This document discusses using audiovisual media to improve students' listening abilities. It provides background on the importance of listening skills in language learning. Students do more listening than speaking in classrooms. The document proposes that using better media, like audiovisuals, can help develop listening skills. It presents research questions about whether audiovisuals improve listening ability. Key terms like listening, media, and audiovisual are defined. The aims of the study are to determine if audiovisuals improve listening. The hypotheses is that using audiovisual media in teaching should improve listening skills. The population is students at a high school in Aceh, with one class selected as the sample. Methods will include pre- and post-tests as well as questionnaires.
There is a fast-moving worldwide shift from English being taught as a foreign language (EFL) to English being the medium of instruction (EMI) for academic subjects such as science, mathematics, geography and medicine. EMI is increasingly being used in universities, secondary schools and even primary schools.
M.Wright
There is a fast-moving worldwide shift from English being taught as a foreign language (EFL) to English being the medium of instruction (EMI) for academic subjects such as science, mathematics, geography and medicine. EMI is increasingly being used in universities, secondary schools and even primary schools.
M.Wright
This article aims at exposing a design of project based content language integrated learning (CLIL) at a higher education insitution in Indonesia. Th design is proposed based on a mixture of the principle of language integrated learning (CLIL) and the principle of project based learning. The design was implemented for the teaching of English as a compulsory subject at three departments of the university of Lampung. Quantitative data was obtained from the value of students’ English proficiency before and after CLIL model application. While the qualitative data was obtained from the output of language produced by students during the learning process took place. The results showed that project based CLIL English language course at the faculty of teaching and education, the University of Lampung could work effectively. This is evident from the implementation of the whole program activities, from the implementation of the formation of groups, students work in groups to finish the project, group presentation activities, personal presentations and students’ responses to all activities.
The Effect of Listening Activities on Students' Listening Comprehensionijtsrd
Listening skill competency is one of the challenges of all four English skills for EFL English as a Foreign Language learners. This study investigates the correlation and the influence between listening strategies and listening comprehension. The objective of the study is to find out whether pre listening, while listening and post listening activities are the most effective activities to students' listening comprehension. Thirty students in the University of Computer Studies, Mandalay in 2018 2019 academic years participated in this study. The research data was collected by using IELTS test. It was found that while listening activities for improving listening skill had a very positive impact on the students. Thiri Soe Win | Win Yu Yu Maung "The Effect of Listening Activities on Students' Listening Comprehension" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27902.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/27902/the-effect-of-listening-activities-on-students%E2%80%99-listening-comprehension/thiri-soe-win
The Effects of Instructional Materials on Students’ Performance in English La...AJHSSR Journal
: This research is designed to investigate effects of Instructional Materials on students’ performances
in English Language in secondary schools in Katagum Zone, Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is also aimed at finding out
why some teachers do not use Instructional Materials to teach English Language. In the study, one hundred students
have been randomly selected from selected public and private secondary schools in Katagum Zone consisting of
fifty male and fifty female students to constitute the sample. The sample size was divided into group viz,
experimental and control groups. English Language was taught to the experimental group on a series of lessons
using most suitable, appropriate and available Instructional Materials while the control group was taken through the
same lesson without the utilization of any Instructional Materials. After the experiment students taught with
Instructional Materials performed better than the control group not taught with Instructional Materials. It also shows
there is no significant difference in the performance of gender taught using Instructional Materials. Based on above
findings, some recommendations that could bring about improvement on the performance of students, teachers
school authorities, NGOs and governments have been made.
An Assessment of Reading Ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet...paperpublications3
Abstract: Teaching reading and success in reading ability is therefore important for young learners. However, the ability for teachers to teach reading is not well documented. Little research has been conducted on teachers’ competence and attitudes towards reading ability among learners at preschool level. The objective of this study was to asses reading ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The theory of planned behaviour and education production function theory guided the study. The study employed the mixed methods approach. An explanatory research design was used. The target population was all the 1252 pre-school teachers in Elgeyo Marakwet County Kenya. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the participating schools and individual teachers. A sample size of 294 schools was used. The instruments utilised were questionnaires, and observation schedules. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study results indicated that the pre-school children reading ability was poor. The study therefore recommended that pre-school teachers be trained to improve their competency in English phonology as to improve the reading ability of pre-school children.
Keywords: English Phonology, Teacher Competency, Reading Ability.
Title: An Assessment of Reading Ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Author: Muthoni Bilhah Kiptoo, Prof. Khaemba Ongeti, Prof. J.K. Too
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
The slides were prepared to fulfill the task for Language Learning Strategies and Instructions at National University of Malaysia, UKM. The slides include information on factors affecting LLS usage. All the works have been credited to the writers. All the images are credited to the original sources which are available publicly through Google Search.
This study focused on fostering learning experiences and improving students’ oral communicative potential by lowering their anxiety through technology. The participants were EFL students at the Zand Higher Education Institute in Shiraz, Iran. Their responses to the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986) proved that they were suffering from some emotional factors; particularly anxiety interfering with their second language acquisition process. Voice Thread, an on-line program was introduced to them as a tool to achieve the above-mentioned goals. An oral survey based on items used by Von Worde (2003) showed this group of EFL language learners’ anxiety was alleviated by using the proposed tool. As speaking is one of the main productive skills in second language learning, the pedagogical implications of the study can be beneficial to both teachers and learners. The results can help teachers match instruction to learners’ needs.
Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second La...ijtsrd
This study aimed to document the demonstrating factors that demotivate college students at the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus from learning English as a Second Language ESL . Based on the findings, the researchers developed institutional teaching strategies to address demotivation factors. The study employed a descriptive research design. A total of 552 randomly sampled college students enrolled in GE 2 Purposive Communication during the Second Semester of Academic Year 2020 2021 were considered as research participants. The questionnaire was adapted from the study of Gardner 1985 . Findings revealed that with a total weighted mean of 3.46, the respondents are “much demotivated†on the internal factors. On external factors, six 6 categories were found out, teachers' behavior, 3.75 “much demotivated †teachers' competence, 3.63 “much demotivated †classroom learning resource preparedness availability, 3.53, “much demotivated †course content, 3.27 “demotivated †class size, and course assessment and requirements, 3.26 “demotivated.†The 3.39 total weighted mean suggest that they are “demotivated†on external factors. The general weighted mean of 3.43, suggest that they are “much demotivated†on both internal and external factors. To address the demotivating factor issues of the language learners, the researchers came up with institutional teaching strategies framework which the language teachers may employ. These strategies include metacognitive, cognitive, social strategies, use of audio visual materials, and internet based language learning. Leah A. De Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. De Asis-Estigoy | Veronica A. Piczon "Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second Language in the University of Eastern Philippines: Basis for Institutional Teaching Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47685.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47685/demonstrating-factors-causing-demotivation-in-learning-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-university-of-eastern-philippines-basis-for-institutional-teaching-strategies/leah-a-de-asis
The main objective of this study is to explore how podcasting can be implemented in teaching English as a Second Language as a supportive technological tool and thus contribute to the development of positive attitudes and beliefs of the learners. To this aim, the field experiment research was conducted. The study was carried out in a total of 28 pupils of the first grade of high school at an educational institution on Rhodes, Greece in February 2018. The students were assigned into the experimental group (15 students) and the control group (13 students). The results of the research have shown a positive change in students’ attitudes and beliefs, though no statistically significant difference has arisen regarding the students’ interest in the course, their self-confidence in English, the role of gender in learning English and the difficulties students come across when studying English. Similarly, no significant change has occurred regarding the usefulness of English, the importance of the English accent and the knowledge of another foreign language as a contributing factor to learning English more easily. Finally, a negative change was found regarding difficulties in oral communication in English.
This article aims at exposing a design of project based content language integrated learning (CLIL) at a higher education insitution in Indonesia. Th design is proposed based on a mixture of the principle of language integrated learning (CLIL) and the principle of project based learning. The design was implemented for the teaching of English as a compulsory subject at three departments of the university of Lampung. Quantitative data was obtained from the value of students’ English proficiency before and after CLIL model application. While the qualitative data was obtained from the output of language produced by students during the learning process took place. The results showed that project based CLIL English language course at the faculty of teaching and education, the University of Lampung could work effectively. This is evident from the implementation of the whole program activities, from the implementation of the formation of groups, students work in groups to finish the project, group presentation activities, personal presentations and students’ responses to all activities.
The Effect of Listening Activities on Students' Listening Comprehensionijtsrd
Listening skill competency is one of the challenges of all four English skills for EFL English as a Foreign Language learners. This study investigates the correlation and the influence between listening strategies and listening comprehension. The objective of the study is to find out whether pre listening, while listening and post listening activities are the most effective activities to students' listening comprehension. Thirty students in the University of Computer Studies, Mandalay in 2018 2019 academic years participated in this study. The research data was collected by using IELTS test. It was found that while listening activities for improving listening skill had a very positive impact on the students. Thiri Soe Win | Win Yu Yu Maung "The Effect of Listening Activities on Students' Listening Comprehension" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27902.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/27902/the-effect-of-listening-activities-on-students%E2%80%99-listening-comprehension/thiri-soe-win
The Effects of Instructional Materials on Students’ Performance in English La...AJHSSR Journal
: This research is designed to investigate effects of Instructional Materials on students’ performances
in English Language in secondary schools in Katagum Zone, Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is also aimed at finding out
why some teachers do not use Instructional Materials to teach English Language. In the study, one hundred students
have been randomly selected from selected public and private secondary schools in Katagum Zone consisting of
fifty male and fifty female students to constitute the sample. The sample size was divided into group viz,
experimental and control groups. English Language was taught to the experimental group on a series of lessons
using most suitable, appropriate and available Instructional Materials while the control group was taken through the
same lesson without the utilization of any Instructional Materials. After the experiment students taught with
Instructional Materials performed better than the control group not taught with Instructional Materials. It also shows
there is no significant difference in the performance of gender taught using Instructional Materials. Based on above
findings, some recommendations that could bring about improvement on the performance of students, teachers
school authorities, NGOs and governments have been made.
An Assessment of Reading Ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet...paperpublications3
Abstract: Teaching reading and success in reading ability is therefore important for young learners. However, the ability for teachers to teach reading is not well documented. Little research has been conducted on teachers’ competence and attitudes towards reading ability among learners at preschool level. The objective of this study was to asses reading ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The theory of planned behaviour and education production function theory guided the study. The study employed the mixed methods approach. An explanatory research design was used. The target population was all the 1252 pre-school teachers in Elgeyo Marakwet County Kenya. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the participating schools and individual teachers. A sample size of 294 schools was used. The instruments utilised were questionnaires, and observation schedules. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study results indicated that the pre-school children reading ability was poor. The study therefore recommended that pre-school teachers be trained to improve their competency in English phonology as to improve the reading ability of pre-school children.
Keywords: English Phonology, Teacher Competency, Reading Ability.
Title: An Assessment of Reading Ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Author: Muthoni Bilhah Kiptoo, Prof. Khaemba Ongeti, Prof. J.K. Too
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
The slides were prepared to fulfill the task for Language Learning Strategies and Instructions at National University of Malaysia, UKM. The slides include information on factors affecting LLS usage. All the works have been credited to the writers. All the images are credited to the original sources which are available publicly through Google Search.
This study focused on fostering learning experiences and improving students’ oral communicative potential by lowering their anxiety through technology. The participants were EFL students at the Zand Higher Education Institute in Shiraz, Iran. Their responses to the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986) proved that they were suffering from some emotional factors; particularly anxiety interfering with their second language acquisition process. Voice Thread, an on-line program was introduced to them as a tool to achieve the above-mentioned goals. An oral survey based on items used by Von Worde (2003) showed this group of EFL language learners’ anxiety was alleviated by using the proposed tool. As speaking is one of the main productive skills in second language learning, the pedagogical implications of the study can be beneficial to both teachers and learners. The results can help teachers match instruction to learners’ needs.
Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second La...ijtsrd
This study aimed to document the demonstrating factors that demotivate college students at the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus from learning English as a Second Language ESL . Based on the findings, the researchers developed institutional teaching strategies to address demotivation factors. The study employed a descriptive research design. A total of 552 randomly sampled college students enrolled in GE 2 Purposive Communication during the Second Semester of Academic Year 2020 2021 were considered as research participants. The questionnaire was adapted from the study of Gardner 1985 . Findings revealed that with a total weighted mean of 3.46, the respondents are “much demotivated†on the internal factors. On external factors, six 6 categories were found out, teachers' behavior, 3.75 “much demotivated †teachers' competence, 3.63 “much demotivated †classroom learning resource preparedness availability, 3.53, “much demotivated †course content, 3.27 “demotivated †class size, and course assessment and requirements, 3.26 “demotivated.†The 3.39 total weighted mean suggest that they are “demotivated†on external factors. The general weighted mean of 3.43, suggest that they are “much demotivated†on both internal and external factors. To address the demotivating factor issues of the language learners, the researchers came up with institutional teaching strategies framework which the language teachers may employ. These strategies include metacognitive, cognitive, social strategies, use of audio visual materials, and internet based language learning. Leah A. De Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. De Asis-Estigoy | Veronica A. Piczon "Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second Language in the University of Eastern Philippines: Basis for Institutional Teaching Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47685.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47685/demonstrating-factors-causing-demotivation-in-learning-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-university-of-eastern-philippines-basis-for-institutional-teaching-strategies/leah-a-de-asis
The main objective of this study is to explore how podcasting can be implemented in teaching English as a Second Language as a supportive technological tool and thus contribute to the development of positive attitudes and beliefs of the learners. To this aim, the field experiment research was conducted. The study was carried out in a total of 28 pupils of the first grade of high school at an educational institution on Rhodes, Greece in February 2018. The students were assigned into the experimental group (15 students) and the control group (13 students). The results of the research have shown a positive change in students’ attitudes and beliefs, though no statistically significant difference has arisen regarding the students’ interest in the course, their self-confidence in English, the role of gender in learning English and the difficulties students come across when studying English. Similarly, no significant change has occurred regarding the usefulness of English, the importance of the English accent and the knowledge of another foreign language as a contributing factor to learning English more easily. Finally, a negative change was found regarding difficulties in oral communication in English.
Báo cáo thực tập A Study On Using Audio-Visual Aids Of Students In Learning Speaking And Pronunciation At Thu Dau Mot University là nguồn tài liệu hoàn toàn xuất sắc đáng để xem và theo dõi. Nếu bạn cần tải bài mẫu này vui lòng nhắn tin nhanh qua zalo/telegram : 0932.091.562 để được hỗ trợ tải nhé.
Practice and challemges of sign language as a medium of instructionAmanuelEndale
The study was design to assess the practice and challenges of sign language as a medium of
instruction in case of: Yekatit 23 primary school by employing purposive sampling
techniques method.
To achieve the purpose of the study. The main target group is Deaf student and their teacher
15 student and 7 teacher (a total of 22, M=9 F=13), were included in the study. the
participant selected purposively for Yekatit 23 primary school and and the student were
selected from Grade 6-8 because the researcher assume that the have a better understanding
and experience .
Final draft of research on sign language as a medium of instructionAmanuelEndale
The study was design to assess the practice and challenges of sign language as a medium of instruction in case of: Yekatit 23 primary school by employing purposive sampling techniques method. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main target group is Deaf student and their teacher 15 student and 7 teacher (a total of 22, M=9 F=13), were included in the study. The participant selected purposively for Yekatit 23 primary school and the student were selected from Grade 6-8 because the researcher assume that the have a better understanding and experience. The two points on practice and challenges rating scale questionnaire consisting of 15 items for teacher and a Two point rating scale questionnaire consisting of 13 items for student and for both of them the researcher use open ended question and observation check list has been used to collect the data. Depending upon the data collected both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in the analysis of the collected data. The findings have shown that the majority of Deaf students (53%) have shown there is inadequate use of instructional material. The major challenges were related to accessibility of instructional material, student teacher ratio and classroom environment. The study has also confirmed that the school and most of school community (67%) have awareness about sign language as a medium of instruction. Generally, the result suggests the effective measures of need to be taken to reduce challenges of the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction by accessing instructional material and matching student teacher ratio and create an accessible classroom environment. Further research also required to fulfill the gap of practicing sign language as a medium of instruction. Some recommendations were made based on findings particularly to improve the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction and reducing the challenge of student and teachers. The study gives a direction on priory area of intervention such as giving training to teachers and students to develop their skill and providing appropriate material and hiring new teacher to match student teacher ratio.
Instructional media in teaching english to young learnersArina Ardillah
I just want to share this for anyone who need it. this journal is about the media that is used for teaching elementary school. The researcher do the research to investigate the use of instructional media and the solving of problems
Impact of audiovisual aids in teaching home economics in secondary schoolsResearchWap
ABSTRACT
The study attempted to investigate the appraising instructional materials as being used in secondary schools in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study equally reviewed some important and extensive literatures under sub-headings. The descriptive research survey design was applied in the assessment of respondents’ opinions towards the subject matter. In this study, four null hypotheses were formulated and tested with the application of the independent t-test and the Pearson Product Moment Correltional Coefficient Statistical tools at 0.05 significance level. Also, the simple percentage frequency counts was used to analyse the questionnaire response of the selected respondents together with the research questions. A total of 100 (one hundred) respondents, 50 (fifty) male and 50 (fifty) female teachers were selected for this study. At the end of the data analyses, the following results were obtained: there is a significant relationship between teaching materials and teaching effectiveness among teachers in Akwa Ibom State public schools, there is a relationship between the availability of instructional resources and academic performance of students in public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State, there is a significant relationship between teaching methods and students’ academic performance in Akwa Ibom State public schools and there is a significant gender in the academic performance of students due to the use of teaching materials in Akwa Ibom State public schools. Based on the conclusions reached at the end of this study, the following recommendations are made by the researcher: There should be allocation of more time to the practical aspects of educational technology in secondary schools, government should subsidise the cost of students’ practical work on Education Technology and graduates from other disciplines coming into teaching profession as a last resort due to high rate of unemployment; should be discouraged. This is because they are not well equipped for the tasks which they are to perform.
Problems and Difficulties of Speaking That Encounter English Language Student...inventionjournals
The study aims at exploring thespeaking difficulties encountered by English language students at Al Quds Open University. The study ,more over aims at exploring the causes of such difficulties. The researcher used the experimental method so as to show and measure the speaking difficulties encountered by English language students at Al Quds Open University. The researcher designed an interview to be applied on the sample of the study. Such interview will be applied for each student to investigate speaking difficulties and the causes of such difficulties . The results showed and indicated there some difficulties in the speaking of the students due to some reasons such as fear of mistake , shyness, anxiety and lack of confidence. The researcher adopted some recommendations the most important one is to establish an environment support and encourage the students to speak English frequently, and he suggested carrying out more researches and studies regarding speaking difficulties encountered by English language students.
In recent years, research on learning strategies has become the new domain in the area of the second language acquisition (SAL). In view of the above, the study based upon the definition and classification of O’Malley & Chamot and Oxford, discusses the condition of junior students’ listening strategies use and the impact on listening understanding. Through this research, we can see that the students with better listening score are better at self-supervising, training and listening techniques. I suggest that teachers should encourage and train the students to use the listening strategies to improve their ability. The final goal is encouraging students to self-evaluate and self-direct, and lay the foundation of life-long learning.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Background: Audiovisuals in improving Listening Ability
1. 1
AUDIOVISUALS AS MEDIA IN IMPROVING LISTENING ABILITY OF THE
STUDENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Listening in language teaching has undergone several important influences, as
the result of development in anthropology, education, linguistics, sociology, and even
global politics.1
In line with this, listening skills are essential for learning since they
enable students to acquire insights and information, and to achieve success in
communicating with others.2
Furthermore, in classrooms, students always do more listening than speaking.
In accordance with this, Brown wrote that listening competence is universally “larger”
than speaking competence.3
Thus, listening is a skill which cannot be underestimated
in language learning especially in L2 learning. Mastering a good ability in listening is
absolutely required.
___________
1
Ronald Carter and David Nunan, The Cambridge Guide To Teaching English To Speakers Of
Other Languages, (United Kingdom: Cambridge Press), p. 7.
2
Trudy Wallace, et.al., Teaching Speaking, Listening and Writing, (Brussel: International
Bureau Of Education, 2004), p. 13.
3
H. Douglas Brown, Teaching by Principle an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy,
(New York: San Francisco State University, 2001), p.247
2. 2
Nevertheless, in teaching and learning language process, especially at school,
students find many problems particularly in improving listening ability. Ina Rezkina
wrote that everyday evidence students considered listening sometimes difficult and
sometimes easy. On the other hand, some people argue that it is not realistic to label
that listening is ‘easy’ or difficult. It may usually be easy for someone, but difficult for
others, depending on the present level of language development of each person and
his/her background knowledge of the topic being presented.4
Moreover, the methods and media used by the teachers also influence students
in their listening learning. Actually, the better media had been used will cause the
better of listening development. In this case, many studies proposed the using of audio-
visual media in improving students’ listening ability. Some of the studies proved that
the using of audio-visual in improving student’s listening is effective.5
Based on the background explained above, the writer would like analyze and
implement the using of audiovisuals as media in improving listening ability of the
students, in this case, the writer conducts his research at Al-Falah Islamic Senior high
School in Aceh Besar.
B. Research Questions
___________
4
Ina Rezkina, Obstacle in Teaching Listening Skills at Senior High Schools. Unpublished
Thesis, (Banda Aceh: Graduate program of English Education of Syiah Kuala Universit, 2008). p.i
5
Sapto Haryoko, Efektifitas Pemanfaatan Media Audio-Visual Sebagai Alternatif Optimalisasi
Model Pembelajaran, retrieved from: http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jee/article/viewFile/347/249,
accessed on October 10, 2011
3. 3
This research was aimed to find out the answer of question about “Do audio-
visual media improve students’ listening ability?”
C. Terminology
In order to avoid misinterpretation of the terms used in this paper, the
researcher needs to put forward the definition of the following words:
1. Listening
Taylor defines listening as the process of becoming aware of sound sequences.
In listening to speech, the person first identifies the component sounds and then
recognizes sound sequences as known words through the avenue of auditory analysis,
mental reorganization, an/or association of meaning.6
Listening is the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and
responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. It involves the ability to retain
information, as well as to react empathically and/or appreciatively to spoken and/or
nonverbal messages.7
Thus, the writer sums up that listening is the process of becoming aware of
receiving, identifying, constructing and responding to spoken and/or non verbal
messages.
___________
6
Stanford E. Taylor, Listening. What Research Says to the Teacher (Washington D.C.: National
Education Association). p.6.
7
http://highered.mcgraw-ill.com/sites/dl/free/0073385018/537865/pearson3_sample_ch05.pdf.
p. 111, accessed on June 6, 2012
4. 4
2. Media
Media is a general term for television, radio and newspapers considered as a
whole and as ways of entertaining or spreading news or information to a large number
of people. In language teaching, teaching materials which involve the use of different
kinds of media such as visual and printed media are sometimes known as multi media
or mixed media.8
3. Audio-visual
Here defined as audio-visual aid which means an audio or visual device used
by a teacher to aid learning. For example, pictures, charts, and flashcards are visual
aids; radio, records, and tape-recorders are auditory aids. Film, television, and video
are audio-visual aids.9
So, audio-visuals are the tools those utilized by teachers to help
learning process in shape of visual and audio. These devices could be used to produce
images and sound at once.
D. The Aims of Study
The aim of study is as follows:
1. To know whether audio-visual media improve students listening ability or not.
___________
8
Jack C. Richards and Richard Schmidt, Longman Dictionary Of Language Teaching And
Applied Linguistics (New York: Pearson Education). p.325.
9
Jack C. Richards and Richard Schmidt, Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching …”
p.40.
5. 5
E. Postulate and Hypothesis
a. Postulate
According to Encyclopedic dictionary of English usage, a postulate means
“prerequisite or assumption in an argument”.10
Based on this definition, the postulate
that stated is the using audio-visual as media are really helpful toward improving
students’ ability in listening skill.
b. Hypothesis
The hypothesis of this research is the using audio-visual as media in teaching
listening should improve students’ ability in listening skill.
F. Population and Sample
1. Population
In this research the writer chose students from SMA Islam Al-Falah
Lamjampok. The students who were still in second year became the population. There
are two classes of the second year students; class XI1 which consist of 33 students and
class XI2 which consist of 22 students. So, the amount of population is 55 students.
2. Sample
The technique used here was one of non random sampling techniques that
called as purposive sampling. In this technique, a group is selected based on previous
___________
10
N.H Marger and S.K Mager, Encyclopedic Dictionary of English Usage, (USA: Prentice
Hill.Inc, 1974), p.232
6. 6
knowledge of natures or characters that have a close criterion with what have been
known exist in the population11
. The researcher had chosen only class XI1 as the
sample which consist of 33 students, males and females.
G. Research Method
The researcher performed an experimental research in form of field research.
Experimental research is defined as a systematic method operated to develop the
relation of causal-effect relationship.12
In order to gain the needed data for this research, the writer used some
techniques.
1. Pre-test and post-test
The pre-test was given to the students in the first meeting before the
experimental teaching was held in order the writer knew the previous listening ability
of the students. While the post-test would be given to student in the last meeting in
order to gain any different result after conducting experimental teaching.
2. Questionnaire
The writer gave the questionnaire to the samples in order to get the real data
including students’ opinion and their perceptions.
___________
11
Sutrisno Hadi, Metodologi Research Jilid I, (Yogyakarta: ANDI, 2004), p. 91
12
Sukardi, Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2003), p. 179.