This document provides a report on the marketing of Olpers milk by Engro Foods. It includes an overview of Engro Foods' history and organizational structure. It discusses the marketing research conducted by Engro Foods before launching Olpers milk. It then covers how Engro Foods segmented and targeted the market for Olpers, and how it positioned the brand. The report also includes a SWOT analysis of Olpers milk and discusses Engro Foods' social responsibility initiatives.

1. Submitted to
Mr. Haroon Hafeez
Ms. Sumaila
This Report is a collective work of
Farid Nawaz Khan (MB-06-13)
Sana Bucha (MB-06-12)
Adeel Basit (MB-06-69)
Faiza Javed (MB-06-63)

2. Table of Contents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Abstract...............................................................................................................................................................................................7
Milking the Market…………………………………………………………………...................................................................................... 8
Engro Foods’ History........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Vision................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Core Values...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1. Administration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
2. Finance and Accounts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………... 10
3. Human Resource……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
4. Marketing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....10
5. Milk Procurement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
6. MIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
7. Production……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
8. Quality Assurance..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
9. Supply and Distribution………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Marketing Research conducted by ENGRO Foods………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Segmenting and targeting the market for Olpers.…………………………………………………………………………….…………….13
Demographic segmentation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13
Psychographic segmentation………………………………......................................................................................................................... 14
Behavioral segmentation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Positioning the brand………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 14
STRENGTHS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
1. ENGRO’s Back…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
2. PR with farmers………………………………………………………….………….…………………………………………………………………. 16
3. Positive response from customers……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16
5. Strong consumer & product research………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
6. Third-Generation Plant…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
WEAKNESSES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
1. Olwell TVC………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
2. Owning Red Color.................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3. Low Quality Milk……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
4. Packaging……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
5. Milk collection & distribution costs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
6. Narrow brand portfolio……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
OPPORTUNITIES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
1. Increased funding by Government……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 18
2. Increased consumption of PLM………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3. Awareness.................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
4. Third largest producer of milk………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......18
5. Improving Economy…………………………………………............................................................................................................. 19
THREATS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
1. Competition…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
2. Perceptions and Price Differentials…………….…………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Political/Legal Factors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Economic Factors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Socio-Cultural Factors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
Technological Factors…………………………………….................................................................................................................. 21
Product…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Olpers Milk.................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Shipping Units…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….. 23
Olpers Cream……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23
Shipping Units………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
Olwell Hi-Cal Lo-Fat (HCFL) Milk……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Shipping Units……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23

3. Placement & Distribution…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Price………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 24
Olpers Milk.....................................................................................................................................................................................24
Olpers Cream………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….24
Olwell Hi-Cal Lo-Fat (HFCL) Milk……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Promotion & Advertising……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Olpers Milk.....................................................................................................................................................................................25
Post Mortem………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
Post Mortem………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
Olpers Cream………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
Post Mortem………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Olwell Hi-Cal Lo-Fat (HCFL) Milk………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......... 27
Post Mortem…………………………………………………………………………………….................................................................................... 28
Building customer based brand equity………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
Measuring customer-based brand equity………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
Managing customer-based brand equity………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Social Responsibility……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
Education Programs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Katcha Schools………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Training and Resource Centre………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Sahara Welfare Society…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Health Programs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Free Snake Bite Treatment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Dialysis Centers at Daharki and Mirpur Mathelo……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Eye Care Centre……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Oncology Unit at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi……………………………………………………………………………………33
Tele-Medicine Project……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...33
Future plans………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly we would thank Allah for giving us the opportunity and the resources to be able to
do something productive with our lives. Without His blessings we would not have been
able to come as far as we have.
Then our sincere thanks to Mr. Haroon Hafeez for helping us throughout this report. His
guidelines have been very useful for us in preparing this report. He helped us find new
ways of being innovative and creative.
This report would not have been possible without his cooperation and continuous
direction. We would also like to thank Mr. Farrukh, Regional Sales Officer at ENGRO Foods
who spare sometime for us so that we could conduct the interviews with him. It is true that
his responses in the interview have been very helpful.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our families for their incessant support and
approval.

5. ABSTRACT
This report is about the marketing of Olpers from the time when ENGRO foods came up with the
idea of adding a new product line to their already well established and long set of product lines to
the point that they are still heavily promoting their product. We start by giving a brief history about
Olpers and how it came into existence. We talk about the corporate structure and organizational
hierarchy of ENGRO Fertilizers, its mission statement and the vision. We move further with its goals
that it has thought about for Olpers and eventually the type of organizational culture of the
organization.
We discuss the types of marketing research conducted by the company before introducing it to the
market and how they have segmented its target market and positioned the product in the minds of
the consumers.
We discuss the SWOT analysis in which we talk about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats the organization is facing since its product was launched. Then the PEST analysis is
generally about how the external factors affect the growth and stability of the product. We move
further to talk about a variety of marketing strategies employed at different stages of the product
life cycle, that is promoting the product and making consumers aware of Olpers, using the 4 P’s to
the best of their abilities. The report also confers about the role brand equity played in increasing
the sales for Olpers. Firstly, there are the various ways employed by the brand managers to
build and measure brand equity and once the customers start to accept it then how they
have managed the brand equity of Olpers. We conclude the report by discussing the social
responsibilities in which ENGRO Fertilizers is involved and the future plans of the organization for
Olpers.

6. Milking the Market
In the recent few months, it seemed that everywhere one looked, there was either a billboard, a TVC
or a radio jingle promoting a brand of milk– whether it was Haleeb, Nurpur, Pakola, Nirala, or,
recently, Olpers.
But perhaps this isn’t surprising after all. Pakistan, according to recent statistics, is the third largest
milk producing country in the world (32 billion liters per year from 50 million animals, with urban
consumption at nearly seven billion liters). However, despite this high ranking, packaged milk, even
according to the most optimistic estimates, has a mere four percent penetration. No wonder then
that processed milk companies (PLMCs) have been rather aggressive in their advertising and
marketing endeavors in an attempt to increase the penetration.
Industry experts believe that the current economic turnaround has contributed to the growth in the
PLM sector, resulting in increased consumer purchasing power. Another reason for growth is a
growing awareness pertaining to health and hygiene; this factor, coupled with increasing
dissatisfaction with loose milk, has also contributed to growth in this sector.
However, in order to make a noticeable increase in penetration, many challenges and perceptions
still have to be overcome by the PLMCs.
The least important one, perhaps, is tradition. Milk, even amongst the most urbanized consumers, is
synonymous with the early arrival of the doodhwala (milkman) at their home on his trusty bicycle
(now replaced by a motorbike), reinforcing the impression that the milk is fresh, natural and
straight from the cow. And it is this perception that only loose milk is fresh, and therefore healthy
and preservative-free, that has to be overcome, if increased penetration is to occur at a substantial
rate. Another hurdle in converting loose milk users to processed liquid milk is price. In
Punjab, because most dairy farms are based there, loose milk is cheap at approximately Rs 24 per
liter, while processed milk is priced at approximately Rs 38 per liter. In Sindh, however, the price
differential between loose (Rs 28) and processed milk (Rs 38) is only Rs 10.
Though hurdles such as consumer perceptions and price differentials have still to be overcome, the
processed liquid milk market looks set to grow. There is a whole world out there to be converted,
and it is a huge opportunity for PLMCs. If the economy remains stable for the next five years,
penetration will increase at an amazing rate.

7. ENGRO Foods’ History
Engro Foods (Pvt.) Limited (EFL) has been established in 2005 as part of a diversification process
at the Engro Group. The plant located at Sukkur on 23 acre land, has the raw milk reception
capability of 300,000 liters per day and UHT milk capacity of 200,000 liters per day. The plant has
been established at a cost of Rs. 1 billion which provides direct employment to 750 people.
Engro Foods has entered the Food business through milk processing and sale with the company’s
vision to pursue growth opportunities based on country fundamentals and own strength. It also
positions the company to leverage its corporate social responsibility initiatives and work closely
with rural communities to promote integrated farming and livestock development. This effort is
expected to play a pivotal role in poverty alleviation and improving livelihoods of the poor in the
milk collection areas.
Vision
"Our vision is to become a fast expanding mega foods company. To achieve our vision, the company
will initially focus on dairy by investing a substantial amount in plant, milk collection capability and
marketing. We are making concrete efforts to expand in and beyond Pakistan; through strategic
international alliances, to eventually become global."
Core Values
(1) Leadership.
(2) Innovation.
(3) Diversity and International focus.
(4) Quality and continuous Improvement.
(5) Candid and open communications.
(6) Individual growth and development.
(7) Enthusiastic pursuit of profit.
(8) Ethics and integrity.
(9) Safety, Health and Environment.

8. DEPARTMENTS
(1) Administration
Efficient management of all administrative affairs of Engro Foods (Pvt.) Limited is the job of the
Administration department. From legal matters to general day-to-day operations of the office,
the Administration department ensures that all affairs run smoothly.
(2) Finance and Accounts
The Finance and Accounting departments at Engro Foods are responsible for the total
financial management of the different businesses of the company. From the usual
accounting statements and sheets to risk and portfolio management, the team ensures
that every rupee coming into and out of the Companies' pockets is properly
documented and audited.
(3) Human Resource
The Human Resource department at Engro Foods (Pvt.) Limited spearheads the
recruitment process to ensure that the finest human resource is taken on board at
Engro Foods. Resumes of candidates are carefully filed and documented for current or
future reference. The department, besides carrying out succession planning, maintains
and implements HR policies pertaining to employment, retention and superannuation.
Assessing training needs of employees and ensuring adequate training is also carried out
by the professional HR team at Engro Foods.
(4) Marketing
Consisting of leading marketing professionals of the industry, who are graduates of top
business schools of Pakistan, the Marketing Department ensures that from product
need identification to product development, launch and post-launch, all strategic
decisions are made based on authentic information and research. Identifying the target
markets, effectively communicating to them and building the image of the brands as
well as the Companies, is the job of the professionals running the marketing at Engro
Foods.
(5) Milk Procurement
As all of our food products are milk based, the entire Milk Procurement department
plays a critical role in defining the quality of the end product that reaches our

9. customers. Ensuring regular collection of fresh and pure milk right from the farmer to
the factory and ascertaining the freshness of milk all across the milk procurement
process, is the responsibility of Milk Procurement department, consisting of food technologists
working at the collection centers and veterinary doctors providing service to the farmers.
(6) MIS
The MIS department at Engro Foods ensures that all automation is running error-free at all
times. Regularly modifying and updating the Company's accounting software is also the MIS
team's responsibility.
(7) Production
Modern technology is part and parcel of Production at Engro Foods. The state-of-the-art
plant set up near Sukkhar has a processing capacity of more than 300,000 litres of milk
per day, making it one of the largest in the country. Professionally qualified human
resource efficiently works night and day to maintain highest hygiene standards.
(8) Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance is strictly followed in Engro Foods. Qualified food technologists at this
department ensure that highest quality parameters are adhered to through all steps of
production and that the products reach the consumers as per promise.
(9) Supply and Distribution
This department ensures timely and effective distribution of the products to different
shops and stores spread all across Pakistan. From transportation management to
obtaining route permits and approvals, is done by this department.
Marketing Research conducted by ENGRO Foods
Marketing research is an important step when a new product is to be launched into the
market. There are many risks associated with that new product and especially when a
company decides to diversify into a completely new market that it was not previously
catering to. Thus in order to reduce the magnitude of the risks and to be successful,
large organizations with a research and development department conducts the
marketing research. Even those organizations that do not have a R&D department can
conduct marketing research through other companies that are providing the facility of
marketing research.

10. One such company is A.C Nielson that carried out the marketing research for ENGRO
foods when the idea of diversifying into a new market was introduced. Marketing
research is the systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data to the relevant parties.
ENGRO wanted to setup a new fertilization plant but due to certain constraints from the
government wasn’t able to do so. Therefore, the organization decided to move into a new
market. They came up with several options including telecommunications and power plant but
they found out that the food industry held the greatest promise. It was an exploratory research that
is the main goal was to shed light on the real nature of the problem in this case, diversification into
a new market, and to select possible new solutions and ideas such as the food industry.
They also went though the list of at least 1,200 names before they decided to introduce Olpers.
Olpers is promoted as the milk for all-purposes. The reason for this is that while conducting
research, they found out that people want milk that could be used for all purposes such
as drinking, tea whiteners etc. Once the brand was introduced the organization wanted to add more
product lines to it. Therefore they conducted another marketing research to find out the success of
Olpers.
The researchers started off with secondary data that was available. They tried to uncover the level
of complexity involved in such a decision and the magnitude of success. But that wasn’t enough so
they started to collect primary data through the use of different techniques. The first started with
survey research to understand the people’s beliefs, preferences and core needs that can be satisfied
by introducing additional products. The researchers also conducted observational research to
observe the people in different settings. They used it to find out which brand the people really
bought, where did they take more time in purchase process and where did they look when they
were shopping for grocery. This helped them to see the shelf-space that can be used. They used the
method of shadowing that is they observed people while using the product. They also conducted
unfocused groups where they interviewed a diverse set of people to explore ideas about the brand
and what more they want in the food sector to be available to people.
The researchers conducted questionnaires to find the responses of consumers about Olpers. They
got a positive feedback from the customers who also encouraged them to invest further and to
setup a new plant in Sahiwal. Through different research methods the organization was also able to
find out the number of loyal of competitors’ brands.

11. Once all the information has been collected, it is further analyzed to extract findings from the data.
The researchers used all types of statistical methods such as frequency distribution to now the
number of people buying the brand, average and measures of dispersions for major variables. They
also applied some decision models for additional findings.
After the analysis of data researchers present the findings to the decision makers who pass the final
verdict. Due to the positive responses of consumers, the decision makers decided to go ahead with
the idea of introducing more product lines to the food Olpers brand. It can be said that successful
marketing research helps the marketers to understand the costumers’ needs that are still
unfulfilled. The two new products of Olpers in the market are Olwell diet milk and Olpers cream.
The organization has further plans to expand more in this sector and introduce more products
related to milk.
SEGMENTING TARGETING AND POSITIONING
Segmenting and targeting the market for Olpers
It is difficult for any one company to engage in mass production, mass distribution and
mass promotion for its product. The complexities arise from the proliferation of
advertising and distribution channels and the high costs associated with reaching a mass
audience. Therefore, companies segment the market so that they can target the group
of customers who share similar needs and wants.
The milk sector shows a market that has homogeneous preferences that is the consumers have
similar preferences. They want milk to be white, carefully processed, and good for health and
bones. Keeping these things in mind Olpers’ market has been segmented. The marketers at Olper’s
have had a number of options available to them when segmenting the market for their products. So
far company has introduced three new products: Olpers milk, Olwell diet milk and Olper’s cream.
Demographic Segmentation
Olpers products are not bounded to any particular age, gender or lifecycle stage. The brand is
meant for all the users in higher upper or middle class families. Even though the brand calls for a
small percentage of an individual’s income but lower class wouldn’t want to buy the brand maybe
because they are price sensitive or because they believe lose milk is better than processed milk and
has all the nutrients that the processed milk lacks. However all the companies in the milk sector are
trying to change the image of processed milk as non-nutritionist milk. Therefore it can be said that

12. Olper’s has been positioned as a brand for high income earners. Due to the income factor involved it
can be said that Olpers milk target a specific social class who are health conscious and concerned
about their weight.
Psychographic Segmentation
On the basis of psychographics, factors such as personality traits, lifestyles and values, the
marketers at Olpers have segmented the market more towards achievers who are goal-oriented
and focused on their careers, and experiencers those who are seeking variety in the milk
sector. For example the ads for Olwell mostly show achievers who want to be successful, have high
aims and are already doing quite well in their concerned fields. The Olpers products have targeted
experiencers because the company has given them a new set of brand and so many will make their
first purchase because they want to try something new. Olper’s ads also target believers, traditional
conservative people with concrete beliefs. The ads for Olpers show the beliefs of healthy life with
processed milk and plays on the emotional aspect more.
Behavioral Segmentation
Olper’s products have been segmented on the basis of benefits that consumers seek in the milk. In
this case, people look for a brand that can be used for all purposes from drinking to tea whiteners as
well to feed the animals. The ads also show that consumers should increase their milk consumption
for example with every tea they should use Olpers, every morning they should drink Olpers and
everyday they should feed their pets with Olpers milk. There may be some hard core loyal in the
milk sector. Loyalty maybe towards such established brands as Nestle and Haleeb. There might
even be switchers and shifting loyal in the milk sectors that are either price sensitive or want
variety. As a result, the marketers need to find ways to make the hard core loyal attracted to the
Olpers brand and shifting loyal and switchers to convert into hard core loyal as well.
Positioning the Brand
Positioning involves designing the product and image that will occupy a distinctive place
in the minds of the target market. As can be seen, nestle milkpak and Haleeb have the
largest profit margins and market share in the milk industry. Thus the marketers at Olpers have
decided to create its own unique image and then strengthen the position in the customers’ minds.
They have done this by taking a number of following steps:

13. (1) Packaging of Olpers milk and Olwell in red color and Olper’s cream packed in purple color are
quite different and distinctive from the typical green and blue packing used by other
competitors.
(2) The brand has been positioned as an all purpose milk that is meant for everyone, especially for
those who live life to the fullest, hence its tag line, “jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay
hai Olpers.”
Olper’s always tries to create customer intimacy that is it focuses on satisfying the
customers’ unmet needs. Processed milk is seen as less lacking all the nutritions that are
part of milk due to passing through so many processes. But Olpers positions itself as milk that has
not lost its nutrients.
The unique selling proposition for Olper’s is: Subah Bakhair Zindagi, but recently the company
changed the USP to: Jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s. Both the tag lines have
a very positive impact on Olper’s image because of the emotions involved in both the lines.
The marketers have used different positioning for Olper’s products:
a) They have used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that
it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olper’s ads also show attributes of milk
such as good for health.
b) They used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as delivering the benefit
of helping to reduce weight and for healthy bones.
c) Olpers cream is positioned as good for a specific use or application. In this case the cream can
be used to make cake icings and desserts look great.
It can be said that all the different stages have been performed by the marketers with extreme care
and research.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
(1) ENGRO’s back
Olper’s is a brand of ENGRO foods. This means that consumers can relate their former image of
ENGRO foods to Olper’s. ENGRO is a well established brand name in Fertilizer, IT and
infrastructure business. The brand is well known so customers will automatically have a brand

14. association with Olpers and see it as a premium quality product. ENGRO is world renowned so
it can easily attract foreign investors in backing it against other competitors such as
Nestle. ENGRO foods can easily afford research and development costs for Olpers have in
order to introduce new products. It can also distribute the brand through better
channels because of its long term relationship with distributors in the agriculture sector.
(2) PR with farmers
ENGRO has been interacting with the farmers for fertilizers and has gained quite a
good reputation over the years. It has led to a strong bond and long term relationship with the
farmers who are willing to supply milk to the company. This is an added advantage and
strength for the company because it will never be short of milk production. The farmers also
won’t have to look elsewhere to sell their milk.
(3) Positive response from customers
In first year, EFL crossed 1.4 billion sales figure which shows customers’ satisfaction upon EFL’s
products.
(4) Taste, Quality Proposition & World-Class Quality Proposition System
It’s Taste, Quality Proposition & World-Class Quality Proposition System.
(5) Strong consumer & product research
Olper’s done a strong consumer & product research before and after launching the product.
This has provided them the perfect launching pad to eventually emerge as a global player in the
food industry. To develop its future portfolios, EFL has hired various global research partners
like AC Nielsen, Mindshare, JWT Asiatic and MARS marketing and advertising agencies.
(6) Third-Generation Plant
EFL only, has the third-generation UHT milk plant in the country. EFL plant is the only plant in
Pakistan that usesBa c t o fu g e technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium
quality and hygiene. Moreover, it is also setting up another milk processing plant in Central
Punjab (Sahiwal) with an investment of Rs. 2 billion (US $ 33 million).

15. Weaknesses
(1) Olwell TVC
Olwell ad which is based on Western life style, ENGRO foods brand management
showed a man who put off his clothes & remain just in his undergarments, or half nude
lady in a cat walk or men admiring the figures of a lady in mix gender health club.
In this ad they are creating associations with the brand through the stripes, which is a
highlight of Olwell packaging. Half naked people have been shown with tattoos of the
same stripes in order to show that they are loyal consumers of Olwell. Also, the talent,
situations and locations connects well with the ad to give Olwell a premium positioning.
The brilliant marketing people at ENGRO Foods failed to analyze is that the market they
are targeted the ad on, is Pakistan, where practicing Muslims reside, who have strong
religious beliefs. When making the ad, the brand managers were focused on, making an
ad that should give the brand the most premium look and feel amongst the target
consumers but on the other hand they were least bothered about the ethics, religious
beliefs and cultural values.
(2) Owning Red Color
The company has not owned the color red like Nestle has a green Milkpak; Haleeb has a
blue carton etc. This may create problems because when a consumer enters a grocery
shop, then he/she might have problems in recalling the brand because there is no color association
attached to Olpers. The company may need to find a suitable color in which to focus its upcoming
marketing strategies.
(3) Low Quality Milk
EFL is not having its own dairy farms; it largely collects loose milk from farmers & gwalas
through its 40 milk collection centers, which sometimes is of low quality and impure
because they add vegetable oil to milk to get higher prices.
(4) Packaging
EFL is dependent upon Tetra Pak for the packaging of its entire dairy products. Tetra Pak is the only
option available to Olper’s for packaging because it is having monopoly in the packaging sector in
Pakistan. Due to this reason, Tetra Pak can charge them higher and it could increase the production
costs.

16. (5) Milk collection & distribution costs
EFL’s 34 out of 40 milk-collection centers are located in Punjab, whereas its only milk processing
facility is situated near Sukkhur (Sindh). It increases the milk collection & distribution costs; and
also increases the chances of milk getting spoiled because of increased travelling time.
(6) Narrow brand portfolio
It has been more than a year now, when EFL launched its first dairy product, Olpers Milk on
March20, 2006. But EFL’s brand portfolio still consists of just 3 products i.e. Olpers Milk, Olwell
Milk and Olper’s Cream. Whereas its competitors like Nestle and Haleeb Foods have a much
diversified line of dairy products.
Opportunities
(1) Increased funding by Government
Government has decided to increase farmers’ funding. This is an opportunity for ENGRO foods
because previously due to weather conditions and other reasons there was lots of wastage of milk
but now that can be reduced as farmers will be better able to store milk for longer time periods.
(2) Increased consumption of PLM
Competition may create opportunities for the company because each competitor in the
milk industry wants to increase penetration of processed liquid milk and so they will
create awareness for consumers through different advertising media. This will ensure
the increase in the consumption of processed milk instead of lose milk and so will in turn
lead to increase in sales for the company. Therefore there will be an opportunity for
accelerated growth.
(3) Awareness
Growing dissatisfaction with loose milk and increasing awareness about health and hygiene issues
have led to increased processed milk consumption.
(4) Third largest producer of milk
Pakistan is the Third largest producer of milk in the world with a total production of 32
billion liter of milk a year, whose value is more than that of the combined value of
wheat and cotton, from a total herd size of 50 million milch animals (buffaloes and
cows). Livestock accounts for 46.8 percent of agricultural value added and about 10.8
percent of the GDP. Milk is the largest commodity from the livestock sector accounting

17. for 51 percent of the total value of the sector. Due to the steps taken by the government and private
sector, country’s annual milk production is expected to grow at an additional 3 billion litres in the
next few years. This is quite an opportunity for ENGRO foods as there is lot of growth in this part of
the sector.
(5) Improving Economy
Threats
(1) Competition
Competition may pose a threat because the company will have to maintain its leadership in an
expanding market so that it doesn’t lose its market share to its competitors. For Olper’s it might be
difficult to penetrate in a market where the loyalties exist for such brands as Nestle and Haleeb.
These brands have been in the milk industry far too long and have left a mark in the minds of
consumers in terms of quality. Competition seems to be getting tougher as a result of new players
entering the dairy market.
(2) Perceptions and Price Differentials
Consumers’ perceptions and price differentials can cause a threat for the company. It is important
that Olpers comes up to the expectations of the customers and fulfills its conformance quality that is
the company meets its promised specifications. Consumer’s preferences change with time and
prices might create certain barriers in terms of the profit margins for Olper’s. For example, lose
milk is still cheaper than packaged milk and that is also one factor that people still prefer to buy
lose milk.
PEST ANALYSIS
“When the rate of change inside the company is exceeded by the rate of change outside the company,
the end is near.” (Jack Welch, former Chief Executive Officer of General Electric)
POLITICAL/LEGAL FACTORS
Economic Factors
Inflation rate of Pakistan for the current fiscal year has grown to 7 percent. This thing is
really hurting the purchasing power of Pakistani consumers. PLM which is already
considered as more costly compared to open milk is becoming out of reach of general
public. As a result, there is an increased pressure on PLM companies to either decrease their prices

18. or at least keep prices stable. Moreover, packaged milk industry which each year pays millions of
taxes is not being given any relief in terms of taxes by the government.
Competition is also increasing with the entrance of new domestic players in the dairy and food
sector and plans to increase investments by the already established companies. Nirala, good milk,
Pakola are the few names which have recently introduced their dairy product lines in the market.
Major textile groups are also diversifying into dairy and livestock business and some of them have
even acquired lands to start their business. Leading industrial groups such as Jamal Din Wali Sugar
Mills, Dewan Group of Industries and Shakar Ganj Sugar Mills have already made substantial
investments in dairy & livestock sectors. In March this year, Nestle Pakistan opened a state-of-the-
art milk processing facility in Kabirwala, Punjab. The plant, Nestlé’s largest milk reception facility in
the world has a processing capacity of 2 million litres of milk per day.
Socio-Cultural Factors
In order to make a noticeable increase in penetration, many challenges and perceptions still have to
be overcome by the PLMCs. The least important one, perhaps, is tradition. Milk, even amongst the
most urbanised consumers, is synonymous with the early arrival of thed o o d h w a la (milkman) at
their home on his trusty bicycle (now replaced by a motorbike), reinforcing the impression that the
milk is fresh, natural and straight from the cow. And it is this perception that only loose milk is
fresh, and therefore healthy and preservative-free, that has to be overcome, if increased
penetration is to occur at a substantial rate. Over the years, all PLMCs, but especially the two older
players, Nestle and Haleeb, as well as Tetra Pak (the company that packages the processed milk)
have been making active efforts to convince loose milk users to switch to processed milk. In the last
six years, Tetra Pak has launched three major campaigns aimed at changing consumer perceptions.
Last year, Tetra Pak’s third campaign, Wohi Dhoodh Aur Kya? (Milk, What Else?) addressed the
misconception that processed and packaged milk has preservatives. The campaign talked about the
benefits of Tetra Pak’s six-layered packaging material and innovative technology that keeps milk
safe for a long time. The highlight of the campaign was the introduction of a buffalo character called,
Moomoo, who explained why UHT milk stays safe and hygiene for a long time in a Tetra
Pak carton. Despite these marketing endeavors, perceptions cannot change overnight; this requires
patience and continuous investment to educate consumers on the benefits of packaged milk. Every
product’s lifecycle consists of an introductory phase, growth phase and maturity phase. It takes
time to change attitudes, especially in a culture where the concept of fresh milk is healthier option.

19. Another hurdle in converting loose milk users to processed liquid milk is price. In Punjab, because
most dairy farms are based there, loose milk is cheap at approximately Rs 20 per liter, while
processed milk is priced at approximately Rs 38 per liter. In Sindh, however, the price differential
between loose (Rs 28) and processed milk (Rs 38) is only Rs 10. As a result of price considerations,
most PLMCs have not increased prices in the last 5 years. Moreover, Nestle and Haleeb have
introduced smaller packages to cater to consumers with limited cash flows, although there is a
convenience factor at play here as well.
Technological Factors
In year 2005, the Ministry of Industries and Production established Dairy Pakistan
Company on the lines and model of Dairy Australia. The main objectives of the company
are as under:
a. To promote milk and other value added dairy products in the domestic as well as international
markets.
b. To promote development and up-gradation of dairy supply chain in Pakistan by
supporting and facilitating the farmers, processors and other stakeholders across
the value chain.
c. To support dairy sector growth by way of supporting and facilitating business development
services for the enterprises across the dairy value chain.
d. To initiate and support interventions across the dairy value chain to enhance sector
competitiveness through innovations and research.
e. To promote technology development, transfer, assimilation, streamlining, acquiring and/or up-
gradation across dairy value chain by undertaking new initiatives.
f. To help introduce international best management practices for better productivity and
operational efficiencies.
g. To promote training and skills development of human resources associated with the dairy sector.
h. To help create enabling/supporting/conducive business environment for enterprises operating
in the dairy sector and propose new rules/regulations/bye-laws/standards for providing a level
playing field and conducive regulatory environment for the development of sector and propose

20. amendments thereof in any existing rules/regulations/bye-laws/standard in the sector and bring
local industry in consonance with international standards.
Different initiatives taken by the company, so far, to bring about a White Revolution in the country
are:
a) Farm Cooling Tanks Loan Scheme
A mechanism for the operation of Farm Cooling Tank Loan Scheme has been
proposed and guidelines are being developed for applicants. They will include
standards for quality and hygiene for installation of the tanks and also details on
the testing of the milk being received for composition and quality.
b) Model Farms
The targets for this project are to establish 50 farms by the end of June 2006 and
100 by the end of 2006. An Australian consultant is currently visiting Pakistan for
this purpose. First 14 farms in Okara, Punjab have been formally established as
model farms. These farms are generally of medium size and all supply to Nestle.
One model farm has been established in Sindh. Efforts have been made to
identify clusters of farms to be established as model farms at stage two. It is
proposed to work with one group of small farmers who are currently part of
Idara-e-Kissan / Halla and a further group of farmers in Sindh who currently
supply to Engro. In stage three, it is proposed to identify further farms with
probable extension of the programme to NWFP.
c) Other Policy Interventions
Draft Quality Standards are being worked on by a SWOG group who has provided
the first draft paper for discussion with stakeholders. It is necessary to open a
dialogue with PSQCA, PSI and other interested parties to progress the
establishment of Food Safety Standards. Work is also being undertaken to
establish a case for zero rating Dairy Products for sales tax.
Product
Olper’s Milk

21. Launched on March 20, 2006, Olper’s milk is EFL’s standardized and homogenized pure UHT (Ultra
heat treated) milk with 3.5 % fat and 8.9 % solid non-fats. It is EFL’s premier brand, and the choice
of quality-conscious consumers who only go for the best. It is available in easy-to-open, 6-layered
Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic red packaging and comes with a 3 months shelf life.
Shipping Units
1 Litre (1000 ml ) : 12 packs per carton
½ Litre (500 ml) : 12 packs per shrink-wrapped tray
¼ Litre (250 ml) : 27 packs per shrink-wrapped tray
Olpers Cream
The premium cream processed hygienically from pure fresh milk, Olpers Cream is luxuriously rich
in its thickness & nutritional value. It promises the richest & scrumptious assortment of tempting
toppings, delicious desserts and creamiest coffee with its unique taste, also great for eating with
bread etc. It was launched on September, 2006 and comes in 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick aseptic
purple color packaging with 6 months shelf life.
Shipping Units
¼ Litre (250 ml) : 27 packs per shrink-wrapped tray
Olwell Hi-Cal Lo-Fat (HCFL) Milk
Launched on December 15, 2006, Olwell is a low-fat, high-calcium milk with the richness of pure
milk. It is an ideal choice for weight-watchers and heart patients. It is also high in calcium content,
which prevents osteoporosis. Packed in 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic red packaging with easy-
to-open plastic cap, it comes with a 3 months shelf life.
Shipping Units
1 Litre (1000 ml ) : 12 packs per carton
½ Litre (500 ml) : 12 packs per shrink-wrapped tray
Placement & Distribution
According to Mr. Ali Akbar, Director Marketing EFL, “in order to succeed, you should always
capitalize on your strengths and never on your competitor’s weakness!”
Engro Foods did exactly that. They used their decades of PR with farmers and used it to provide
world-class supply-chain management for delivering the ultimate quality milk in Pakistan. Having
kicked off simultaneously in 20 cities across Pakistan, the launch has been ambitious and currently

22. Olpers is available in 80 cities across Pakistan. It reflects the company’s intention to become a big
player in the industry, both on a national and international level.
Engro Foods Limited has its own dales and distribution network. EFL has divided Pakistan into five
regions for milk distribution namely: Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar and Multan. Due to an
appealing color scheme, which stands out in the clutter and thanks to the EFL’s strong relationship
building and special discounts to retail outlets, Olpers has gained a proper shelf placement in the
presence of competitors like Nestle and Haleeb.
Price
EFL IS pursuing the competitive pricing strategy for its products. In competitive pricing the price of
the product is determined considering the price of major competitors like Nestle, Haleeb etc.
OLPERS MILK
Promotion & Advertising
Olper’s launch was, perhaps one of the most aggressive as far as processed liquid milk (PLM) is
concerned, with TVCs, print ads, radio commercials, billboards and plenty of
BTL (below the line) activities including direct consumer and shop branding activities.
Due to this aggressive marketing campaign, the competition seems to be getting
tougher. This can be gauged from the fact that Nestle re-launched its product packaging and
marketing campaign just before Olper’s launch. One can also a far greater number of milk
advertising billboards in Multan city than seen earlier like of Nirala, good milk and Nestle.
Olpers Milk
Media mix for Olper’s milk includes TV, print, outdoor, radio & BTL activities. Olpers considers
radio still an effective medium because A & B house wives still listen to the radio on a daily basis.
Post Mortem
Graphics of the ad are excellent except the body copy which is quiet overloaded with information.
TVC however, is excellent. The Signature ad (the product intro ad) was a 125 seconds ad with only
3 seconds of branding! This type of advertising has never been practiced in Pakistan. Using
celebrities like Shan is not a good option as he has already developed his association with Mobilink.
But overall Olper’s has done a great job in designing and executing its ad campaign.

23. Post Mortem
Color is soothing, caption is great. But the picture of the pastry is not attractive at all, the cream is
barely there. It should be mouth watering picture of a desert with lots and lots of cream on top.
Life's a dessert is a boring statement. If you are a creative team, you can for sure come up with
something new and fun!
Post Mortem
The brand is positioned rather too narrowly towards SEC A. Nestlé’s NesVita and
Calcilock campaign was closer to a normal Pakistani consumer. Secondly, there are
certain boundaries and cultural values that should be respected. Olwell ad is too much
for me to digest and I have no options but to switch the channel. Engro has over done it and to make
things worse it’s not as clear and well communicated as NesVita was.
Building customer based brand equity
Brand equity can be defined as the effects that marketing activities have on a particular
brand. There are different types of brand equity but the one that the marketers are
most concerned about the customer-based brand equity. Customer-based brand equity
is an important element that marketers have to keep in mind before marketing any
brand. There are different ways of building, measuring and managing customer-based
brand equity.
Once the brand is introduced into the market it is important to build brand equity. This helps to
improve sales and has long term benefits. ENGRO, although a separate name from Olpers has a very
strong impact on the sales of Olper’s. People know ENGRO because of its well established
reputation in fertilization sector. Therefore, they hold a strong association in their minds for Olper’s
as well. There are different nodes that connect ENGRO to Olpers in the customers’ minds. The ads
for Olper’s do not show any link with ENGRO foods but the HR managers keep mentioning ENGRO
in every press release of Olpers that is how people have associated Olper’s with ENGRO.
The sales figure for the first eight months of Olper’s launch showed a number in billions. This is
evidence that people have accepted the brand and liked it. Thus marketers have been successful in
creating customer-based brand equity for Olper’s. This could be due to strong associations with
ENGRO in the minds of customers. Due to just a few brands in the milk sector it is easier for
customers to make different associations for each brand in their minds. Therefore, a person’s ability
to recognize and recall a brand under a given set of product categories becomes easier. Olpers has

24. been aggressively promoted which is why customers can recognize it easily. The red color and the
shelf space that the brand commands make it even more prominent from the rest of the brands.
Although Olpers product related attributes, such as white color, hygienic and processed milk, are
quite similar to other brands such as Nestle and Haleeb, while the non-product related attributes
such as the packaging of red color and usage imagery that is portrayed in every advertisement of
Olper’s, can be distinguished from the competitors’ brands. Olpers is promoted with the viewpoint
that the milk is meant for all-purposes. This obviously shows the usage imagery of the brand. When
it comes to the benefits that customers look for in milk are clean processed milk that is good for
health and can be used for all purposes. Olpers provides its customers with functional and
experiential benefits. The functional benefits include healthy bones, high calcium, good taste, while
experiential benefits are that every morning starts with Olpers milk that is the tag line subah
Bakhair Zindagi.
Other experiential benefit is the variety that has come into the milk sector due to another brand
entering the market. People can now choose from a number of brands for milk and especially the
variety seekers will definitely want another brand to enter the market. If, in the beginning,
consumers are not willing to buy the brand then it might be due to such factors as low involvement
in that product category or due to brand loyalty towards brands like Nestle and Haleeb. However,
the color of packaging in the grocery stores may attract customers enough to make them buy it,
thus the brand attitude In this case helped the brand to form the basis for customer
behavior. Olpers has favorable, strong and unique brand associations in customers’ minds.
It is favorable because milk is a need and clean hygienic milk that is free of bacteria and germs is
what conscious customers are looking for. Due to awareness about health and drawbacks of lose
milk the customers are further in search of processed milk. The association is also strong because
there is a very string cue linked to Olpers and that is ENGRO foods. Usually people thin Olper’s as a
sub brand of ENGRO foods. Due to this reason customers perceive Olpers’ as a high quality brand
that will come up to their expectations.
Olpers has created a unique image through its ads. For example, the ad for Olwell is one that is
exclusive and cannot be forgotten. Due to such positive brand image, Olpers enjoys higher profit
margins and increased marketing communication effectiveness.
Olpers itself is a very distinctive name that is easy to remember and one that will stay in the
memory for a long period of time. It even serves to enhance the image of the brand as all-purpose

25. milk. In the same way, Olwell serves the purpose of all is well in terms of customers’ health
Therefore, the choice of brand identity when building the brand equity has been very good. These
create brand recognition and recall all at the same time.
Olpers has been developing marketing programs to enhance brand awareness initially. Due to
familiarity with ENGRO foods, Olper’s did not have much difficulty in building the customer-based
brand equity. Thus ENGRO can also be seen as a secondary association for Olpers and one that has
strongly influences the positioning of Olper’s. It has added to the credibility of Olpers.
Measuring customer-based brand equity
HR managers used questionnaires to find how customers feel about the brand. They used the
indirect approach with different qualitative and projective techniques (the questionnaire contained
some questions related to sentence completion and brand personality description). They used this
to understand customers’ feelings for the brand. The managers agree that ENGRO Foods has helped
improve the image for Olper’s. They assessed the leverage of secondary associations in this case by
comparing the company’s characteristic with the characteristics of Olpers.
Managing customer-based brand equity
The organization is managing the customer based brand equity because they realize
the significance of marketing activities and their effect on creating more value for the brand, and so
by influencing brand knowledge, sales can be improved. Olpers is concentrating on the emotional
aspect in their ads in order to focus on the core need of customers that can be satisfied. Olpers has
also funded Women’s exhibition in Karachi a few months ago and currently is sponsoring cricket
World Cup 2007, and further adding more value to the brand and managing customer-based brand
equity.
Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility is at the heart of ENGRO’s work. We believe in working with all the
stakeholders to improve their quality of life, in a way that is both good for business and
development. We also believe in earning the trust of our stakeholders by acting responsibly within
the communities that we serve. To help achieve these goals, the company has been making sizeable
contributions for various CSR projects. ENGRO’s urea manufacturing site is located in Daharki
district Ghotki. It operates in Daharki for past 40 years now. Since the company has grown from this
single manufacturing facility to a truly diversified corporate entity, it owes a lot to Daharki.
The company’s commitment to this part of Sindh is evident in its social development projects as the

26. bulk of Company’s contribution budget is spent in and around Daharki. The company has
interventions in number of areas like education, health, environment, sports, and infrastructural
improvements.
Education Programs
Ghotki district ranks among the lowest on social indicators. Particularly, the scenario of education
is less than desired. The literacy rate is mere 28.65%. Literacy rate is heavily skewed between
genders with 44.2% and 11.85% of male and female population being literate respectively.
Keeping in mind the above scenario, ENGRO has taken an integrated approach and have number of
interventions at different levels. Pillars of its intervention in educational sector are quality,
community and gender participation. Ali Institute of Education, Lahore and The Citizens
Foundation are the major partners of ENGRO in educational interventions. A brief description of the
educational projects led by ENGRO is as follows:
Katcha Schools
The program started off as an informal education program in Katcha (riverine) area of Indus in
Ghotki district with 2 schools in 2001. The program gradually grew in its reach and as of now, a
total of 11 schools are operating with an enrollment of more than 850 students and 18 full time
trained teachers.
On infrastructure front in this area, ENGRO has leveraged its contribution with USAID
and district government funding by constructing proper school structures at four
locations.
Training and Resource Centre
Training and Resource Centre is the only teachers training facility in Ghotki district. Since
its inception in 1999, more than 2500 teachers of Ghotki district have been trained at
the centre. A team of 4 full time PDTs carryout general and subject specific training
sessions.
Sahara Welfare Society
Sahara Welfare Society, a non-profit voluntary organization managed by company
employees at Daharki, runs a primary school, vocational training school and a free clinic.
About 200 students from underprivileged segment of the society get quality education

27. in the school. Sahara Art & Craft has attracted about 200 females from the surrounding
community for training in embroidery and dressmaking since its inception in 2003.
Health Programs
General availability of health facilities is less for growing population of Ghotki district. With this
view ENGRO has developed a number of health infrastructural programs.
Free Snake Bite Treatment:
ENGRO offers this unique program as a part of its health services initiatives where snake bite cases
are treated free of cost. In 2005, free snakebite treatment has been provided to record 5,000
victims at company's 24-hours 7-day clinic at plant site in Daharki. Since inception of program in
1977, more than 62,000 patients have been treated. Since this is the only center in the 400 KM
proximity, people from far flung areas are brought to this center for treatment and administration
of Anti Snake Venom (ASV).
Dialysis Centers at Daharki and Mirpur Mathelo
Responding to the President of Pakistan and local government’s desire for enhanced corporate
support for Ghotki and surrounding areas, company constructed its second
dialysis centre at District Head Quarter Hospital Mirpur Mathelo in 2004, at a cost of Rs
3.5 million. The center has been operational since June 2005 and since then
approximately 75 dialyses have been carried out. Dialysis Center in Daharki, established in 2001 at
RHC Daharki, has successfully handled 2400 cases so far.
Eye Care Centre
Established in 1999 at a cost of Rs. 5 million, the Eye Care Center at Daharki has so far treated more
than 45,000 patients for various ailments. In addition more than 4,000 surgeries including IOL
implants, have taken place at the centre.
Oncology Unit at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi
Oncology unit at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, has been completed with the generous
support of the company. The facility was inaugurated by His Highness the Aga Khan on 2 December
2005. The Ibn Zuhr Building of Oncology has a gross area of 42,454 square feet, spread over six
levels. It houses two radiotherapy linear acceleration (LINACs) machines and a simulator;
brachytherapy used in the treatment of prostate and other cancers; and dosimetry for the
calculation of appropriate radiation dosages for different treatments. The unit houses facilities like

28. laboratory, blood collection, pharmacy, patient welfare services, teaching room, patient counseling
and a treatment room. The facility has 24 chemotherapy stations, two procedure rooms and four
private beds.
Tele-Medicine Project
The Company initiated work on the first Telemedicine project in 2004 that provides delivery of
health care services to selected rural areas from specialist doctors in Karachi using communication
technologies for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. The facility includes electronic
online transmission of X-rays, Electro Cardio Grams and patients live heartbeats for real time
consultation by experts. Videoconferencing and image transfer facility has also been provided
between Hub and the Spokes. The project has been commissioned at two locations. The specialists
at Karachi Hub examine patients referred to them electronically from Gambat Institute of
Medical Sciences and from Shikarpur District Hospital. 5-10 teleconsultations are being made each
day.
Future Plans
Engro Foods Limited (EFL) announced its vision to emerge as a global player in the food industry
with a proposed initial spending of over $200 million. The vision announced at a press conference
in Karachi aims at transforming the company within the next five years into first national food
industry giant, then into a regional force and finally into a global player. For the year 2007, the
Board of the Company has already approved Rs 2.0billion investments in capacity expansion and
marketing, including setting up of a plant in Central Punjab.
While unfurling its future plans, ENGRO Foods CEO Sarfraz Rehman stated, "Our vision is
to become a fast expanding mega foods company. To achieve our vision, the company
will initially focus on dairy by investing a substantial amount in plant, milk collection capability and
marketing. We firmly believe that there is a big dairy opportunity available and with our strong
entry in UHT milk category, with Olpers milk, we have placed ourselves ahead of others in terms of
quality and consumer-understanding. It is our belief that we can get the maximum out of this
opportunity by focusing on innovation and quality."– Press Release
"ENGRO Foods is making concrete efforts to expand in and beyond Pakistan; through strategic
international alliances, our vision is to eventually become global."
He said that dairies have entered the market in the past but failed due to lack of
technical expertise and financial soundness. Elaborating further, he mentioned that

29. ENGRO's 40-year-old relationship with the farmer also gives ENGRO Foods another edge
over the competitors.
The future plans also include as ENGRO Foods coming up with new products / brands to
expand its portfolio in the dairy industry. The company will be launching new brands in
various dairy categories after completing solid consumer and product research. The
company has already hired various global research partners to develop its future
portfolio.
The company also plans to encourage women in the company's workforce, especially in
the milk collection areas, thus contributing to poverty alleviation. The company is
already working with several NGOs and agencies and has recently signed an
understanding with UNDP to initiate a women's veterinary workers programme in
addition to signing a micro-financing model for dairy farming with Pakistan Poverty
Alleviation Fund (PPAF).
Conclusion