This document discusses system modeling and components of systems. It defines a system as a set of related parts coordinated to accomplish goals. Components of a system can be reused across documents for consistency. The document also discusses open vs closed systems and types of models, including physical, narrative, graphic, and mathematical models. Finally, it covers the external environment of an organization and factors like competition, customers, and resources that influence organizations.

1. Assignment # 2
System Modeling
Submitted to:
Sir Raja Shahid
Submitted By:
Muhammad Khurram Khan

2. WHAT IS A SYSTEM?
“A SYSTEM IS A SET OF RELATED
PARTS COORDINATED TO
ACCOMPLISH A SET OF GOALS
THE FUNCTION OF A SYSTEM IS TO
CONVERT OR PROCESS THE INPUTS
TO ACHIEVE USEFUL OUTPUTS”
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Components of system.
A component content management system (CCMS) is a content management
system that manages content at a granular level (component) rather than at the
document level. Each component represents a single topic, concept or asset
(e.g., image, table, product description). Components can be as large as a
chapter or as small as a definition or even a word. Components in multiple
content assemblies (content types) can be viewed as components or as
traditional documents.
Each component is only stored one time in the content management system,
providing a single, trusted source of content. These components are then reused
(rather than copied and pasted) within a document or across multiple documents.
This ensures that content is consistent across the entire documentation set.
Open system vs Closed System
Open systems are connected to their environment throughresource flows. These
systems require the help of systems inthe environment to accomplish their
completion.
For example
, a centralized air conditioning system requires acooling plant for it to cool the
entire building, here thecentralized air conditioning system is an open system.
A closed system
does not have connection with theenvironment with which its connected. Closed
systems exist incontrolled laboratory conditions. They are kept in idealconditions
which are not possible in actual environment.
Modeling Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS) provide management with information
necessary for decision making in all areas of the firm. This paper presents a
conceptual approach to construction of MIS simulation models. Such models
may be used for efficient structuring of real world systems. The approach used
herein incorporates a simple system of flow diagramming the functional elements
of the MIS. From the flow diagrams a set of difference equations is developed to
provide a model structure for computer simulation runs. The “quality” of the MIS
is determined by the information content of the data provided for the
management decision making.

3. Types of Models
There are four types of models Physical, Narrative, Graphic and mathematical.
The Physical model:
is that exists in a three dimensional form, usually smaller than the real entity. For
example, a clay model of a building.
The Narrative model :
is created by verbal or written description. And as these can be created any
wherewith out much resources hence they are most popular.
The Graphic model:
is diagram usually two-dimensional which make extensive use of graphical
entities like graphs and charts.
The Mathematical model :
are created using mathematical formulas where the symbols used in the formula
represent parts of a phenomenon. Mathematical model can be classified in to
three dimensions ± the Influence of Time, the Degree of Certainty, ability
to achieve Optimization.
Organization’s External Environment
“The external organization comprises of all the entities that exist outside its
boundary but have significant influence on its growth and survival”.
An organization has little or nocontrol over its environment but needs to
constantly monitor and adapt to these external changes, a proactive or reactive
response leads to significantly different outcome.
The Environmental Domain
The domain consists of all the entities of the environment that interacts with the
organization. Although the domain can be large, it is important to focus on the
ones that have the highestsignificance. The common external factors that
influence the organization are discussed below.
Competition: It comprises of the related industries with similar products or
services, their geographic locations and markets.

4. Related Industries: It is important to know all the competitors, their
organizational
size and skills pool, their competitive advantages, their marketing strategies,
offshore development etc.
Global context: Due to increasingly broad world economy, it is important to
watch the competition across the oceans, competitive products launched from
abroad, changing socio-political situations, and home grown entrepreneurs.
Customers: They are the end-users of the product and services, the most critical
aspect of the environment.
Preference changes: Customers likes and dislikes changes rapidly, people live
in a tight social system that create and encourage trends. It is important to
anticipate
changes in user’s product requirements, emerging technologies that can change
how the products are used etc.
Demographical changes: These include the social, economical and cultural
changes like population age, ethnicity, education level and economic class. Such
changes affect the customer preference and the mass market trends.
Resources: An organization depends upon availability of certain external
resources for its operations and productivity.

5. Skilled Workers: These include undergraduate students, related university
courses, training schools and labor market. The availability of adequately skilled
employees at various levels in the organization can change dramatically over the
period of time. Once the demand for certain skill drops, so does the supply, in a
long run it adversely significance The common external factors that influence the
organization are discussed below.
Competition: It comprises of the related industries with similar products or
services, their geographic locations and markets.
Customers: They are the end-users of the product and services, the most critical
aspect of the environment.