This document discusses the assessment of river plan changes on the main stream of the Pahang River in Malaysia using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Two methods were used to classify river plan changes - Types of Lateral Activity (TYLAT) and Modes of Meander Movement (MOME). Analysis found that TYLAT methods were better for large rivers, identifying meander progression as the most common change. MOME methods were better for smaller rivers, finding extension and translation as the most common changes on the Pahang River from 2003-2010. The study provides baseline data on the characteristics and behavior of different parts of the Pahang River over time.
Determining watershed priorities is one of the critical aspects of developing natural
resources around us. Morphometry is one of the natural parameters that form the
characteristics of a river catchment area and could be used for determining it.
Morphometry has three parameters such as linear aspect, relief aspect, and areal aspect.
The linear aspects consist of stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb),
mean stream length (Lsm), stream length ratio (Rl), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm). Relief
aspect consists of basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn). Areal
aspects comprise drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form
factor (Rf), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg),
constant channel maintenance (C The purpose of this research is to analyze morphometry
parameters of Serayu Bogowonto river basin of the sub-watershed priority determining.
This study aims to calculate and analyze characteristics of the sub-watershed of Serayu
Bogowonto river basin based on morphometry parameters using GIS and analysis for the
watershed priority. The data utilized in this study is the river network data published by
Bakosurtanal, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 30x30 ASTER GDEM then data
analysis is using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique with ARC GIS 10.1 The
prioritization based on morphometry analysis that is seven sub-watershed with high
priority, four sub-watershed with medium priority, six sub-watershed with low priority
Simulation of Sediment Transport in the Canal Using the Hec-Ras (Hydrologic E...inventionjournals
The underground canal of Southwest Kano Irrigation scheme was designed to ensure that water
is conveyed with minimal erosion and sedimentation but over time it has been silted up to the extent that its
conveyance capacity has significantly dropped. This study is based on simulation of sediment transport within
the underground canal in Southwest Kano Irrigation Scheme boundaries using Hydrologic Engineering Centre
– River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. Ackers-White sediment transport equation, engraved in the model,
was used to analyse sediment transport characteristics. The conceptual and physical parameters required in the
HEC-RAS model were determined through calibration and direct measurement respectively. The model was
calibrated based on the current operational conditions of the canal followed by simulation using the model to
determine the sediment discharge and deposition rates at different levels of flow in the canal. The Ackers-White
sediment transport equation predicted the sediment sizes which were deposited at specific sections of the canal
at different flow rates. Higher flow rates resulted in minimal deposition. As a sediment management strategy,
these sediment sizes could be screened off at the canal intake, to ensure that sediment passing through would be
transported out to the canal outlet without deposition.
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
Determining watershed priorities is one of the critical aspects of developing natural
resources around us. Morphometry is one of the natural parameters that form the
characteristics of a river catchment area and could be used for determining it.
Morphometry has three parameters such as linear aspect, relief aspect, and areal aspect.
The linear aspects consist of stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb),
mean stream length (Lsm), stream length ratio (Rl), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm). Relief
aspect consists of basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn). Areal
aspects comprise drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form
factor (Rf), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg),
constant channel maintenance (C The purpose of this research is to analyze morphometry
parameters of Serayu Bogowonto river basin of the sub-watershed priority determining.
This study aims to calculate and analyze characteristics of the sub-watershed of Serayu
Bogowonto river basin based on morphometry parameters using GIS and analysis for the
watershed priority. The data utilized in this study is the river network data published by
Bakosurtanal, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 30x30 ASTER GDEM then data
analysis is using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique with ARC GIS 10.1 The
prioritization based on morphometry analysis that is seven sub-watershed with high
priority, four sub-watershed with medium priority, six sub-watershed with low priority
Simulation of Sediment Transport in the Canal Using the Hec-Ras (Hydrologic E...inventionjournals
The underground canal of Southwest Kano Irrigation scheme was designed to ensure that water
is conveyed with minimal erosion and sedimentation but over time it has been silted up to the extent that its
conveyance capacity has significantly dropped. This study is based on simulation of sediment transport within
the underground canal in Southwest Kano Irrigation Scheme boundaries using Hydrologic Engineering Centre
– River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. Ackers-White sediment transport equation, engraved in the model,
was used to analyse sediment transport characteristics. The conceptual and physical parameters required in the
HEC-RAS model were determined through calibration and direct measurement respectively. The model was
calibrated based on the current operational conditions of the canal followed by simulation using the model to
determine the sediment discharge and deposition rates at different levels of flow in the canal. The Ackers-White
sediment transport equation predicted the sediment sizes which were deposited at specific sections of the canal
at different flow rates. Higher flow rates resulted in minimal deposition. As a sediment management strategy,
these sediment sizes could be screened off at the canal intake, to ensure that sediment passing through would be
transported out to the canal outlet without deposition.
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
A numerical model is a system of mathematical equations that depict the functioning of the system and its variables. A useful model must identify the factors that can influence the course of a particular decision and shows the impacts. A good model becomes a tool for decision making and predictions. A model helps in simulating the system for finding out some solutions . To simulate something physical, you will first need to create a mathematical model which represents that physical object. Models can take many forms including declarative, functional, constraint, spatial or multimodel.
Morphometric Studies of Fourth order Sub-Basins (FOSB’s) in North Bangalore M...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basic unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The North Bangalore Metropolitan Region is constitutes a part of North Pennar, South Pennar and Cauvery Basins has been selected for the case illustration. Geo-informatics module consists of GIS mapping for location map, drainage map, surface water body map, sub-basin map etc are generated. Morphometric module consists of morphometric analysis for several drainage basin parameters include stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, texture ratio, length of overland flow and constant of channel maintenance are also calculated. An attempt has been made to utilize the interpretation capabilities of GIS to find out the relationship between the morphometric parameters at sub basin level.
Some of the coolest imagery around is lidar derived. Such is the case with the bare earth images produced from Continental Mapping's work in the Yukon Delta Wildlife Refuge.
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters Derived from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM wi...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
From three different sources viz. survey of India topographic map (1:50,000), CartoDEM (10 mts) and Aster GDEM (30 mts) morphometric parameters are derived and evaluated. Manually digitized the drainage network from toposheets and extracted drainage network system from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Basic, derived and shape parameters are considered for basin analysis. The mean bifurcation ratio of the given basin for CartoDEM & Aster GDEM are having nearby values and also indicates some sort of geological control, high stream frequency (Fs) is indicative of high relief and low infiltration capacity of the bedrock pointing towards the increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density, low drainage density (Dd) leads to coarse drainage texture, value of Lg for topographic, CartoDEM and Aster GDEM data indicating very fine texture & fine texture respectively. From the shape parameters the Kumudvathi watershed indicates it is sub-circular and elongated. The results from the high resolution data will have the nearby values and less of % variation, whereas in low resolution data % of variation is more and will not meet criteria.
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
A numerical model is a system of mathematical equations that depict the functioning of the system and its variables. A useful model must identify the factors that can influence the course of a particular decision and shows the impacts. A good model becomes a tool for decision making and predictions. A model helps in simulating the system for finding out some solutions . To simulate something physical, you will first need to create a mathematical model which represents that physical object. Models can take many forms including declarative, functional, constraint, spatial or multimodel.
Morphometric Studies of Fourth order Sub-Basins (FOSB’s) in North Bangalore M...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basic unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The North Bangalore Metropolitan Region is constitutes a part of North Pennar, South Pennar and Cauvery Basins has been selected for the case illustration. Geo-informatics module consists of GIS mapping for location map, drainage map, surface water body map, sub-basin map etc are generated. Morphometric module consists of morphometric analysis for several drainage basin parameters include stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, texture ratio, length of overland flow and constant of channel maintenance are also calculated. An attempt has been made to utilize the interpretation capabilities of GIS to find out the relationship between the morphometric parameters at sub basin level.
Some of the coolest imagery around is lidar derived. Such is the case with the bare earth images produced from Continental Mapping's work in the Yukon Delta Wildlife Refuge.
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters Derived from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM wi...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
From three different sources viz. survey of India topographic map (1:50,000), CartoDEM (10 mts) and Aster GDEM (30 mts) morphometric parameters are derived and evaluated. Manually digitized the drainage network from toposheets and extracted drainage network system from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Basic, derived and shape parameters are considered for basin analysis. The mean bifurcation ratio of the given basin for CartoDEM & Aster GDEM are having nearby values and also indicates some sort of geological control, high stream frequency (Fs) is indicative of high relief and low infiltration capacity of the bedrock pointing towards the increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density, low drainage density (Dd) leads to coarse drainage texture, value of Lg for topographic, CartoDEM and Aster GDEM data indicating very fine texture & fine texture respectively. From the shape parameters the Kumudvathi watershed indicates it is sub-circular and elongated. The results from the high resolution data will have the nearby values and less of % variation, whereas in low resolution data % of variation is more and will not meet criteria.
Hydrodynamics and Morphological Changes Numerical Model of the Jeneberang Est...AM Publications
Jeneberang Estuary, located south of Makassar, Indonesia, is one of the largest and most important river in Sulawesi. In this paper, a numerical model has recently been developed hydrodynamic and morphological evolution of the downstream rubber dam of the Jeneberang Estuary. The hydrodynamic model is derived from the hydro static assumption and Boussinesq approximation. A high-resolution computational grid was generated covering the Jeneberang estuary. The model was run with time driven by tidal forcing at the ocean boundary and river hydro graph at the upstream. The observed tidal data and hydrography were accessible for the set-up of the model. Hydrodynamic simulations have been performed and computed water levels were compared to observations of existing water level along the estuary from DISHIDRO data. For the period of a neap-spring-neap cycle, the model settings determined in the calibration process are verified satisfactions with respect to water level measurements. Good agreement was shown between model results and observed temporal and spatial variations in water elevation and currents, in the Jeneberang Estuary. The suspended sediments were generally transported from the Jeneberang River towards the Makassar Strait when overflow discharge through the Jeneberang Rubber Dam. Morphology change at the Jeneberang Estuary delta is affected by many factors, including tide, waves, river flows and sediment
A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Wa...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The role of the Mahakam River in society is undeniably vital because it is the cornerstone of product distribution channels from upstream to downstream, namely forestry, agricultural, and even mining commodities. Especially with the National Capital (IKN) plan, the Mahakam River is in a buffer zone. Satellite imagery in Mahakam is available in various seamless access, including those of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This study provides an overview of Mahakam Watershed's dynamics through Landsat Imagery's perspective. The Landsat observation is preliminary research from a research grant in Geomorphometry of the Mahakam Watershed, utilizing Landsat image data by combining bands 7, 5, and 3 for Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (Land Satellite 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) and bands 7, 4, and 2 as Landsat 5 STM (Land Satellite 5 Sensor Thematic Mapper). The study examines the pattern and changes in the direction of the Mahakam River flow, as well as the phenomenon of the presence of three lakes. So, to the results of the identification, the Mahakam Watershed is divided into three sub-watersheds, upstream, central, and downstream. The Central sub-watershed is characterized by the presence of three natural lakes parallel to the change in flow direction caused by tectonic processes. The impact narrows the river channel, so the velocity experiences a backwash effect and anastomosing reach. Meanwhile, from the morphography aspect, the three lakes in the Mahakam Watershed are in the half-graben framework due to the second strain of the formation of Samarinda Anticlinorium. This research will continue to the measurement, calculation, and modeling stages to have more comprehensive benefits in predicting flood and drought hazards from the dynamics of the Mahakam Watershed.
A REVIEW ON RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDIES USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING TE...ijiert bestjournal
Sedimentation in the reservoir gradually reduces it s storage capacity. By keeping a check on the sedimentation and by providing control measures for the same,the reservoir life can be maintained. Uj jani dam was constructed for irrigation,water supply an d power generation schemes. It lies in Solapur dist rict which is a drought prone area. This makes Ujjani a socially and economically significant project for t he state. In the present study,reservoir sedimentatio n for Ujjani reservoir is assessed for monitoring p urpose. Two techniques namely Satellite Remote Sensing Tech nique (SRST) and mathematical modeling using HEC RAS,were used in the study for estimating sedi mentation. Owing to advantages like low cost,time saving,less manpower requirement,accuracy in esti mation and capability of carrying out past surveys,the Satellite Remote Sensing Technique is gaining impor tance over the time consuming and high cost conventional hydrographic surveys. The water spread areas for different reservoir levels were delineat ed from the satellite images of Ujjain Reservoir using ARC GIS software. Volume between two water levels was calculated using prismoidul formula. The presen t volume of reservoir was compared with the initial volume during impoundment of reservoir. This gave t he loss of volume which was due to sedimentation.
Using sea-floor morphometrics to constrain stratigraphic models of sinuous su...Aaron Reimchen
Constructing geologically accurate reservoir models of deep-water strata is challenging due to the reliance
on incomplete or limited resolution datasets. Connecting areas of high-certainty across areas where
data is sparse or non-existent (e.g., between wellbores) is difficult and requires numerous interpretations
and assumptions. In this study, morphometric data from the Lucia Chica Channel System, offshore California,
provides high-resolution 3-D information that is used to constrain correlation and characterization
of ancient submarine channel fill deposits.
● Applications in New River-meander Model
● Development of River Meander Model
● Discussion at Maximum Sediment Discharge Theory
● Empirical Studies in Alluvial Streams
● Sediment Distribution of the River Boundary Layer
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
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Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus o...Joseph Lewis Aguirre
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus on Public Safety as Job #1, Engagement, Wealth of HOA, Branding, Communication, Culture, Civic Responsibility
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2. 32 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Study of river plan change is domain of fluvial
geomorphology. Traditionally, this approach involves
an empirically-based method of enquiry with the focus
being on the relationships between forms and
processes and between types of channel change and
local environmental variables [1-3].
According to Huxley [4], study of river channel
change involves integrating field observations of fluvial
processes and process-form relationships into a
coherent approach to examining rivers within river
basins. The key aspect river channel change therefore
is change in equilibrium. The use of the equilibrium
concept reviews in detail by Montgomery [5], who
highlights the problems of incorporating evolutionary
change and historical constraints into working
definitions of equilibrium. Montgomery also emphasized
the difficulties of establishing causality at different
spatial and temporal scales.
Central to any understanding of river equilibrium is the
notion of stability. In essence, most rivers can be placed
into one of three categories in term of stability, namely;
a) Stable channels are characterized by beds and
banks with little or no significant scour or erosion. Their
planform and cross sectional geometry changes very
slowly, it at all, with time and even interference with the
flow in the channel causes only local changes in
channel geometry. b) Dynamically stable channels
continually scour and deposit bank material during
times of moderate or high flows. Their cross sectional
shape does not change progressively, but their
planform does change as the channel migrates.
Interference to flow due to river works can cause
changes in channel geometry for some distance
upstream and downstream. A meandering river is
usually dynamically stable. c) Unstable channels are
characterized by very high rates of erosion and bed
material transport during floods and the main channel
can shift to follow a different course during a flood.
Rivers, which are braided, that is, consisting of more
than once channel separated by bars or islands which
are mobile during floods, are usually unstable. This type
of unstable channel is common in Peninsular Malaysia
[3].
Generally, channels that maintain a stable average
form are considered to be in a state of equilibrium.
According Lewin [6], equates this condition with regime
theory which assumes a dynamic equilibrium whereby
a channel is adjusted to its discharge regime and
although the processes of erosion and deposition
continue, the overall form is preserved to produce a
dynamic stable pattern. Other workers interpret river
equilibrium as being inherently unstable. Hickin [7] was
defined the study of river channel changes as “the
collection of empirical and theoretical studies
concerned with the adjustment of channel cross
sectional size, form and pattern shifts in environmental
conditions”. While there are many techniques used to
study river channel change, in this study two major
methods will be used for classification the Pahang River
channel change with is Types of Lateral Activity (TYLAT)
method and Modes of Meander movement (MOME)
method [8-10].
2.0 EXPERIMENTAL
Pahang River or in Malay language, Sungai Pahang, is
the longest river in Peninsular Malaysia with a length of
459 km and its upstream is located in the main range of
Titiwangsa. Sungai Pahang which is located at Pahang
River Basin is the main channel responsible for draining
the water from this basin into the South China Sea [11-
14]. Sungai Pahang is divided into the Tembeling and
Jelai Rivers and both rivers meet at a confluence at
Kuala Tembeling (Figure 1), which is located 300 km
away from the estuary of Sungai Pahang (Kuala
Pahang) [15-17].
Figure 1 Location of plots at Pahang River, Malaysia
The length of this river thus reflects on the vast size of
these basin areas, therefore, various problems arose,
faced by the Pahang River and surrounding
communities can be example to represent for Tropical
River in Peninsular Malaysia. Other reasons why Pahang
River has been chosen for investigation are the
availability of good database and good maps
covering the study areas for river change classification
system study. In this study, the main focus is only on main
river of Pahang River where, the river classification can
3. 33 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
be analysis. To facilitate the study was conducted; the
main of Pahang River has been divided to sub-plot 1-
29, according ±10 km2, with 6 main plots. Where plot Ua,
Ub and Uc represent as an upstream reach, Ma and Mb
represent as middle stream reach and Da represent as
a downstream reach (Figure 1).
Firstly, in this study, Type of Lateral change (TYLAT)
refers to channels that exhibit to change due to lateral
activities at main stream of the Pahang River. Six types
of TYLAT is Meander progression, Avulsion, Increasing
amplitude, Braiding, Progression and cut-off and
Irregular erosion. Secondly, a Mode of Meander
Movement (MOME) indicates changes in the meander
loop at different years on the topographic maps and
satellite image. Where, six types of MOME is Extension,
Enlargement, Translation, Lateral Movement, Rotation
and Complex change. The six types of TYLAT and MOME
were illustrated in (Figure 2 and 3).
Figure 2 Modes of meander movement (MOME) method
The Geographic Information System (GIS) and
Remote Sensing (RS) were used to identify the historical
meander changes and produce the main database for
the whole Pahang river basin. Where, the topographic
maps with a scale of 1:50,000 m, on year 1932 and 1993,
and image Satellite Radarsat-1 on 2003 and 2010 has
been processed to get the data’s. Next, each set of
maps and imagery Satellite through the process of geo-
reference with Projection: Kertau_RSO_Malaya_Meters
and digitalization for river using polyline and polygon
tool for the basin [11]. As the study requires high
accuracy, the validation of the geo-reference process
was conducted before the digitalization process was
carried out in this process to ensure the total RMS error
is minimized and adopted based on the scale used [11,
18].
Figure 3 Types of Lateral Activity (TYLAT) method
For the validation of the analyzing of databases in this
study, the rectified 1932 and 1993 maps, all maps using
similar scale, were superimposed to detect reaches
which registered changes. These changes were stored
as new themes for the subsequent sinuosity analysis.
One of the advantages of using GIS is that highly
accurate measurements between points can be
obtained.18 It also provides a rapid and convenient
technique to compare the rectified map (year 1932)
with the base map (year 1993) and 2003 to 2010 for
image Satellite. Fixed reference points which could be
identified from the two maps were located and their
coordinates were noted to the nearest 0.1m. The
differences between the coordinates (base map minus
rectified map) were determined from X and Y
directions. However, errors during the digitizing and
rectification processes could still be significant and
these can be evaluated using equations (1) and (2).
Equation (1) provides the systematic error (s) which is
defined as:
(1)
Where, X = error at n reference point If s = 0, then the
errors are random. However, if s were introduced, most
likely during map rectification, then the value of s
indicates the degree of channel ‘shift’ that has taken
x
s
n
4. 34 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
place. Secondly, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
was calculated as:
n
2
i
i 1
x
RMSE
n
(2)
Where:
Xi = The error at n reference point
RMSE = Provides the average error by which
coordinates of the same point (or tics) on the two or
more maps deviate
Such errors must be considered when measuring a
shift in the channel alignment over the observation
period. With GIS, the accuracy of the rectified maps
could be measured against the base map by fixing
several geo-reference points. The differences between
the coordinates (base map minus rectified map) were
determined in both X and Y directions [11].
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on a data analysis study, Table 1 shows the Types
of river plan changes based on the TYLAT index for Main
Stream of the upstream Pahang River. The highest
number of cases on the evolution of the river plan
change is the type of Meander progression where 25
cases for the 7 year period from 2003-2010 compared
to 17 points cases in year 1932-1993. Meander
progression was little changed at the banks of the river.
Accuracy with using of the images satellite data on
2003-2010 is why this number changes are obtained
(Figure 4). For increasing amplitude type, the river plan
changes at Pahang River is 5 cases and one cases is
Irregular erosion changes that occurred in year 2003-
2010.
Meanwhile, for year 1923-1993, the types of changes
are dominated by the Increase amplitude of only 18
cases that reflect the changes occurring as a result of
water flow eroded on the river bends. Further, Meander
progression type occurring 17 cases, Progression and
cut-offs 16 cases, Irregular erosion 1 cases and Avulsion
8 cases. Progression and cut-offs and Avulsion it is a
significant change over the river, this show, during the
61 years (1932-1993), the river flow on upstream of
Sungai Pahang has undergone tremendous changes
and thus will affect other factors such as discharge,
plain floods and other [19-20].
Figure 4 Among the major changes identified in the Meander
progression in year 2003-2010 using satellite images at
upstream of Pahang River
Table 2 shows the types of river plan changes based
on the MOME index for Main Stream of the upstream
Pahang River where occurred in 1932-1993 and 2003-
2010. Type of Extension and Translation of river plan
changes is happened in years 2003-2010 where 16
cases respectively, change of rotation is 6 cases and
enlargement type is 2 cases. Pahang River affected by
high flow, bank erosion and sedimentation processes
that cause to the bay mender river plan seemed to
budge [21-24]. This phenomenon can be seen as in
Figure 5.
Table 1 Types of river plan change based on the TYLAT for upstream Pahang River
Sub-
Plot
Meander progression Increasing
amplitude
Progression and cut-
offs
Irregular
erosion
Avulsion Braiding
*61 *7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7
Ua1 1 3 1
Ua2 2 4 4 2 2 3
Ua3 2 2 1 3 2
Ua4 2 2 3 3 2
Ub1 2 5
Ub2 1 2 1 3
Ub3 1 1 1 4 1
Ub4 3 1
Ub5 1 2
Uc1 1 2 1 1
Uc2 1 1 1
Uc3 1 3 1 1
Uc4 1 1 2
17 25 18 5 16 1 1 8
*61 years for 1932-1993 and 7 years for 2003-2010 *datasin = number of cases
5. 35 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
Table 2 Types of river plan change based on the MOME for upstream Pahang River
Sub-
Plot
Extension Translation Rotation Enlargement Lateral
movement
Complex change
*61 *7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7
Ua1 1 3 1 1
Ua2 1 2 2 1 4 3
Ua3 1 2 2 3 2
Ua4 4 1 1 2 2 2
Ub1 1 3 2 2
Ub2 1 2 3 1
Ub3 1 1 1 3 1
Ub4 1 1
Ub5 1 2 1
Uc1 1 1 1 1
Uc2 1 2
Uc3 1 1 1 1
Uc4 1 1 1 1 1
3 16 9 16 2 6 4 2 17 10
*61 years for 1932-1993 and 7 years for 2003-2010 *datasin = number of cases
Table 3 Types of river plan change based on the TYLAT index for Main Stream of the middle stream Pahang River
Sub- Plot Meander
progression
Increasing
amplitude
Progression and cut-
offs
Irregular
erosion
Avulsion Braiding
*61 *7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7
Ma1 1 3 2
Ma2 2 1 1 1
Ma3 1 1 2 1
Ma4 2 1 1 2
Ma5 2 1 1
Ma6 2 1 2 1
Ma7 1 1 1
Mb1 1 1 1
Mb2 1 1 2
Mb3 2 1
Mb4 1 1
16 12 9 8 2
*61 years for 1932-1993 and 7 years for 2003-2010 *datasin = number of cases
Table 4 Types of river plan change based on the MOME index for Main Stream of middle stream Pahang River
Sub-Plot Extension Translation Rotation Enlargement Lateral movement Complex change
*61 *7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7
Ma1 1 1 2 1
Ma2 1 1 1 1
Ma3 1 1 1
Ma4 1 1 1 1 1
Ma5 2 1 1
Ma6 1 1 2 1
Ma7 1 1
Mb1 1 1
Mb2 2 1 1
Mb3 3 1
Mb4 1 1
11 9 7 8 4 1
*61 years for 1932-1993 and 7 years for 2003-2010 *datasin = number of cases
6. 36 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
Table 5 Types of river plan change based on the TYLAT index for Main Stream of the downstream Pahang River
Sub-
Plot
Meander progression Increasing
amplitude
Progression and cut-
offs
Irregular
erosion
Avulsion Braiding
*61 *7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7
Da1 1 1 1
Da2 1 1 1 2
Da3 1 1 1 1 2
Da4 1 1 1 1 3
Da5 1 1 1 3 4
4 3 3 2 2 5 12
*61 years for 1932-1993 and 7 years for 2003-2010 *datasin = number of cases
Table 6 Types of river plan changes based on the MOME index for Main Stream of downstream Pahang River
Sub-
Plot
Extension Translation Rotation Enlargement Lateral movement Complex
change
*61 *7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7 61 7
Da1 1 1
Da2 1
Da3 1 1 1
Da4 1
Da5 1
4 1 3
*61 years for 1932-1993 and 7 years for 2003-2010 *datasin = number of cases
Figure 5 Among the major changes identified with the
Extension and Translation using satellite images at the
upstream of Pahang River
Evolution of river plan changes for year 1932-1993
showed the highest change is Lateral movement of 17
cases followed by 10 cases of Complex changes,
Enlargement with 4 cases, 3 cases of Extension
changes and Rotation with 2 cases. This shows that,
within 61 years and significant changes have
occurred in the upper reaches of Pahang River.
From the result, Figure 6 and 7 showed the
evolutionary of the river plan changes in middle
stream of Sungai Pahang for plot Ma and Mb on 1932-
1993 and 2003-2010. Generally, a significant rather
change can be shown for 1932 and 1993 in which the
61-year period, the change in many locations along
the river without a significant change in the original
plan of the river is not like in the upper reaches of the
Pahang River as before. The initial hypothesis shows
the flow speed limit in this area starts to slow down and
the occurrence of sediment deposition processed
products. River plan form also began to stabilize with
the occurrence of evolution is not significant.
Table 3 shows the types of river plan changes based
on the TYLAT index for the mainstream of the middle
stream Pahang River. For the years 2003-2010, the river
plan changes that occur only from the type of
Meander progression, Irregular erosion and Avulsion
were recorded 12, 8 and 2 cases respectively. It shows
only the small changes occurred for 7 years. Whereas
the type of Irregular erosion and Avulsion is due to the
changes that occur to the Sediment Island or Braided
in the main stream of the Pahang River as shown in
Figure 8. Where in year 2003, the island still exists, but
may be due to the process of sedimentation and
flooding events that occur during the next seven
years, this Island has merged and become a river
bank again. For the year 1932-1993, the river plan
changes that occur only from the type of Meander
progression and Irregular erosion of 16 and 9 cases
respectively. Although each type of change is not
significant in the plan of the river, but the case is more
and can make a major impact on the health of the
environment and to the geometric river plan changes.
Figure 6 River plan changes for plot Ma on 1932-1993 and
2003-2010
7. 37 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
Figure 7 River plan changes for plot Mb on 1932-1993 and
2003-2010
Figure 8 Among phenomenon of Irregular erosion and
Avulsion identified in mainstream of the middle stream
Pahang River
Table 4 shows the types of river plan changes based
on the MOME index for main stream of the middle
stream Pahang River. In year 2003-2010, the river plan
changes that occur only from the type of Extension
and Translation of 9 and 8 cases respectively. While in
year 1923-1993, the type of Extension is dominating this
trend by recording 11 cases, followed the Translation
by 7 cases, Rotation of 4 cases and Enlargement of 1
case. The evolutionary changes of the river flow in
midstream area are viewed are not increasingly
significant that shows the flow of the river become
more stable in the middle stage.
Figure 9 shows the evolution of the river plan
changes in downstream of Pahang River for plot Da
on year 1932-1993 and 2003-2010. Generally, the river
plan changes can be seen decreasing as compared
to the upper and middle reaches of the river. On the
other hand, the significant change can be seen in the
downstream area on the Pahang River, which is
located in the sub-plot Da5.
Figure 9 River plan change for plot Da (downstream) on 1932-
1993 and 2003-2010
The change type of braiding is seen to dominate area
where the islands are formed from the deposition of
sediment or braided. The change at estuary shore
erosion caused waves can also be seen clearly in the
sub-plots (Figure 10). This area is also affected by tides
which causes the flow rate to be slow.
Figure10 The evolution of the Pahang River change at
downstream areas on 2003-2010
Table 5 shows the types of river plan changes based
on the TYLAT index for main stream of the downstream
Pahang River. For the two-year difference that has
been identified change the type of Braiding has
dominated this area with each recorded 12 cases in
2003-2010 and 5 cases in 1932-1993. This is because
these areas are in the estuary area and get the direct
impact on tidal from the South China Sea. Further, the
type of change that occurred on 2003-2010 is the
Meander progression and increasing amplitude with 3
cases respectively and Irregular erosion with 2 cases.
For the year 1932-1993, type of change is Meander
progression, Increasing amplitude and Irregular
erosion with 4, 3 and 2 cases respectively.
Table 6 shows the types of river plan changes based
on the MOME index for main stream of the
downstream Pahang River. In the year 2003-2007, only
one case recorded were types of river plan changes
is extension in sub-plot Da3. While, in year 1923-1993,
there 4 cases recorded for an Extension and 3 cases
of Translation. In this study, Analysis of MOME index is
identical more matches to use for upstream reach
versus downstream area of the river.
4.0 CONCLUSION
This study tries to be understanding and classify the
evolution of the river plan change based on TYLAT and
MOME indexes. For overall, based on this study, the
methods of TYLAT are more suitable to use for
examining the evolution of the river plan change for
large and width rivers. While, method of analysis
MOME index is more suitable for smaller types of rivers
as the upper and middle reaches of the river.
Therefore, this study on river classification hopefully
can be contribute to provide better communication
among those studying river plan change systems and
promote a better understanding of river processes
and helping put principles into practice. This study also
can be very important to local authorities to make
decisions according to the evolution of the river plan
8. 38 M. K. A. Kamarudin et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 76:1 (2015) 31–38
change for future study of Pahang River, Malaysia
specifically and for Tropical River generally.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the Ministry of Higher Education,
Malaysia, for supporting this research, under
fundamental research grant: project no.
FRGS/1/2015/STWN01/UNISZA/02/1. Special thanks are
also given to East Coast Environmental Research
Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, School
of Social, Development and Environmental Studies,
Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia and department of
environmental science, faculty of environmental
studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia in their contributions.
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