal point (the
screen in cinema theaters) for the members of
the audience.
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4. PROSCENIUM STAGE WITH FLY TOWER
The dimensions and shape of the performance area
are determined by the recommended proscenium
opening as in Table III. A wider opening can be reduced
by screens or curtains, so that an all purpose stage
should be sized for opera. Ideally, the depth of the
performance area front to rear should be equal to the
proscenium opening.
Source: Neufert

5. RAISED STAGE
The height of the stage can be between 600 mm and 1100
mm with a straight, angled or curved front edge. The floor
to the performance area, in part or total, may be a series
of traps, that is modular sections usually 1200mm square
which can be removed
selectively.
SIDE AND REAR STAGES
Sizes should relate to the size of the performance area.
These areas may need to hold sets as on the performance
area, with circulation all round. The clear height required
to be the highest scenery plus
1 m.
SAFETY CURTAIN
In the case of fire on the stage it must be separated from
the auditorium, with the proscenium opening being closed
off by a safety curtain. The normal form is a rigid curtain
suspended immediately behind the proscenium opening
and dropping on the stage from the fly tower. The fire seal
must continue below stage level.
Source: Neufert

6. SEATING
Seating capacity: In general, the maximum capacity of an auditorium
depends on the format selected, and on aural and visual limitations
set by the type of production. Other factors include levels, sightlines,
acoustics, circulation and seating density, as well as size and shape of
platform/stage.
Size of auditorium: An area of at least 0.5 sq. m. per spectator is to be
used for sitting spectators. This number is derived from a seat width x
row spacing of at least 0.45 sq. m per seat, plus an additional
minimum of 0.5m - 0.9m i.e. approximately 0.05 sq. m per seat.
Length of rows: A maximum of 16 seats per aisle. 25 seats per aisle is
permissible if one side exit door of 1m width is provided per 3-4 rows.
Exits, escape routes: 1m wide per 150 people (minimum width 0.8m).
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8. ELEVATION OF SEATS
LINE OF SIGHT METHOD
A sightline, sight line or visual axis, is a normally unobstructed line
of sight between an intended observer (or spectator) and a stage,
arena, or monument, for example. Sightlines are a particularly
important consideration in theatres and auditoriums.
The vertical distance from a spectator's eyes to sightline of the
spectator directly behind is called a C-value. Higher the seats lower
the C-value.
D = the horizontal distance from the eye to the point of focus
N = the riser height
R = the vertical height to the point of focus
T = the seating row depth
REGULAR RISE METHOD
In regular rise method each tier of the hall has equal rise. Seats are
elevated at equal risers.
Source: Wikipedia

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10. CINEMAS
FILM PROJECTION
• 1m of space behind the projector & at the
operating side, 2.80 m high, ventilation, noise
insulation to the auditorium side.
• Film widths of 16mm, 35mm, & 70mm.
• The centre of the projected beam should not
deviate more than 5° horizontally.
• Picture sizes depend on the distance of the
projector from the screen, height/side ratio is
1:2:34 (cinemascope) or 1:1:66 (wide screen).
PROJECTION SCREEN
• Min. Distance of projection screen from
wall is 120 cm.
• It is perforated (sound permeable).
• Large projection screens are curved.
• The auditorium should have no outside
light other than emergency lighting.
• Walls and ceilings are made from
non-reflective material.
Source: Neufert

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12. PROPORTIONS OF AUDITORIUM
These are obtained from the spectator’s psychological
perception and viewing angle, as well as the requirement for
a good view from all seats. Head movement should be
according to following:
• 30° → no movement
• 60° → slight movement
• 110° → slight eye & slight shoulder movement
• 360° → full movement
At a depth of 24m of house → proscenium width – 13m
At a depth of 32m of house → proscenium width – 17m
Source: Neufert

13. SECONDARY SPACES
DRESSING ROOM
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14. WORK SHOP CHANGING ROOMS
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15. REHEARSAL STAGES PROJECTOR ROOM
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16. N.B.C. OF INDIA
SOUND INSULATION
 Trees with heavy foliage planted on both sides of carriageway help slightly to muffle the noise, provided the
foliage extends for a considerable distance (30 m or above).
 Noisy rooms should be separated from quiet ones, if possible.
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
 All buildings depending upon the occupancy use and height shall be protected by fire extinguishers, wet
riser, down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation in accordance with the provisions of NBC.
 Automatic fire detection and alarm facilities shall be provided, where necessity, to warn occupants early of
the existence of fire, so that they may escape, and to facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills.
 Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route and
particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stair well.
 Internal stairs shall be constructed of non combustible materials throughout.

17. Area required: The floor area of the hall including, gangways (excluding the stage ) should be calculated on the basis of 0.6
to 0.9 sq. m per person.
Height and volume: The average height may vary from 6 m for small halls to 7.5 m for large halls. The volume per person
required to be provided should normally range between 3.5 to 5.5 m. Suitable volumes for different types of auditoriums are
given below.
Cubic metres per person
A) PUBLIC LECTURE HALLS.
B) CINEMAS OR THEATRES
C) MUSICAL HALLS OR CONCERT HALLS
3.5 to 4.5
4.0 to 5.0
4.0 to 5.5
Max. Distance from the curtain wall: In the case of theatres a person with normal vision should be able to discern facial
expressions of the performers. In order to satisfy these condition, the distance of the ‘farthest seat from the curtain line
should not normally exceed 23 m.
Stage: The size of the stage depends upon the type of performance the hall is to cater for. It would be large for theatres,
while it would be comparatively small for cinema halls which again depends on the size of the screen.
Balcony: Where a balcony is provided, its projection into the hall should not be more than twice the free height of the
opening of the balcony recess.
Doors and windows: The external noise level is high, properly fitted doors and windows should be provided. Their rebates
should preferably be lined with draught strip rubber or felt.
Line of sight: The elevation of the balcony seats should be such that line of sight is not inclined more than 30 degrees to
the horizontal.
Angle of floor: As an empirical rule the angle of elevation of the inclined floor in an auditorium should not be less than 8
degrees.

18. Foyers, crush halls, attached rooms: All the enclosed spaces, such as foyers, lounges, flanking verandas,
etc., adjacent to the auditorium showable be isolated from the main hall by suitable ( well fitting ) doors so
that the acoustics of the hall are not influenced by these rooms;
• The foyer area, depend on the size and seating capacity of the auditorium. At least 20% of the seating
area of the hall 1s recommended for foyer.
• For lobby and lounge, areas at least corresponding to 10 % of the seating area in the hall are
recommended.
Seating:
• The distance of the front row works to about 3.6 m for drama and it should be 4.5 m or more for
cinema purposes.
• The width of a seat should be between 45 cm and 56 cm.
• The back to back distance of chairs in successive rows of seats shall be at least 85 cm. If extra comfort
is required, higher spacing may be provided which shall vary between 85 cm and 106 cm.
• Seats should be staggered sideways in relation to those in front so that a listener in any row is not
looking directly over the head of the person in front of him.
Sound amplification system: a loudness of speech level of about 60 to 70 db. is required for comfortable
listening. For this level can be obtained, the volume does not exceed 1400 cubic m and the max. distance from
the speaker to listener is of the order of 23 m.