Astronomy proficiency
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Explorer 1 was the first U.S. satellite launched in 1958 and equipped with a cosmic ray detector to measure radiation in Earth's orbit. Hubble was launched in 1990 but had a flawed mirror that was repaired by astronauts in 1993, and is expected to retire in 2013. Skylab was launched in 1973 to prove humans could live in space and study solar astronomy, and returned to Earth in 1979. Future missions include the James Webb Space Telescope launching in 2014 to replace Hubble, Glory launching in 2011 to study the sun's effect on Earth's climate, and MAVEN launching in 2013 to determine if Mars lost its atmosphere.
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Potential Habitable Exoplanets: Interstellar Space Travel As Mankind's SalvationAhmad Afandi Nor Azmi
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The document provides a history of major events in space exploration from 1957 to 1998. It begins with the Soviet Union launching Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, carrying the first animal into space. The US launched its first satellites Explorer 1 and Vanguard 1 in response. NASA was formed in 1958 to lead US space initiatives. The space race then involved firsts such as putting humans into space and on the moon. International cooperation grew over time, culminating in the launch of the International Space Station module in 1998.
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Radial velocity measurement, which detects tiny wobbles in a star's motion caused by an orbiting planet, was the first technique used to detect exoplanets in 1995. It remains a primary method and has discovered hundreds of planets by measuring changes in the star's spectrum over many observations. The Kepler space telescope has also found thousands of planet candidates using the transit method, which detects dips in a star's brightness when a planet passes in front. Other techniques like astrometry, microlensing, and direct imaging aim to directly image planets, but have had limited success so far due to the huge contrast between planet and star signals. Future space telescopes may enable direct imaging and characterization of Earth-like exoplanets.
Chapter10spaceexploration 140624224923-phpapp02
This document discusses the history of astronomy and space exploration. It describes how early astronomers believed the Earth was the center of the universe, until Copernicus correctly proposed that the Sun is at the center. It then outlines key events and discoveries in space exploration from the first rocket launch in 1926 to Hubble being placed in orbit in 1990. These include Sputnik being the first satellite and Apollo 11 landing on the Moon. The document also defines various terms related to space such as telescopes, spacecraft, space stations, shuttles, rockets and satellites.
History Of The Space Program
1960 - American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission.
1970 - The Apollo 13 mission was crippled by an oxygen tank explosion, forcing the crew to abort their planned moon landing and return safely back to Earth.
1980 - Space shuttle missions advanced space exploration, including the first untethered space walk and development of a permanently manned space station.
Proficiency 2 Astronomy Science
Jessica Brothers discusses key technological advancements that have helped expand human knowledge of space. The telescope, introduced by Galileo Galilei in 1609, allowed for magnification of celestial objects. Later telescope designs by Isaac Newton used curved mirrors to gather and reflect light, enabling million-fold magnification. Satellites, first launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, now provide communications, weather monitoring and more. The Space Race between the US and Soviet Union led to major milestones like Sputnik, Yuri Gagarin becoming the first person in space, and the moon landing. Future predicted advances include space colonies in orbit and new spacecraft to further exploration.
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- 10. Bibliography Hille, Karl. "MAVEN: Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN." 5 October 2010. MAVEN to Investigate How Sun Steals Martian Atmosphere . January 2011. "Hubble Space Telescope." 4 January 2011. Hubble Space Telescope. 5 January 2011 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope>. O'Keefe, Dr. Sean. "Preface." 18 November 2003. Open Letter to the HST-JWST Transition Panel. 5 January 2011 <http://www.coseti.org/hst-jwst.htm>. Phillips, Patricia. "NASA To Send a MAVEN to Mars." 16 September 2008. examiner.com. 5 January 2011 <http://www.examiner.com/space-news-in-national/nasa-to-send-a-maven-to-mars>. Watanabe, Susan. "Explorer 1 Overview." 31 January 2008. Explorer. 5 January 2011 <http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/explorer/explorer-overview.html>. Wilson, Jim. "Overview." 1 December 2009. Skylab. 5 January 2011 <http://www.politicalcartoons.com/>. Zakharova, Nadia. "Glory." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 5 January 2011 <http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/>.