This Paper Assessed Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State. Convenient Sampling Was Used To Obtain 300heads Of Households As Respondents In Study Area Covering Kawo/Badawa, Giginyu, And Nassarawa Gra. Descriptive Statistics Were Employed To Analysed The Data Obtained From The Respondents. The Results Show That 256 (85%) Of The Respondents Live In A Single Household Houses, More Than Half Of The Respondents Occupied Traditional Houses, And More Than Half Also Live In Houses With 4 – 6 Rooms, And More Than Two-Third Of The Respondents Have One Window, More Than About One-Third Of Them Have No Living Rooms/ Parlour. The Results Further Shows That Over One-Third Of The Respondents Have One Living Room, Less Than One-Third Have No Bathrooms In Their Houses, More Than One-Third Have Only One Bathroom, And Majority Have One Window. The Results Also Revealed That More Than Half Of The Respondents Have Windows That Face North And South Direction, And Small Windows And Majority Sourced Water Form Well And Water Vendors. In Addition, More Than Half Dispose Wastes In Uncompleted Buildings Or Open Spaces, And Occupied Houses Littered With Dirt And Noisy Conditions, While Majority Of The Houses Have No Landscaping And More Than Have Only One Among The Listed Facilities. The Finding Of Multiple Regression Revealed That Direction Window Faces Has The Largest Beta Coefficient Of 0.682 Followed By The Size Of The Window With 0.562 Beta Coefficient Arethe Strongest Unique Predictors That Explain The Variation In Ventilation And Room Lighting, When The Variance Explained By Other Predictors In The Model Is Controlled. It Is Recommended That For Achievement Of Sustainable Human Settlement As Enshrine In The Sustainable Development Goals, Housing Facilities In Informal Housing Areas In The Study Area Have To Improved And Direction Window Faces As Well As Dimension Of Widows Need To Be Considered For Adequate Ventilation And Room Lighting In Houses.
Comparison of satisfaction with residential components between previous and c...Alexander Decker
This document compares satisfaction with residential components between previous and current unplanned neighborhoods among young households in Kano, Nigeria. It finds that respondents were very highly satisfied with housing features and conditions in their current neighborhoods, but only moderately satisfied with amenities and accessibility. However, respondents were dissatisfied with all components in their previous neighborhoods. Therefore, respondents were most satisfied with housing and neighborhood aspects in their current neighborhoods compared to their previous ones. The study aims to provide data to policymakers on housing situations in unplanned areas to improve conditions for residents.
The document discusses various motivations for sustainability, including profit maximization and goodness maximization. It describes Adam Smith's concept of the "invisible hand" where individual self-interest can benefit society through free market competition. However, free markets assume infinite resources and externalize long term costs. Tragedies of the commons can occur without management of shared natural resources. Governments must intervene to address externalities, provide incentives, and manage resources like air and water. Sustainability aims to resolve competing motivations of profit and goodness over the long run.
The document summarizes Mayor Piercy of Eugene, Oregon's participation in the second annual U.S.-China Climate-Smart/Low-Carbon Cities Summit in Beijing, China. It describes how the summit brought together mayors and officials from over 20 US and 40 Chinese cities to focus on collaborative efforts to reduce carbon emissions. It provides details of Mayor Piercy's involvement in sessions on city low carbon economies and meetings with US and Chinese government officials. It also discusses how the summit allowed Mayor Piercy to strengthen relationships and explore partnerships between Eugene and Chengdu, China regarding sustainability initiatives.
Eco-Friendly Building Trends & How You Can Sell and Market the Value of 'Green'kleberandassociates
Steven Kleber, President of Kleber and Associates- a marketing and communications agency based in Atlanta, presents at the 2009 Southern Building Show.
This presentation was given by Saffron Woodcraft, keynote speaker at the Asia/Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies (AicE-Bs).
http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227&Itemid=144
The document discusses several topics related to housing:
1. It defines housing and what it provides like shelter, safety, and comfort.
2. It discusses the classification of housing by type, size, amenities, location, ownership, and other features.
3. It presents the five dimensions of global housing - integrated housing framework, inclusive housing, affordable housing, adequate housing, and informal settlement upgrading.
This document summarizes three case studies related to housing policy and development:
1) A slum upgrading project in Bangladesh that rebuilt 13 homes using local materials with funding from international donors.
2) A conceptual project in Singapore that combines senior housing with vertical urban farming to provide housing and employment.
3) An incremental, mixed-income housing project in India called Aranya that uses local materials and self-construction techniques.
This document summarizes a journal article about housing and central city slums in Ibadan, Nigeria. It discusses how Ibadan has grown from a historical war camp into a large city, putting pressure on housing and land. The article examines Ibadan's growth and development, the process of housing changes, socioeconomic impacts, and various planning initiatives to address issues like slums, inadequate infrastructure, and poor living conditions. It concludes that stopping slum development will be difficult and recommends approaches like slum upgrades, site services schemes, and using raw earth building technology.
Comparison of satisfaction with residential components between previous and c...Alexander Decker
This document compares satisfaction with residential components between previous and current unplanned neighborhoods among young households in Kano, Nigeria. It finds that respondents were very highly satisfied with housing features and conditions in their current neighborhoods, but only moderately satisfied with amenities and accessibility. However, respondents were dissatisfied with all components in their previous neighborhoods. Therefore, respondents were most satisfied with housing and neighborhood aspects in their current neighborhoods compared to their previous ones. The study aims to provide data to policymakers on housing situations in unplanned areas to improve conditions for residents.
The document discusses various motivations for sustainability, including profit maximization and goodness maximization. It describes Adam Smith's concept of the "invisible hand" where individual self-interest can benefit society through free market competition. However, free markets assume infinite resources and externalize long term costs. Tragedies of the commons can occur without management of shared natural resources. Governments must intervene to address externalities, provide incentives, and manage resources like air and water. Sustainability aims to resolve competing motivations of profit and goodness over the long run.
The document summarizes Mayor Piercy of Eugene, Oregon's participation in the second annual U.S.-China Climate-Smart/Low-Carbon Cities Summit in Beijing, China. It describes how the summit brought together mayors and officials from over 20 US and 40 Chinese cities to focus on collaborative efforts to reduce carbon emissions. It provides details of Mayor Piercy's involvement in sessions on city low carbon economies and meetings with US and Chinese government officials. It also discusses how the summit allowed Mayor Piercy to strengthen relationships and explore partnerships between Eugene and Chengdu, China regarding sustainability initiatives.
Eco-Friendly Building Trends & How You Can Sell and Market the Value of 'Green'kleberandassociates
Steven Kleber, President of Kleber and Associates- a marketing and communications agency based in Atlanta, presents at the 2009 Southern Building Show.
This presentation was given by Saffron Woodcraft, keynote speaker at the Asia/Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies (AicE-Bs).
http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227&Itemid=144
The document discusses several topics related to housing:
1. It defines housing and what it provides like shelter, safety, and comfort.
2. It discusses the classification of housing by type, size, amenities, location, ownership, and other features.
3. It presents the five dimensions of global housing - integrated housing framework, inclusive housing, affordable housing, adequate housing, and informal settlement upgrading.
This document summarizes three case studies related to housing policy and development:
1) A slum upgrading project in Bangladesh that rebuilt 13 homes using local materials with funding from international donors.
2) A conceptual project in Singapore that combines senior housing with vertical urban farming to provide housing and employment.
3) An incremental, mixed-income housing project in India called Aranya that uses local materials and self-construction techniques.
This document summarizes a journal article about housing and central city slums in Ibadan, Nigeria. It discusses how Ibadan has grown from a historical war camp into a large city, putting pressure on housing and land. The article examines Ibadan's growth and development, the process of housing changes, socioeconomic impacts, and various planning initiatives to address issues like slums, inadequate infrastructure, and poor living conditions. It concludes that stopping slum development will be difficult and recommends approaches like slum upgrades, site services schemes, and using raw earth building technology.
The document discusses promoting the planning, design, and construction of a wider range of housing unit types to adequately house all income levels and age groups. It also encourages energy efficiency in new and existing housing and ensuring new housing developments are protected from potential flood hazards. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses promoting housing that meets the needs of all income levels and age groups through a wider range of housing unit types. It also promotes energy efficiency in housing and protecting new developments from flooding.
AN IN-DEPTH LOOK INTO HOW BUILDING PRACTICES IN URBAN CITIES HINDER LOW-COST ...DamilareOG
It is widely agreed that the concept of housing is very important to everyone’s quality of life and health with considerable significance in economic, social, cultural and personal sections of life. Despite the seeming progress that has been achieved in urban cities of developing countries on building practices, provision of affordable housing is still a challenge.
This paper is aimed at deeply analysing these practices, like land-use policies, land-use regulations, high cost of land registration and titling, bureaucratic and drawn-out approval processes, architectural design styles and clients’ tastes, construction methods and seeing how they are barriers to the provision of low-cost housing in urban cities with Nigeria as a study area.
But to adequately address the hindrances these building practices pose in our urban cities, the study recommended the need for periodical reviews of various Nigerian Housing policies, creation of generally accessible and well-managed mortgaging and house financing schemes, call for accountability and integrity on the part of quantity surveyors and contractors, encouraging the use of locally found construction materials and funding research of finding cheaper alternative methods of construction and ultimately the need for architects to concentrate on cost-efficient and functional designs.
Comparison of satisfaction with residential components between previous and c...Alexander Decker
This document compares satisfaction with residential components between previous and current unplanned neighborhoods among young households in Kano, Nigeria. It finds that respondents were very highly satisfied with housing features and conditions in their current neighborhoods, but only moderately satisfied with neighborhood amenities and accessibility. However, respondents were dissatisfied with all components in their previous neighborhoods. Therefore, respondents were most satisfied with housing and neighborhood aspects in their current neighborhoods compared to their previous ones. The study aims to provide data to policymakers on housing situations in unplanned areas to improve residential conditions for households living in those areas.
This document provides an overview of housing and housing issues in the Indian context. It discusses key topics like the importance of housing, definitions related to housing, the magnitude of India's housing problem both quantitatively and qualitatively, factors affecting housing demand and supply, the relationship between housing and neighborhood/city planning, and India's national housing policy and role of housing agencies. The housing shortage in India is estimated to be around 31 million units as of 2001, with both rural and urban areas facing deficits. Affordability, access to basic amenities, and lack of quality construction are some of the major qualitative issues.
NATIONAL REPORT ON SLUMS CONDITIONS AND URBAN UPGRADING - Republic of Indonesia - First Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Slum Upgrading Working Group Tehran, 2-4 July 2012
Assessment of Mehr Housing Project as an Example of Housing for Low-Income Pe...IOSR Journals
This document assesses the Mehr Housing Project in Iran as an example of housing for low-income people. The project aims to address Iran's housing shortage by constructing 1.5 million affordable residential units on state lands leased for 99 years at low rental costs. Mehr Housing units average 75 square meters and are constructed by housing cooperatives. The goal is to eliminate land prices from housing costs to make homes affordable for low and middle-income families without housing. The project provides land in new towns near major cities to prevent population concentration in urban centers. The research analyzes whether Mehr Housing achieved its goal of providing housing for low-income populations using a descriptive-analytical methodology.
This document assesses the Mehr Housing Project in Iran as an example of housing for low-income people. It provides background on the housing shortage in Iran and the government's goal to provide affordable housing through the Mehr Housing Project. The project aims to assign 99-year land leases at low prices to housing cooperatives to reduce housing costs. While the project has provided housing for many, it has faced challenges such as lack of infrastructure, cultural considerations not being incorporated into housing design, and units being located in new towns lacking facilities and jobs. The document analyzes the project's successes and shortcomings.
This document compares the characteristics of houses in Libya and Indonesia. It finds that while materials and designs differ somewhat, facilities like electricity, water, sewage and drainage systems are generally in good condition in both countries. For materials, Indonesian houses typically have tile roofs, brick walls and stone/concrete foundations, while Libyan houses use concrete roofs, brick walls and concrete/stone foundations. Both governments have regulations to improve housing construction quality, though drainage maintenance is poorer in Libya due to low rainfall. Overall facilities are well-provided in most areas of both countries, though some isolated regions lack full access.
This document discusses affordable housing in India. It provides background on the urban housing scenario, highlighting the large urban population and number of slum households. It then outlines various government initiatives and policies to promote affordable housing, including interest subsidy schemes and the Housing for All initiative. Case studies are presented on techniques for reducing construction costs, such as those used by architects Laurie Baker and Charles Correa. The document stresses the need for affordable housing in India given the growing population.
The document summarizes a presentation on the role of cities in creating Australia's future and challenges they face. It discusses two main challenges - environmental issues from climate change and resource constraints, and maintaining population health. Other topics covered include urban renewal as an economic accelerator, megatrends shaping the future, importance of cities to the economy, themes for building resilient cities, and the need for innovative planning approaches to address these issues.
This document discusses urban bias and its role as a major impediment to rural development in developing nations. Urban bias refers to policies that disproportionately favor urban areas over rural areas, such as investment, tax, and pricing policies influenced by urban elites. This skewed allocation of resources stunts rural development and perpetuates disparities. While other factors like unemployment, low incomes, and sociocultural traditions also impact rural development, the document argues that urban bias is a primary cause of underdevelopment in rural areas due to discriminatory policies that promote urban growth at the expense of rural regions.
This document discusses the concept of quality of life as it relates to housing and the urban poor in Indonesia. It defines quality of life as the presence of conditions necessary for a good life and the practice of good living. For the urban poor, having adequate housing is important for their well-being, belonging, and potential for social and economic participation. While some housing meets physical standards, it may not promote quality of life. Lacking stable housing and legal address excludes the poor from basic rights and services.
This document provides an overview of housing microfinance and its role in improving living standards for those suffering from poor infrastructure. It analyzes current organizations involved in housing microfinance and evaluates the impact it has had at local, national, and international levels. Specific case studies are discussed, such as programs in Kenya, India, and organizations partnered with Rooftops Canada that have helped thousands of households through loans and increased access to capital and land.
In the last ten-year, Sierra Leone has made some gains in terms of economic performance. However, this economic gain has not been sustainable given the fact that access to basic services such as health, education and housing continues to be aproblem.
Housing is an important part of the Sierra Leone economy but it provision remains a huge challenge. Therefore,this project looks at housing problem, the need for investing in housing and possible solutions to mitigate this problem.
The target audience include policy makers, investors and nonprofit making institutions and anyone interested in achievingthe SDGs.
Critical Approaches to the Concept of Sustainable DevelopmentAI Publications
It has been observed that while living in harmony with nature on earth until the industrial revolution, with the industrial production and consumption society formed after the industrial revolution, humanity has started to dominate nature more and the damage caused to nature has increased. Economic growth, contrary to expectations, increasing inequality in the distribution of income, the impoverishment of the broad masses of the natural environment in the emergence of problems such as destruction of natural resources, growth and development of the concept of sustainable development has revealed the new concept. Sustainable development suggests that both economic development can continue and the ecological system can be protected; the contradiction between the environment and development will disappear. The concept of sustainable development has been considered to be able to solve many country problems since its first appearance, and has been applied to many fields such as economics, politics, the environment and social culture. In fact, there are many aspects of the concept of sustainable development that are open to criticism. The aim of this study is to address the criticisms brought to the concept with a collective perspective. For this purpose, the criticisms brought to the concept of sustainable development based on the previous studies conducted on the subject were examined. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature by eliminating the lack of a critical perspective on sustainable development in this way.
Housing for Artisan: Assessment of the Housing Need and SolutionIRJET Journal
This document discusses housing needs for artisans in India. It notes that while artisans are important contributors to the economy and culture, they often lack suitable living environments and amenities to maintain their way of life. This can cause people to abandon their crafts and cultural traditions. The document proposes developing group housing for artisans to help them continue practicing their crafts and serving their communities. It reviews literature on housing policies and affordability in India, the scale of housing shortages, typical home sizes, and the potential of the handicrafts sector to provide economic and social benefits if artisans have better housing support. The proposed study will assess artisan housing needs, evaluate case studies of affordable housing projects, and develop design guidelines for new
Exploring the Perception of Community Residents on Promoting Urban Agricultureinventionjournals
Under the influences of rapid global population growth, climate change, and urbanization, the ecological environment is gradually being destroyed. High-density residential environments are causing the residential problems of urban residents to be increasingly serious. Therefore, this study attempted to introduce the concept of urban agriculture into the residential environment of a community such that combining labor resources and activating the land and landscape can bring a sense of accomplishment as well as health benefits to community residents, in order to break through the urban concrete jungle and inject vitality into communities. Taking the Minsheng community of Taipei City as an example, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 community residents to explore the influences of setting up urban agriculture with respect to three aspects of community residents at the psychological, social, and environmental levels. It is hoped urban agriculture can be constructed that is suitable for community development and complies with the residential environment, so that urban residents can achieve more friendly social interactions
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
The document discusses promoting the planning, design, and construction of a wider range of housing unit types to adequately house all income levels and age groups. It also encourages energy efficiency in new and existing housing and ensuring new housing developments are protected from potential flood hazards. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses promoting housing that meets the needs of all income levels and age groups through a wider range of housing unit types. It also promotes energy efficiency in housing and protecting new developments from flooding.
AN IN-DEPTH LOOK INTO HOW BUILDING PRACTICES IN URBAN CITIES HINDER LOW-COST ...DamilareOG
It is widely agreed that the concept of housing is very important to everyone’s quality of life and health with considerable significance in economic, social, cultural and personal sections of life. Despite the seeming progress that has been achieved in urban cities of developing countries on building practices, provision of affordable housing is still a challenge.
This paper is aimed at deeply analysing these practices, like land-use policies, land-use regulations, high cost of land registration and titling, bureaucratic and drawn-out approval processes, architectural design styles and clients’ tastes, construction methods and seeing how they are barriers to the provision of low-cost housing in urban cities with Nigeria as a study area.
But to adequately address the hindrances these building practices pose in our urban cities, the study recommended the need for periodical reviews of various Nigerian Housing policies, creation of generally accessible and well-managed mortgaging and house financing schemes, call for accountability and integrity on the part of quantity surveyors and contractors, encouraging the use of locally found construction materials and funding research of finding cheaper alternative methods of construction and ultimately the need for architects to concentrate on cost-efficient and functional designs.
Comparison of satisfaction with residential components between previous and c...Alexander Decker
This document compares satisfaction with residential components between previous and current unplanned neighborhoods among young households in Kano, Nigeria. It finds that respondents were very highly satisfied with housing features and conditions in their current neighborhoods, but only moderately satisfied with neighborhood amenities and accessibility. However, respondents were dissatisfied with all components in their previous neighborhoods. Therefore, respondents were most satisfied with housing and neighborhood aspects in their current neighborhoods compared to their previous ones. The study aims to provide data to policymakers on housing situations in unplanned areas to improve residential conditions for households living in those areas.
This document provides an overview of housing and housing issues in the Indian context. It discusses key topics like the importance of housing, definitions related to housing, the magnitude of India's housing problem both quantitatively and qualitatively, factors affecting housing demand and supply, the relationship between housing and neighborhood/city planning, and India's national housing policy and role of housing agencies. The housing shortage in India is estimated to be around 31 million units as of 2001, with both rural and urban areas facing deficits. Affordability, access to basic amenities, and lack of quality construction are some of the major qualitative issues.
NATIONAL REPORT ON SLUMS CONDITIONS AND URBAN UPGRADING - Republic of Indonesia - First Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Slum Upgrading Working Group Tehran, 2-4 July 2012
Assessment of Mehr Housing Project as an Example of Housing for Low-Income Pe...IOSR Journals
This document assesses the Mehr Housing Project in Iran as an example of housing for low-income people. The project aims to address Iran's housing shortage by constructing 1.5 million affordable residential units on state lands leased for 99 years at low rental costs. Mehr Housing units average 75 square meters and are constructed by housing cooperatives. The goal is to eliminate land prices from housing costs to make homes affordable for low and middle-income families without housing. The project provides land in new towns near major cities to prevent population concentration in urban centers. The research analyzes whether Mehr Housing achieved its goal of providing housing for low-income populations using a descriptive-analytical methodology.
This document assesses the Mehr Housing Project in Iran as an example of housing for low-income people. It provides background on the housing shortage in Iran and the government's goal to provide affordable housing through the Mehr Housing Project. The project aims to assign 99-year land leases at low prices to housing cooperatives to reduce housing costs. While the project has provided housing for many, it has faced challenges such as lack of infrastructure, cultural considerations not being incorporated into housing design, and units being located in new towns lacking facilities and jobs. The document analyzes the project's successes and shortcomings.
This document compares the characteristics of houses in Libya and Indonesia. It finds that while materials and designs differ somewhat, facilities like electricity, water, sewage and drainage systems are generally in good condition in both countries. For materials, Indonesian houses typically have tile roofs, brick walls and stone/concrete foundations, while Libyan houses use concrete roofs, brick walls and concrete/stone foundations. Both governments have regulations to improve housing construction quality, though drainage maintenance is poorer in Libya due to low rainfall. Overall facilities are well-provided in most areas of both countries, though some isolated regions lack full access.
This document discusses affordable housing in India. It provides background on the urban housing scenario, highlighting the large urban population and number of slum households. It then outlines various government initiatives and policies to promote affordable housing, including interest subsidy schemes and the Housing for All initiative. Case studies are presented on techniques for reducing construction costs, such as those used by architects Laurie Baker and Charles Correa. The document stresses the need for affordable housing in India given the growing population.
The document summarizes a presentation on the role of cities in creating Australia's future and challenges they face. It discusses two main challenges - environmental issues from climate change and resource constraints, and maintaining population health. Other topics covered include urban renewal as an economic accelerator, megatrends shaping the future, importance of cities to the economy, themes for building resilient cities, and the need for innovative planning approaches to address these issues.
This document discusses urban bias and its role as a major impediment to rural development in developing nations. Urban bias refers to policies that disproportionately favor urban areas over rural areas, such as investment, tax, and pricing policies influenced by urban elites. This skewed allocation of resources stunts rural development and perpetuates disparities. While other factors like unemployment, low incomes, and sociocultural traditions also impact rural development, the document argues that urban bias is a primary cause of underdevelopment in rural areas due to discriminatory policies that promote urban growth at the expense of rural regions.
This document discusses the concept of quality of life as it relates to housing and the urban poor in Indonesia. It defines quality of life as the presence of conditions necessary for a good life and the practice of good living. For the urban poor, having adequate housing is important for their well-being, belonging, and potential for social and economic participation. While some housing meets physical standards, it may not promote quality of life. Lacking stable housing and legal address excludes the poor from basic rights and services.
This document provides an overview of housing microfinance and its role in improving living standards for those suffering from poor infrastructure. It analyzes current organizations involved in housing microfinance and evaluates the impact it has had at local, national, and international levels. Specific case studies are discussed, such as programs in Kenya, India, and organizations partnered with Rooftops Canada that have helped thousands of households through loans and increased access to capital and land.
In the last ten-year, Sierra Leone has made some gains in terms of economic performance. However, this economic gain has not been sustainable given the fact that access to basic services such as health, education and housing continues to be aproblem.
Housing is an important part of the Sierra Leone economy but it provision remains a huge challenge. Therefore,this project looks at housing problem, the need for investing in housing and possible solutions to mitigate this problem.
The target audience include policy makers, investors and nonprofit making institutions and anyone interested in achievingthe SDGs.
Critical Approaches to the Concept of Sustainable DevelopmentAI Publications
It has been observed that while living in harmony with nature on earth until the industrial revolution, with the industrial production and consumption society formed after the industrial revolution, humanity has started to dominate nature more and the damage caused to nature has increased. Economic growth, contrary to expectations, increasing inequality in the distribution of income, the impoverishment of the broad masses of the natural environment in the emergence of problems such as destruction of natural resources, growth and development of the concept of sustainable development has revealed the new concept. Sustainable development suggests that both economic development can continue and the ecological system can be protected; the contradiction between the environment and development will disappear. The concept of sustainable development has been considered to be able to solve many country problems since its first appearance, and has been applied to many fields such as economics, politics, the environment and social culture. In fact, there are many aspects of the concept of sustainable development that are open to criticism. The aim of this study is to address the criticisms brought to the concept with a collective perspective. For this purpose, the criticisms brought to the concept of sustainable development based on the previous studies conducted on the subject were examined. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature by eliminating the lack of a critical perspective on sustainable development in this way.
Housing for Artisan: Assessment of the Housing Need and SolutionIRJET Journal
This document discusses housing needs for artisans in India. It notes that while artisans are important contributors to the economy and culture, they often lack suitable living environments and amenities to maintain their way of life. This can cause people to abandon their crafts and cultural traditions. The document proposes developing group housing for artisans to help them continue practicing their crafts and serving their communities. It reviews literature on housing policies and affordability in India, the scale of housing shortages, typical home sizes, and the potential of the handicrafts sector to provide economic and social benefits if artisans have better housing support. The proposed study will assess artisan housing needs, evaluate case studies of affordable housing projects, and develop design guidelines for new
Exploring the Perception of Community Residents on Promoting Urban Agricultureinventionjournals
Under the influences of rapid global population growth, climate change, and urbanization, the ecological environment is gradually being destroyed. High-density residential environments are causing the residential problems of urban residents to be increasingly serious. Therefore, this study attempted to introduce the concept of urban agriculture into the residential environment of a community such that combining labor resources and activating the land and landscape can bring a sense of accomplishment as well as health benefits to community residents, in order to break through the urban concrete jungle and inject vitality into communities. Taking the Minsheng community of Taipei City as an example, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 community residents to explore the influences of setting up urban agriculture with respect to three aspects of community residents at the psychological, social, and environmental levels. It is hoped urban agriculture can be constructed that is suitable for community development and complies with the residential environment, so that urban residents can achieve more friendly social interactions
Similar to Assessment of Housing Quality and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Giginyu, Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State (20)
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Assessment of Housing Quality and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Giginyu, Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 23, Issue 4, Ver. 4 (April. 2018) PP 74-84
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Assessment of Housing Quality and Sustainable Development: A
Case Study of Giginyu, Nassarawa Local Government, Kano
State
Yahaya Ado Umar1
, Ado Abdu2
1
department Of Geography, Kano University Of Science And Technology, Wudil
2
department Of Urban And Regional Planning,Kano University Of Science And Technology, Wudil
Corresponding Author:Adoabdu
______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract:This Paper Assessed Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu,
Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State. Convenient Sampling Was Used To Obtain 300heads Of
Households As Respondents In Study Area Covering Kawo/Badawa, Giginyu, And Nassarawa Gra. Descriptive
Statistics Were Employed To Analysed The Data Obtained From The Respondents. The Results Show That 256
(85%) Of The Respondents Live In A Single Household Houses, More Than Half Of The Respondents
Occupied Traditional Houses, And More Than Half Also Live In Houses With 4 – 6 Rooms, And More Than
Two-Third Of The Respondents Have One Window, More Than About One-Third Of Them Have No Living
Rooms/ Parlour. The Results Further Shows That Over One-Third Of The Respondents Have One Living Room,
Less Than One-Third Have No Bathrooms In Their Houses, More Than One-Third Have Only One Bathroom,
And Majority Have One Window. The Results Also Revealed That More Than Half Of The Respondents Have
Windows That Face North And South Direction, And Small Windows And Majority Sourced Water Form Well
And Water Vendors. In Addition, More Than Half Dispose Wastes In Uncompleted Buildings Or Open Spaces,
And Occupied Houses Littered With Dirt And Noisy Conditions, While Majority Of The Houses Have No
Landscaping And More Than Have Only One Among The Listed Facilities. The Finding Of Multiple
Regression Revealed That Direction Window Faces Has The Largest Beta Coefficient Of 0.682 Followed By
The Size Of The Window With 0.562 Beta Coefficient Arethe Strongest Unique Predictors That Explain The
Variation In Ventilation And Room Lighting, When The Variance Explained By Other Predictors In The Model
Is Controlled. It Is Recommended That For Achievement Of Sustainable Human Settlement As Enshrine In The
Sustainable Development Goals, Housing Facilities In Informal Housing Areas In The Study Area Have To
Improved And Direction Window Faces As Well As Dimension Of Widows Need To Be Considered For
Adequate Ventilation And Room Lighting In Houses.
Keywords:Housing Quality, Type Of Houses, Sustainable Development, Housing Condition, Housing
Facilities, Waste Disposal
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 09-04-2018 Date of acceptance: 23-04-2018
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Housing Is One Of The Most Important Human Needs Next After Food. It Is Understood As A Place
Of Human Habitation, Which Has Physical, Social, And Cultural Infrastructure, However, With A Very Thin
Line Of Separation Among Them [1]. In Addition, Housing Is Seen As A Bundle Of Goods And Services That
Facilitate Good Living And Subsequently A Key To Quality Neighborhoods. Housing Is Said To Be Bound-Up
With Certain Concepts That Could Include Shelter, Location, Privacy, Social Amenities, And Even Investments.
Each Of These Has Place In Making Housing An Infrastructure Of Importance In Human Settlement [2].
Housing Is Valued For The Potentials It Has In Assessing The Status Of Its Users And Economic Development
Of A Country. The Word Housing Is Viewed As A Noun Or A Verb And By Noun; Housing Describes A
Commodity Or Product, For Being Seen As A Verb Describes It As Process Or An Activity Of Housing [3].
Housing Also Includes Not Only The Fabric Itself And What It Contains, But Includes All Those Resources Put
Into Its Production/Construction, As Well As The Environment In Which It Resides [4]. Supply Of Housing In
Any Country Must Be Adequate To Cater For The Needs Of Its People And The Quality Of Housing Is Viewed
As The Nature Of A Housing Unit Relating To The Minimum Or Acceptable Standard For Housing
Characteristics, Services, And Features. In Effect, A House Of Good Quality Implies One Attaining A Level
That Is Not Less Than The Minimum Standard And Thus Acceptable [5]. In Addition, Adequate Housing Is The
Bedrock For Stable Community And Social Inclusion [6]. Deficiency In The Housing Quantity And Quality
Affects Quality Of Life And Wellbeing Of Its Users. Furthermore, Location Of Houses, Building Materials
2. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
Used, Design, Type Of Windows, Size Of Windows, Direction Face By The Windows, Door Types And Sizes
Relations With Socio-Economic And Cultural Components Of The Housing As Well As Neighbourhood Have
Important Influence On The Health, Safety, Aesthetic And Wellbeing Of The Present And Future Inhabitants.
The Window Types, Dimensions, And Sizes Are Very Important Factors That Need To Be Considered When
Designing A House Because They Help In Providing Ventilation To The Houses That In Turn Influence The
Life Quality, Health, And Safety Of The Residents. In General, Housing Is Critical For Sustainable
Development And Must Satisfy Its Normal Requirements. Despite Lack Of Global Data On Housing Quality,
Over 1 Billion People Live In Urban Areas With Poor Housing Quality. These Residents Are Living In Informal
Housing, Especially In Developing Countries [7].
Housing Problem Is One Of The Serious Problems Facing Urban Residents In Living In Major Cities
In Nigeria. The Problem Covers Not Only Shortage Of Houses For The Poor, But Deplorable Conditions Of
The Existing Ones [8]. Often, Such Houses Owned By The Low-Income Group In The Cities Especially
Informal Houses Are Exposed To Various Environment Problems Including Climate [9]. Thus, Housing
Problem In The Country Is Related To Quantity And Quality That Are Aggravated By Rapid Growth Of The
Population Urban Centres [10]. Furthermore, An Ever-Increasing Rate Of Urbanization And Poverty Rates In
Nigeria Like In Many Developing Countries Exact A Lot Of Pressure On Urban Services And Infrastructure
Including Housing Leading To Inadequacy And Gross Fall In The Quality Of Housing In The Country. These
Situations Affect The Living Conditions Of The Urban Residents Both Socially And Economically. Moreover,
Very Little Effort Is Paid To Provide And Improve Housing Conditions Of The Increasing Populace In The
Cities, Although Provision Of Better Housing Will Reduce Overcrowding And Protects The Residents From
Being Affected By Ill- Health And Other Related Problems. In Addition, Improvement Housing In Terms Of
Services And Facilities Is Crucial To The Quality Of Life And Wellbeing Of The Residents. [11]Argued That
Physical Condition, Landscaping, Available Facilities, And Friendliness Of Neighbours, Racial Or Economic
Composition Or Symbolic Characteristics Are Relevant To The Perception Of Residents About Their Housing
Environment In The Urban Centres In Nigeria.
Kano Is One The Major Urban Centres In Nigeria Where Most Its Residents Are Living Informal
Housing Associated With Poor Design And Inadequate Facilities. After Nigeria‟s Political Independence In
1960, Kano Witnessed Urbanisation And Rapid Population Growth Because Of Commercial And Industrial
Growth. These Developments Led To Continues Immigration Of People From Different Places For Economic
And Social Reasons Result In The Congestion Kano City And In The Growth Of Unplanned Peripheral
Locations. According To Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team [12], Unplanned Areas Are Uncontrolled
“Temporary” Dwelling Units Occupied Illegally Because Building Plans Are Not Approved Before Houses Are
Built (P.215). [12]And[13] Argued That Unplanned Dwelling Begin Temporarily But With Time, They Are
Consolidated To Become Permanent, But Lack Planning Makes Their Environment To Be Poor And Absence
Of Amenities. At Present, Both Migrants And Indigenous Young Couples Occupy These Unplanned Areas
Because Of Lack Of Housing Vacancy In The Old City And Even Those Already Within The City Find
Expansion Difficult Because Of High Population [13]. This Paper Assesses Housing Quality In Giginyu And Its
Implication For Sustainable Development With A View Of Looking At The Housing Characteristics And
Factors That Influence Ventilation In The Residential Area In Kano City, Nigeria.
1.1 Literature Review
Sustainable Development Was Defined By World Commission On Environment And Development
Called Brundtlandcommission In 1987 As „Development That Meets The Needs Of The Present Without
Compromising The Ability Of The Future Generations To Meet Their Own Needs‟. This Suggests That
Sustainable Development Comprises Of A Number Of Issues And Emphasises Sustainability As An Idea Of
Environmental, Economic, Social Progress And Equity. In Spite Of This, Other Summits And Conventions
Such As1992 Rio Earth Summit, The Agenda 21 Plan Of Action, The 2005 Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment,Movement Towards Sustainability Seems To Be Lagging Especially In Developing Countries. In
2008, World Bank Development Indicators Reported That Over 1.3 Billion People Are Living Without Access
To Clean Water, More Than 660 Million Had Poor Sanitation, 2 Billion Had No Access To Electricity, And
About 1 Billion Are Living In Slums. The Need To Ensure Adequate And Qualitative Housing Therefore Forms
One Of The Critical Challenges Facing Nations Especially Developing Countries Where Urbanization Is Rapid
And Population Increasing At Alarming Rate. It Is In Recognition Of This That The United Nations Centre For
Human Settlements Un Habitat Wrote In Its Report In 1995 That Homeless Is A Problem In Developed As Well
As Developing Countries. Furthermore, Poor Housing Conditions Are A Global Problem, Being Worst In
Developing Countries. And Today 600 Million People Live In Life And Health Threatening Homes In Asia,
Africa And Latin America. United Nation Pursued Sustainable Development Goals To Cover Various Aspects
Of Human Lives Such As Sustainable Human Settlements, Especially In Major Cities.It Is Aloscontianedin The
Sustainable Development Goals By United Nation That While Many People Around The World Take Clean
3. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Drinking Water And Sanitation For Granted, Many Others Don‟t. Water Scarcity Affects More Than 40 Per
Cent Of People Around The World, And That Number Is Projected To Go Even Higher Because Of Climate
Change. If We Continue The Same Path, By 2050 At Least One In Four People Are Likely To Be Affected By
Recurring Water Shortages. Thus, It Is Important That Houses And Water That Are Provided By Authorities Or
Individuals In Both Urban And Rural Areas Should Be Safe, Healthy, And Clean To Enhance The Quality Of
Life For The Residents.
The Assessment Of Quality Of A House Is Subjective Depending On Many Variables, It May Depend
Upon The Design Of The House, Its Physical-Structural Efficiency, The Individual Tenant Of The House, The
Location Of The House, And Environment It Is Located. [14]Argued That A Habitable Home Or An Ideal
Home Relates To The Social, Behavioural, Cultural, And Personal Characteristics Of The Inhabitants, In
Addition To The Physical, Architectural, And Engineering Components Of The Home. Furthermore, Adequate
Housing Conditions Also Relates To The Components Of The Environment Of Which The Home Is A Part And
The Nature Of Institutional Arrangement Under Which The House Is Managed. Therefore, Housing Is One
Important Need Especially In Developing Countries That Requires A Lot Of Effort From Institutions
Responsible For Ensuring Standard In Quality Housing In Order To Satisfy The Needs Of Its Residents.
Moreover, Housing Quality Relates With Ventilation Standards And Regulations That Impact On
Health And Comfort Of The Residents ([15]& [16]). Adequacy Of Ventilation Requirements Are Connected
With Ventilation Rates And Occupant Health Effects And Productivity ([17]; [18 & [19]). Ventilation Denotes
To The Exchange Of Indoor And Outdoor Air. Without Adequate Ventilation, An Otherwise Insulated And
Airtight House Will Cover In Harmful Pollutants, Such As Carbon Monoxide, And Moisture That Can Destruct
A House. Need For Ventilation In Houses Becomes Necessary As Gases From Various Combustion Appliances,
Such As Stoves And Fireplaces, Can Accumulate In A Poorly Ventilated Home And Threaten Residents‟ Health
And Safety. Furthermore, Excessive Moisture In The Home Can Also Threaten The Health Of The Occupants,
And Can Lead To Mold Growth, Ruin Insulation, And Even Cause Structural Damage In The House. In
Addition, Wetted Regions Of The World Suffered More Costly Energy Bills Because Elevated Levels Of Hu-
midity Can Make Cooling Equipment Work Harder.Thus, Proper Ventilation Helps Keep A Home Energy-
Efficient, Safe, And Healthy. Therefore, Sustainable And Quality Housing Require Well-Ventilated Features
And Facilities That Will Ensure Good Health Of The Residents. Despite The Importance Of Ventilation,
Scholars In Housing And Urban Studies Give Little Attention To The Housing Characteristics And Factors That
Influence Ventilation In Residential Areas Of A City In Developing Countries Such As Kano City, Nigeria.
Thus, This Paper Assessed Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu,
Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State.
1.2 Study Area
Giginyu Is One Of The Eleven Political Wards Of Nassarawa Local Government Area Of Kano State.
It Is Located Between Latitude 80
30'43.53''n And 80
44'01.97'' N And Between Longitude120
03' 21.41''e And
120
13' 40.31'' E (See Figure 1). Giginyu Ward Has A Land Area Of About 16.6km2
, That Is, 20.3% Of The
Total Land Area Of Nassarawa Local Government. Geologically The Study Area Is Underlain By The
Basement Complex Rocks Of Precambrian Age Of The Hausa High Plains Of Nigeria.Giginyu Lies Within The
Tropical Continental Climate Zone, Which Is Characterised By Two Main Seasons, Wet And Dry Seasons.
[20]Has Identified Three Main Temperature Regimes; A Cool And Dry Season That Lasts From November To
February; A Hot And Dry Season, Which Lasts From March To Mid- May; A Warm And Wet Season Lasts
From May To October. When The Three Are Merged With Rainfall Regimes, Four Season Can Be Identified
[20] Namely; A Dry And Cool Season (Kaka) From Mid –November To The End Of February Known As
Hamattan Period. The Second Season Isreferred To As A Dry And Hot Season (Bazara) That Lasted From
March To Mid-May. This Season Is The Hottest Period With 400
c And 240
c As The Diurnal Maximum And
Minimum Temperatures, Respectively. The Third Season Is Named Wet And Warm Season (Damina) That
Runs From Mid-May To The End Of September With Monthly Average Temperature Of About 250
c To 260
.
The Last Season Is Dry Warm Or Hot Season (Rani) That Begins From The Beginning Of October To Mid –
November, It Is The Shortest Season. The Annual Rainfall Recorded For The State Ranges From About 500mm
To 600mm In The Northern Part Of The State To About 1000mm To 1100mm In The Southern Part Of The
State. Kano Metropolitan Area Receives About 800mm To 900mm Per Annum. The Study Area Lies With The
Sudansavannah Belt In Which Grasses Are The Dominant Plant Cover Interspaced By Short Stunted And
Xerophytic Trees That Can Withstand The Long Period Of Dryness. Human Activities Greatly Altered The
Vegetation, Except Few Exotic, Economic And Shed Providing Trees That Remain Standing In The Area.
4. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
Figure 1: Nassarawa Lga Showing The Study Area
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data For The Study Was Obtained By Questionnaire Administration To 300 Conveniently Selected
Respondents In The Study Area. Data For This Study Included Number Of Households And Data Relating To
Housing And Neighbourhood Variables Such Astype Of Houses, Number Of Windows, Size Of Windows,
Directions Faced By Windows, Dimension Of Courtyards And Number Of Rooms. Other Variables Included
Number Of Living Rooms, Number Of Bathrooms, Condition Of The Houses, Waste Disposal, Sources Of
Water, Materials Used For Landscaping And Proximity To Some Facilities In The Study Area. The Data Was
Collected With The Help Of Well-Trained Enumerator From The Study Area For Easy Acceptability And
Cooperation Of The Respondents. The Same Copies Of Questionnaire Administered To The Respondents Were
Retrieved Back And None Was Invalid. Respondents Of The Study Are The Head Of The Family Or Any Adult
Members Of The House Seen In The Households When The Head Of The Households Are Not Available. The
Questionnaire Used In This Study Was Semi-Structured Consisting Of Open-Ended And Close-Ended
Questions. For The Purpose Of This Study, And For Scientific Selection Of The Sample Of The Respondents, A
Sample Size Of 20% Of The Population Of The Respondents In The Study Area Was Selected. This Is
Accordance With The Studies Attributed To Arlosoroffet Al (1987) And Umar, (2006) As Quoted In [21]Who
Argued That 20% Of Any Population As Sample For A Study Is Sufficient To Yield A Meaningful Statistical
Validity Results. The Samples Of The Respondents Are Derived Fromwithin Giginyu Area Including Kawo
And Badawa Areas. Descriptive Statistics Including Frequency And Percentage Were Used For The Analyses
Of The Collected Data. In Addition, Multiple Regression Was Used To Predict The Variables Responsible For
Explaining The Variation In Ventilation In The Housing Environment In The Area.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Housing Characteristics In The Study Area
3.1.1: Number Of Householdsin The Houses Of The Respondents
Table 1 Shows The Number Of Households In The Houses Of The Respondents. The Finding Shows That
256(85%) Of The Respondents Live In A House With One Household, 24(8%) Live In Houses With Two
Households, 12(4%) Live In Houses With Three Households And 8 (3%) Of The Respondents Live In
Households With More Than Three Households. The Finding Indicates That Majority Of The Respondents Live
In Houses With One Household,While The Least Of Them Live In Houses With More Than Three Households.
Table 1: Number Of Households In The Houses Of The Respondents
Number Of Households Frequency Percentage(%)
One Household 256 85
Two Household 24 8
Three Household 12 4
More Than Three
Household
8 3
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.2: Type Of Houses Occupied By The Respondents
5. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Table 2 Shows The Distribution Of House Type, Majority Of The Houses About 210(70%) Of The
Respondents Occupied Traditional Houses, 70(23%) Occupied Bungalow Houses, 4(1%) Occupied Detached
Houses, 10(3%) Lived In Semi-Detached Houses And 6(2%) Of The Respondents Lived In The Storey/Duplex
Houses In The Area. The Implication Of The Findings Suggests The Study Area Is Unplanned Residential
Environment That Is Characterised By Inadequate Facilities And Services.
Table 2: Type Of Houses Occupied By The Respondents
Type Of Houses Frequency Percentage (%)
Traditional 210 70
Bungalow 70 23
Detached 4 1
Semi-Detached 10 3
Storey/Duplex 6 2
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.3: Number Of Rooms Per Households
Table 3 Shows The Number Of Rooms Per Households In The Sampled Houses In The Study Area.
The Finding Revealed That 60(20%) Of The Respondents Had 1 – 3 Rooms In Their Houses, 154 (51%) Have 4
– 6 Rooms, 51 (17%) Have 7 – 9 Rooms And 24(8%) Have 9 – 12 Rooms, And 11(4%) Of The Respondents
Have More Than 1 Rooms In Their Houses. The Finding Indicates That Majority Of The Respondents Have 4 –
6 Number Of Rooms In Their Houses, While The Finding Revealed That Least Respondents Are Those With
More Than 12 Rooms In Their Houses.
Table 3: Number Of Rooms Per Households
Number Of Rooms Frequency Percentage(%)
1-3 Rooms 60 20
4-6 Rooms 154 51
7-9 Rooms 51 17
9-12 Rooms 24 8
More Than 12 Rooms 11 4
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.4: Number Of Windows Per Rooms
Table 4 Shows The Number Of Windows Per Room In The Respondents‟ Houses. The Finding
Reveals That 193 (64%) Of The Respondents Have One Window, 99 (33%) Have Two Windows, 7(2%) Have
Three Windows And 1(0.3%) Of The Respondents Have Four Windows In Their Houses. This Finding
Revealed That Majority Of The Respondents Have Only One Window In Their Room, Less Than One Percent
Of The Respondents Have Four Windows In Their Rooms. The Finding Has A Negative Implication For
Ventilation And Lightening Of Room Especially In The Light Of The Global Climate Change Where
Temperatures Are Expected To Increase In Room And House Temperature With Repercussions On Health And
Stress.
Table 4: Number Of Windows Per Rooms
Number Of Windows Frequency Percentage (%)
One Window 193 64
Two Windows 99 33
Three Windows 7 2
Four Windows 1 0.3
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.5 Number Of Living Rooms In The Houses
Table 5 Shows The Number Of Living Rooms In The Respondents‟ Houses. The Table Reveals That
90 (30%) Of The Respondents Had No Living Rooms/ Parlour, 129 (43%) Had One Living Room, 60 (20%) Of
The Respondents Had Two Living Rooms/ Parlours In Their Houses, 16 (5%) Had Tree Living Rooms, While
5(2%) Had More Than Tree Living Rooms/Parlours In Their Houses. This Suggests That More Than One-Third
6. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
Of The Respondents Had One Living Room, While Respondents With More Than Three Living Rooms Were
The Least. However, Exactly One-Third Of The Respondents Had No Living Rooms In Their Houses, Which
Indicates Inadequacy Of Rooms In The Houses Among The Respondents.
The Table Also Shows That The Number Of Bathrooms In The Houses In The Respondents‟ Houses.
The Finding Reveals That 81(27%) Of The Respondents Have No Bathrooms In Their Houses,110(37%) Have
Only One Bathroom, 46(15%) Have Two Bathrooms, 20(7%) Have Three Bathrooms, While 43(14%) Of The
Respondents Have More Than Three Living Rooms In Their Houses. This Finding Reveals That Majority Of
The Houses In The Area Have No Adequate Bathroom For The Bathing Of The Household Members. The
Finding Is In Line With The Findings Of Previous Studies That Housing Facilities In Traditional And Informal
Houses Are Inadequate ([22]& [23]).
Table 5: Number Of Living Rooms In The Houses
Living Rooms And Bathrooms Frequency Percentages
No. Of Living Rooms
Not Available 90 30
One Living Room/Parlour 129 43
Two Living Rooms/Parlours 60 20
Three Living Rooms/Parlours 16 5
More Than Three Living
Rooms/Parlours
5 2
Total 300 100.0
Number Of Bathrooms
Not Available 81 27
One Bathroom 110 37
Two Bathrooms 46 15
Three Bathrooms 20 7
More Than Threebathrooms 43 14
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.6: Number Of Windows Per Rooms And Direction Of Windows
Table 6 Shows The Number Of Windows Per Rooms In The Respondents‟ Houses. The Table Also
Shows That 193(64.4%) Of The Respondents Had One Window, 99(33%) Had Two Windows, 7(2.3%) Had
Three Rooms, And 1(0.3%) Had Four Rooms. The Finding Reveals That Majority Of The Respondents Have
Only One Window In Their Houses. Furthermore, The Table Also Shows The Direction The Windows Of The
Sampled Houses. The Findings Show That 53 (18%) Of The Respondents Have Windows That Face Only One
Direction. In Addition, 127 (42%) Of The Respondents Have Windows That Face North And South Direction,
27 (9%) Have Windows Facing Three Directions, And 48 (16%) Have Windows That Face All Directions, And
45 (15%) Have Windows With Direction Facing East Or West. The Sustainable Implication Of This Is That
Majority Of The Windows Of The Sampled Houses Do Not Have Adequate Ventilation That Will Affect
Natural Lightening In The Houses Although This Could Depend Upon The Sizes Or Dimension Of The
Windows.
Table 6: Number Of Windows Per Rooms And Direction Of Windows
Number And Direction Of Windows Frequency Percentage (%)
Number Of Windows
One Window 193 64.4
Two Windows 99 33
Three Windows 7 2.3
Four Windows 1 0.3
Total 300 100
Direction Of Windows
Only One Direction (N Or E Or S Or W) 53 18
Two Directions (N And S ) 127 42
Three Directions( N,S&W; N,S & E) 27 9
All Directions 48 16
Only East Or West Directions 45 15
7. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.7: Sizes Of The Windows And Dimension Of Courtyards
Table 7 Depicts The Dimension Of The Windows. The Finding Shows That 11(4%) Of The
Respondents Have Windows With 25cm By 25m Size, 132(44%) Have 50cm By 50cm Windows, 70(23.3%)
Have 75cm By 75cm Window Size, 30(10%) Have Of 1m By 1m Window Size, And 56(18.7%) Of The
Respondents Have More Than Windows With 1m By 1m Size. This Shows That Majority Of The Windows Are
Small Thereby Limiting The Amount Of Air And Light To Penetrate Into The Rooms For Adequate Fresh Air
And Light. The Table Also Revealed That 197(66%) Of The Respondents Have Courtyards With 1msq - 10msq
37%, 78(25%) Have Courtyards With 11msq - 25msq Dimension, 18(6%) Have 26msq - 50msqcourtyards And
7(2%) Of The Respondents Have More Than 50msq Courtyards. The Finding Also Reveals That Majority Of
The Respondents Have Small Windows In Their Houses. The Sustainable Implication Of This Finding Is
Adequate Ventilation, Circulation Of Air And Penetration Of Natural Light Could Be Affected And In Turn
Might Results Poor Health Among The Residents.
Table 7: Sizes Of The Windows And Dimension Of Courtyards
Windows Sizes And Dimension Of
Courtyards
Frequency Percentage (%)
Windows Sizes
25cm By 25cm 11 4
50cm By 50cm 132 44
75cm By 75cm 70 23
1m By 1m 30 10
More Than 1m By 1m 57 19
Total 300 100
Dimension Of Courtyard
1msq - 10msq 197 66
11msq - 25msq 78 26
26msq - 50msq 18 6
More Than 50msq 7 2
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.8: Conditions Of Housing Environment
Table 8 Shows The Condition Of Housing Environment In The Study Area. The Finding Revealed
That 165(55%) Of The Respondents Littered With Dirt And Noisy, 52(17%) Have Not Spacious And Has
Rumbles Of Structures/Unpleasing To The Eye, 45(15%) Have Free From Hazard And Neat, 25(8%) Have
Neat, Airy And Pleasing, And 13(4%) Free From Hazard, Neat, Airy And Aesthetically Pleasing. This Finding
Revealed That More Than Half Of The Respondents Live In Housing Environment That Is Dirty And Noisy,
Which Will Create Pollution In The Environment. This Pollution Will Have Serious Effects On The Health Of
The Residents.
Table 8: Condition Of Housing Environment
Condition Of The Environment Frequency Percent
Littered With Dirt And Noisy 165 55
Not Spacious With Rumbles Of
Structures/Unpleasing To The Eye 52 17.3
Free From Hazard And Neat 45 15
Neat, Airy And Pleasing 25 8.3
Free From Hazard, Neat, Airy And
Aesthetically Pleasing 13 4.3
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.1.9: Type Of Landscaping In The Houses
Table 9 Shows The Type Of Landscaping In The Houses In The Area. The Finding Reveals That
219(73%) Of The Respondents Have No Landscaping In Their Houses, 10(3%) Used Cement Mixed
8. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
Landscape, 11(4%) Use Tiles Or Interlocks For Landscaping, 1(0.3%) Use Trees And Grasses For Landscaping,
59(20%) Of The Respondents Use Hedges For Landscaping In The Area. The Finding Reveals That The
Respondents Use Various Materials For Landscaping In The Area, Although Majority Have No Landscaping In
The Study Area. The Finding Also Indicates That In Traditional Or Informal Housing Environment,
Landscaping Is Not Given A Priority In The Area, Despite Its Environmental Protection And Beautification.
Table 9: Type Of Landscaping In The House
Types Of Landscaping Frequency Percent
Not Applicable 219 73
Cement Mixed Landscape 10 3.3
Tiles/Interlock Landscape/Terrazzo 11 3.7
Trees And Grasses 1 0.3
Ornamental Flowers An Hedges 59 19.7
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.2 Characteristics Of Neighbourhood Facilities In The Study Area
3.2.1: Sources Of Water Supply
Table 10 Shows The Sources Of Water Supply Among The Respondents In The Study Area. The Table
Reveals That 103 (34%) Of The Respondents Used Hand Dug Well As The Main Source Of Water Supply In
The Study Area And 8 (9%) Source Water From Water Vendor, 32(11%) Source From Borehole, 45(15%)
Source From Municipal Tap Water, And 92 (31%) Of The Respondents Source Water From Both Borehole And
Tap. This Finding Revealed That The Respondents In The Study Area Source Their Water Used For Domestics
And Other Usage From Various Sources With More Than One-Third Sourcing Their Water From Wells And
Water Vendors. The Finding Also Indicates That The Respondents Have Little Access To Public Municipal Tap
Water Provided By Government In The Area.
Table 10: Sources Of Water Supply
Sources Of Water Supply Frequency Percent
Hand Dug Well 103 34.3
Water Vendors 28 9.3
Borehole 32 10.7
Municipal Tap Water 45 15
Borehole And Tap 92 30.7
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.2.2: Method Of Waste Disposal
Table 11 Shows The Methods Of Waste Disposal In The Study Area. The Finding Revealed That
26(9%) Of The Respondents Dispose Their Wastes In The Gutter/Drainage, 172(57%) Dispose In Uncompleted
Buildings Or Open Spaces, 2(1%) Dispose In The Incinerator/ Burnt It, 82(27%) Dispose At Dump Site
Provided By Government And 18(6%) Dispose Their Wastes At The Bins/Buckets Provided By Private Waste
Disposal Agencies. The Finding Reveals That The Respondents Dispose The Waste Generated From Their
Homes In Various Places, But Majority Dispose The Waste In Unauthorised Dumping Sites In The Area.The
Implication Of This Finding Is That Policies Towards Sustainable Environmental Sanitation Should Focus On
Provision Of Adequate Dumping Sites In The Area And Government Should Ensure Appropriate Waste
Deposition In The Authorised Sites Such As Public Bins And Buckets.
Table 11: Method Of Waste Disposal
Method Of Waste Disposal Frequency Percent
In The Gutter/Drainage 26 8.7
In Uncompleted Building/Any
Available Space
172 57
Incinerator/Burn It 2 1
At Dumpsite Provided By
Government
82 27
Bins/Buckets Provided By Private
Waste Disposal Agencies
18 6
9. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 82 | Page
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.2.3: Proximity To Public Facilities(School/ Hospital/Market/Security Post)
Table 11 Depicts The Proximity To Public Facilities In The Study Area. The Finding Shows That 135
(45%) Of The Respondents Claimed That There Are No Public Facilities Closer To Them In Their Area,
160(53%) Have Only One Among The Listed Facilities, 3(1%) Have Two Of The Facilities, And 2(0.7%) Of
The Respondents Have Proximity To More Than Two Of The Facilities. This Finding Reveals That Majority Of
The Respondents Have No Public Facilities Or Have Proximity To Only One Facility In Their Area. The
Sustainability Implication Of This Finding Is That Any Policy The Target Future Provision And Improvement
Of Public Facilities Should Focus On The Proximity Of Such Facilities For Maximum And Convenient
Utilisation Among The Residents In The Area.
Table 12: Proximity To Facilities(School/ Hospital/Market/Security Post)
Proximity To Facilities Frequency Percent
No Facilities 135 45
One Facility 160 53.3
Two Facilities 3 1
More Than Two Facilities 2 0.7
Total 300 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
3.2.4: Multiple Regression Model Summary, Anova And Coefficient
To Find Out The Best Predictor For Ventilation In The Study Area A Stepwise Multiple Linear
Regression Model Was Used. Prior To Result Interpretation, Classical Assumption Of Linear Regression
According To [24], [25] And [26]Were Checked. An Inspection Of Normal P-P Plot Of Regression
Standardized Residuals Revealed That All The Observed Values Are From Normally Distributed Population.
Furthermore, The Scatter Plot (Standardized) Predicted Values Against Observed Values Indicated That The
Relationship Between The Dependant Variable And The Predictors Is Linear And The Residuals Variances Are
Equal Or Constant.In Addition, Collinearity Diagnostic Table Obtained Indicates That None Of The Models
Dimensions Has Conditional Index Above The Threshold Limit Of 30.0 And None Of The Tolerance Values Is
Smaller Than 0.10 And None Of The Variance Inflation Factor (Vif) Statistics Is Less Than 10.0. This Indicated
That There Is No Multicollinearity Among The Predictors‟ Variables Of The Model. Since There Is No
Multicollinearity Problem, The Predictors In The Ventilation And Lighting Of Room In The Final Models And
The Classification Assumptions Of Normality, Linearity And Equality Of Variance Are Met. It Is Reasonable
To Conclude That The Estimated Multiple Linear Regression Models To Explain Ventilation And Lighting Of
Rooms In Giginyu Are Stable, Good And Quite Respectable. Furthermore, Based On The Stepwise Method Of
Linear Regressions, Four Predictors Variables Were Found To Be Of Significance In Explain Ventilation And
Room Lighting (Table 13), They Are Number Of Rooms, Number Of Windows In Each Room, Windows
Direction, And Size Of Window, Other Variables That Did Not Contribute To Explaining Ventilation Were
Excluded. Obtained R-Square Of 0.912in Table 13 Means That The Four-Predictor Variables Explained About
91.2% Of The Ventilation Variation In Giginyu.
The Anova Table (Table 14) Revealed That The F-Statistics (F =763.581) Was Very Large And The
Corresponding P Value Was Highly Significant (P = 0.0001) Or Lower Than The Alpha Value (0.05). The
Result In Table 15 Also Revealed That The Largest Beta Coefficient Was Direction Window Faces With 0.682,
Which Means That The Direction Window Faces Makes The Strongest Unique Contributions In Explaining The
Variation Of Ventilation And Room Lighting When The Variance Explained By Other Predictors In The Model
Is Controlled. This Indicates That As One Standard Deviation Increases In The Concentration Of Direction
Windows Faces, 0.682 Standard Deviation Increases In The Variation Of Ventilation And Room Lighting In
The Study Area. The Beta Value For Size Of Windows Was The Second Highest (0.562), Followed By Number
Of Windows In The Room (0.051), While The Least Was Number Of Rooms In The Houses
(0.007).Furthermore, Direction Of Window Faces And Size Of Windows Are All Significant Factors That
Predict Ventilation And Room Lighting In The Houses In The Study Area.
Table 13: Model Summary
10. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 83 | Page
Mod
el
R R Square Adjuste
d R
Square
Std. Error Of The
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square Change F Change Df1 Df
2
Sig. F
Change
1 .955a
.912 .911 .411 .912 763.581 4 293 .000
A. Predictors: (Constant), Sizes Of The Windows , Number Of Rooms In The Household, Direction Window Faces,
Number Of Windows In Each Room
B. Dependent Variable: Ventilation And Lighting Of Room
Table 14: Anova
Model Sum Of
Squares
Df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 516.530 4 129.133 763.581 .000b
Residual 49.550 293 .169
Total 566.081 297
A. Dependent Variable: Ventilation In The Rooms
B. Predictors: (Constant), Sizes Of The Windows, Number Of Rooms ,Direction Window
Faces, And Number Of Windows Per Room
Table 15: Coefficients
a. Dependent Variable: Ventilation in the rooms
IV. CONCLUSION
This Paper Assesses Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu,
Nassarawa Local Government,Kano State. The Findings Of This Study Revealed Thatmajority Of The
Respondents In The Study Area Live In Traditional Housesand Majority Of The Houses Are Occupied By Only
One Household, And Source Their Water From Wells And Water Vendors. In Addition, Most Of The Houses In
The Studyhave Only One Window And Are Small With Little Ventilation And Majority Of The Residents
Dispose Waste In Unauthorised Dumping Sites, And More Than Half Of Them Live In Dirty And Noisy
Housing Environment. Majority Of Houses In The Study Area Have No Landscaping Lackadequate Public
Facilities.The Finding Also Revealed That The Direction Window Faces Makes The Strongest Unique
Contributions In Explaining The Variation Of Ventilation And Room Lighting When The Variance Explained
By Other Predictors In The Model Is Controlled. It Is Recommended That For The Achievement Of Sustainable
Human Settlement Contained In The Sustainable Development Goals, Urban Renewal Programme And Housing
Improvement By Authority Should Provide Facilities And Services And Direction Of Window Faces As Well
As Size Of The Widows Need To Be Considered For Adequate Variation Of Ventilation And Room Lighting In
Houses In The Study Area.
REFERENCES
[1]. Pokharel, J.R. (2006). Economic Policy Network , Paper 26, A Policy Study On Urban Housing In Nepal
Prepared For Economic Policy Network Government Of Nepal/ Ministry Of Finance Singha Durbar,
Kathmandu, Nepal And Asian Development Bank Nepal Resident Mission Srikunja, Kamaladi,
Kathmandu
[2]. Aribigbola, A.(2000). Conceptual Issues In Housing And Housing Provision In Nigeria. In: Effective
Housing In The 21st Century Niegria. O.B.
11. Assessment Of Housing Quality And Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Giginyu, ..
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304047484 www.iosrjournals.org 84 | Page
[3]. Turner, J. F. C. (1972). Housing As A Verb.Injohn F C Turner & Robert Fichter, (Eds) Freedom To
Build, Dweller Control Of The Housing Process, Collier Macmillan, New York, Pp 149 – 175.
[4]. Agbola, T. (1998): The Housing Of Nigerians: A Review Of Policy Development And Implementation.
Research Report, 14, Development Policy Centre, Ibadan.
[5]. Ezenagu, V.C. (2000). Fundamentals Of Housing, Akwa Fountain Publishers, Anambra State, Nigeria,
(P. 298)
[6]. Oladapo Aa (2006). A Study Of Tenant Maintenance Awareness, Responsibility And Satisfaction In
Institutional Housing In Nigeria. Int. J. Strategic Prop. Manage. Vilnius Gediminas Technology.
University,10: 217-231.
[7]. Anofojie, A. E., Adeleye O. A. &Kadiri, M.A. (2014). Housing Quality Assessment In Selected Public
Residential Estates In Amuwo-Odofin L.G.A. Lagos, Nigeria.International Journal Of Research In Earth
And Environmental Sciences, 2(6).
[8]. Jiboye A.D. (2011) Urbanization Challenges And Housing Delivery In Nigeria:The Need For An
Effective Policy Framework For Sustainable Development. International Review Of Social Science And
Humanities Vol. 2, No.1 Pp 176- 185
[9]. Fieden, P. (2011) Adopting To Climate Change: Cities And The Urban Poor. International Housing
Coalision. Pp 1-27
[10]. Adefila, J.O. (2012). The Effects Of Urbanward Migration On The Residential Sector In Ilorin
Metropolis Kwara State Of Nigeria, International Journal Of Asian Social Science, Asian Economic And
Social Society, 2(4), Pp. 488-496
[11]. Awotona, A. (1988) The Perceptions Of Housing Conditions In Nigeria By The Urban Poor, Habitat
[12]. International, 12(3), Pp. 75–96.
[13]. Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (1991).Nigeria's Threatened Environment: A National
Profile, Human Habitat, Intec Printers Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria. (Pp. 204-247).
[14]. Dankani, I. M. (2013). Constraints To Sustainable Physical Planning In Metropolitan Kano, International
Journal Of Management And Social Sciences Research, 2( 3), 34 – 42.
[15]. Onibokun P (1973). Environmental Issues In Housing Habitability. Environ. Plann.5: 461-476.
[16]. Stanke D. 1999.Ventilation Through The Years: A Perspective.Ashrae Journal, 41(8), 40-43.
[17]. Persily A. 2006. What We Think We Know About Ventilation. International Journal Of Ventilation, 5(3),
275-290.
[18]. Seppanen O., Fisk W.J. And Lei Q.H. 2006. Ventilation And Performance In Office Work. Indoor Air, 16
(1) 28-36.
[19]. Seppanen O.A. And Fisk W. 2006.Some Quantitative Relations Between Indoor Environmental Quality
And Work Performance Or Health.Hvac&R Research, 12 (4), 957-973.
[20]. Olofin E.A, (2008). The Physical Setting.In E.A. Olofin, A.B. Nabegu& A. M. Dambazau.Wudil Within
Kano Region: A Geographical Synthesis (Pp. Pp. 5-34). Kano: Adamujoji Publishers.
[21]. Lambu, I.B. (2014). Belief Without Faith, The Effect Of Business Of Religion In Kano State, Religious
Map Of The World, Kentucky University Usa: Springer International.
[22]. Nwaka, G.I.(2005). The Urban Informal Sector In Nigeria: Towards Economic Development,
Environmental Health And Social Harmony. Global Urban Development Magazine, 16: 11-17.
[23]. Abdu, A., &Hashim, A, H. (2015).Comparison Of Residential Satisfaction Among Young Households In
Three Unplanned Neighbourhoods In Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal Of Humanities And Social
Science 20 (2), Ver.Iii, 42-53.
[24]. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using Spss.3rd
Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
[25]. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using Ibm Spss Statistics, 4th Edition. London: Sage Publications
Ltd.
[26]. Pallant, J. (2011). Spss Survival Manual 4th Edition: A Step By Step Guide To Data Analysis Using Spss
Version 18. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press.Retrieved On 10/05/2012 From
Http://Www.Allenandunwin. Com/Spss.
Ado Abdu" Assessment of Housing Quality and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of
Giginyu, Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State "IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social
Science (IOSR-JHSS). vol. 23 no. 04, 2018, pp. 74-84.