This study was designed to assess farmers grain storage containers in relation to buildup of storage pests in three
selected districts of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on the production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat and faba bean. Then, 25 households were randomly
selected from each district to collect stored grain samples used for the identification of storage insect pests, and
grain samples were taken from different storage structures, including un-plastered and plastered gombisa, gumbi,
and polypropylene sacks. The results showed that the dominant insect species in maize, sorghum and wheat grains
were weevils (Sitophilus spp.) followed by the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and flour
beetles (Tribolium spp.), while the bean weevil (Zabrotes spp.) was the only species recovered from stored faba
beans. High numbers of insects were recorded from both plastered and un-plastered gombisa, gumbi and
polypropylene sacks. In addition, the number of each insect pest in each storage method recorded per 100 g-1 grain
increased as the duration of grain storage increased. The results of this study also demonstrated that most of the
farmers in the study areas perceived insect pests and rodents as the main postharvest pests causing considerable
losses of stored grains. The poor storage systems of farmers predispose the stored grains to insect and rodent
attacks. Thus, there is a need to train farmers on storage hygiene and to develop and disseminate efficient grain
storage facilities to reduce losses in grain stores. Moreover, further studies need an improved pest detection method,
such as the use of bioacoustics tools, to manage pests associated with grain stores.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Acceptance of aerial yam (dioscorea bulbifera l.) for food in biu emirate cou...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the acceptance and nutritional value of aerial yam in Biu Emirate Council, Borno State, Nigeria. The study found that 85% of respondents eat aerial yam as a supplement, especially in the dry season when it is common and cheap. Most consumers are 36 years or older. Opinions on taste varied, with 58.82% finding it tasteless. Nutritional analysis found aerial yam to be high in dry matter and carbohydrates, with moderate protein, fat, and fiber. The document recommends incorporating aerial yam into cropping systems given its nutritional profile and ease of production.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
The Study of Causes Losses Post-Harvests Of Cereal the Case of the Wheat - Ba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The document discusses various types of gene banks and methods for conserving plant genetic resources ex situ. It describes seed banks, tissue banks, cryo banks, pollen banks, field gene banks, sperm banks and ova banks. It provides details on how each method preserves genetic material and which types of plants each method can be used for. The document also discusses best practices for managing gene bank accessions through electronic databases to facilitate utilization of plant genetic resources.
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmer fields in 3 districts of Southern Ethiopia. The objectives were to test the adaptability and acceptance of wheat varieties and technologies. Data was collected on agronomic traits and yield. Analysis of variance showed varieties significantly impacted traits. Mean yield was 1.78 t/ha but varied by district. Farmers in all districts ranked the Digalu variety first. The study aimed to identify best varieties and increase wheat production and productivity in the region through participatory evaluation and technology dissemination.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Acceptance of aerial yam (dioscorea bulbifera l.) for food in biu emirate cou...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the acceptance and nutritional value of aerial yam in Biu Emirate Council, Borno State, Nigeria. The study found that 85% of respondents eat aerial yam as a supplement, especially in the dry season when it is common and cheap. Most consumers are 36 years or older. Opinions on taste varied, with 58.82% finding it tasteless. Nutritional analysis found aerial yam to be high in dry matter and carbohydrates, with moderate protein, fat, and fiber. The document recommends incorporating aerial yam into cropping systems given its nutritional profile and ease of production.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
The Study of Causes Losses Post-Harvests Of Cereal the Case of the Wheat - Ba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The document discusses various types of gene banks and methods for conserving plant genetic resources ex situ. It describes seed banks, tissue banks, cryo banks, pollen banks, field gene banks, sperm banks and ova banks. It provides details on how each method preserves genetic material and which types of plants each method can be used for. The document also discusses best practices for managing gene bank accessions through electronic databases to facilitate utilization of plant genetic resources.
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmer fields in 3 districts of Southern Ethiopia. The objectives were to test the adaptability and acceptance of wheat varieties and technologies. Data was collected on agronomic traits and yield. Analysis of variance showed varieties significantly impacted traits. Mean yield was 1.78 t/ha but varied by district. Farmers in all districts ranked the Digalu variety first. The study aimed to identify best varieties and increase wheat production and productivity in the region through participatory evaluation and technology dissemination.
This document compares seven methods for assessing stored cereal losses to insects. It conducted experiments infesting wheat and barley grains with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) under controlled conditions. It then applied seven assessment methods to the infested grains: 1) visual inspection, 2) uncorrected weight loss, 3) modified standard volume/weight ratio, 4) grain count and weight, 5) percentage of damaged grains converted to weight loss, 6) one thousand grain mass, and 7) one thousand grain mass including dust. The results showed wide variation in estimated grain mass losses depending on the method used, from 9.3-25.8% for barley and 2.2-12.5
Assessment of grain storage technologies for effective marketing in sustainin...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed grain storage technologies used by traders in Southwest Nigeria to support the country's food security program. The study surveyed 120 rural and urban traders across 3 states. It found that traders preferred recommended modern storage technologies except silos. Only sacks were preferred from traditional storage methods. Key factors influencing the use of modern technologies included attributes of the technologies and communication. There were significant relationships between usage and quantity of grains stored, experience, and education level, but not age or income. Rural and urban traders did not differ significantly in their usage of recommended technologies. The study recommended improving outreach to traders through training and communication channels to promote better storage practices.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
This document discusses efforts to enhance the utilization of germplasm collections for crop improvement. It outlines how scientists at ICRISAT developed core and mini core collections representing entire germplasm collections to overcome issues with the large size of collections. These subsets were extensively evaluated at multiple locations and through field days to identify promising sources for breeding programs. Only a small portion of total germplasm had previously been used in breeding due to large collection sizes, lack of data, and limited access. The development of core and mini core collections aimed to facilitate greater utilization of genetic resources.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
IRJET- Use of Triple Bagging System and Lippia Multiflora Leaves for the Mine...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effectiveness of triple bagging systems with or without Lippia multiflora leaves for preserving the mineral quality of stored cowpea seeds. Cowpea seeds were stored in polypropylene bags alone or triple bagging systems with 0%, 0.7%, 2.5%, 4.3%, or 5% Lippia multiflora leaves over 8 months. Mineral contents were analyzed monthly and multivariate analysis was used to classify samples. Results showed minerals decreased significantly in polypropylene bags over 4.5 months but remained stable in triple bagging systems, especially with ≥0.7% leaves, over 8 months. Estimated mineral intakes were higher when seeds were stored in triple bag
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Evaluation of Effect of Storage Period on Bulk density of Stored Grain Maize ...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted in 2017/18 for the evaluation of effect of storage period on bulk density of stored maize grains. The experiment was replicated three times in randomized complete block designs. The treatments were three storage types (Gombisa, sack and Hermetic bag and storage periods (initial loading day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) months. All the data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using the PROC GLM procedure and difference among means were compared by the least significant difference (LSD). The correlation between parameters was examined using Pearson ‘s correlation coefficient using PROC CORR procedure of the SAS software. The result showed significant different (P<0.05) among storage periods and high bulk density 704.3 Kg/m3 was recorded in the initial first two months of storage whereas, the minimum 556.4 Kg/m3 value was obtained in 6 months. The bulk density values in each storage exhibited significant reduction as the storage periods increased reaching down to 523.3 kg/m,3 for Gombisa and 573.0 Kg/m3 for Sack and Hermetic bag at the last six months of storage periods. From this study, it can be concluded that until the fourth months of storage the grains have better bulk density and also Hermetic bag storage showed better result throughout the storage periods.
This document discusses genetic resource documentation at ICRISAT. It maintains four categories of information for each accession: passport data, conservation data, characterization data, and distribution data. Staff are engaged in entering, verifying, scanning, and photocopying germplasm documentation. They also use GIS software to assign geographic coordinates to over 30,000 accessions with location data. Scientists at ICRISAT have published numerous articles, book chapters, and other materials to disseminate knowledge about the genebank collections.
The document discusses breadfruit germplasm and genetic diversity. It notes that while breadfruit is widely distributed, little work has been done to characterize and describe its many varieties. It recommends establishing a core collection of varieties in tissue culture to facilitate exchange and conservation of genetic resources. A 2007 symposium proposed transferring this core collection to other laboratories to multiply varieties and develop standardized evaluation protocols to study diversity and identify locally adapted varieties.
This document discusses genetic resources, including their definition as genetic material with actual or potential value. It describes genetic resources for food and agriculture as the raw materials relied on to improve crop and livestock productivity. The principles of conserving genetic resources according to the Convention on Biological Diversity and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources are outlined. Commercial and non-commercial uses of genetic resources are examined, along with a case study of a bioprospecting program in Panama.
Stenocarpella maydis and Fusarium graminearum maize cob rots are two most devastating cob rots in maize which causes yield losses and reduce grain quality as a result of mycotoxins which is produced from this fungus. Developing varieties resistant to cob rots is a practical and economic strategy that provides cheaper protection against yield loss and poor grain quality. There is still low adoption of improved varieties partly because of limited incorporation of farmer preferred standards. Therefore farmers’ preferences and perceptions should be captured early in a breeding program to enhance the adoption of released varieties. A focus group discussion (FGD) participatory approach was used in four districts of Uganda to assess farmers’ perceptions on maize cob rots and to investigate the possibilities of breeding for farmer-preferred cob rot resistant varieties. Semi- structured questionnaires were administered to selected seed merchants to consolidate and verify farmers’ reporting on seed varieties. Results ofinvestigationsuggested that absolute cob rot resistance was associated with undesirable traits such as small seededness, late maturing and low yields. Yield and earliness were the most preferred farmer agronomic traits, with a farmer-preference mean derived score of 4.5 and 3.75 respectively from the total of 5. In this regard, selection for farmer-preferred cob rot resistance varieties should strike a balance between yield and or earliness with cob rot resistance.
This document discusses genetic resource conservation. It describes ex situ conservation methods like seed banks, in vitro storage, cryopreservation, and botanical gardens. Seed banks are the most widely used method, storing seeds at low moisture and sub-zero temperatures to preserve them for decades. In vitro storage maintains plant explants in sterile culture but risks somaclonal variation. Cryopreservation freezes plant materials in liquid nitrogen and may allow indefinite storage. Field gene banks and botanical gardens conserve small numbers of species. In situ conservation maintains genetic variation on site through protected areas, on-farms, and home gardens. The document emphasizes an integrated approach using complementary ex situ and in situ methods.
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
The document discusses plant germplasm resources (PGRs) in India. It provides background on the historical collection and conservation of PGRs in India. It notes that Dr. Harbhajan Singh and Dr. R.H. Richharia made significant contributions to collecting rice germplasm in India, with Dr. Richharia documenting over 19,000 rice varieties. It also summarizes the status of PGR collection and conservation in Chhattisgarh state, including over 23,000 rice accessions collected and conserved by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Finally, it outlines the key activities related to PGRs like exploration, collection, conservation,
The document discusses various activities related to plant genetic resources including exploration and collection, conservation, evaluation, documentation, multiplication, and utilization of germplasm. It describes exploration as collecting genetic material from various sources and assembling it in one place. Germplasm conservation methods include in situ conservation of genetic resources in their natural habitat and ex situ conservation by preserving genetic material outside its natural habitat, such as storing seed. Evaluation of germplasm involves analyzing collected samples for morphological, genetic, economic, and other traits. Documentation involves compiling and disseminating information about genetic resources activities like collection and storage. Utilization refers to using germplasm in crop improvement programs.
Re-collection to assess temporal variation in wild barley diversity in JordanBioversity International
Presentation delivered by Dr Imke Thormann at the International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, held in Delhi, India, 6-9 November.
Imke Thormann's presentation focused on crop wild relative genetic erosion and how it can be studied.
Find out more about the India Agrobiodiversity Congress:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/iac2016/
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Premier Publishers
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
This document compares seven methods for assessing stored cereal losses to insects. It conducted experiments infesting wheat and barley grains with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) under controlled conditions. It then applied seven assessment methods to the infested grains: 1) visual inspection, 2) uncorrected weight loss, 3) modified standard volume/weight ratio, 4) grain count and weight, 5) percentage of damaged grains converted to weight loss, 6) one thousand grain mass, and 7) one thousand grain mass including dust. The results showed wide variation in estimated grain mass losses depending on the method used, from 9.3-25.8% for barley and 2.2-12.5
Assessment of grain storage technologies for effective marketing in sustainin...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed grain storage technologies used by traders in Southwest Nigeria to support the country's food security program. The study surveyed 120 rural and urban traders across 3 states. It found that traders preferred recommended modern storage technologies except silos. Only sacks were preferred from traditional storage methods. Key factors influencing the use of modern technologies included attributes of the technologies and communication. There were significant relationships between usage and quantity of grains stored, experience, and education level, but not age or income. Rural and urban traders did not differ significantly in their usage of recommended technologies. The study recommended improving outreach to traders through training and communication channels to promote better storage practices.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
This document discusses efforts to enhance the utilization of germplasm collections for crop improvement. It outlines how scientists at ICRISAT developed core and mini core collections representing entire germplasm collections to overcome issues with the large size of collections. These subsets were extensively evaluated at multiple locations and through field days to identify promising sources for breeding programs. Only a small portion of total germplasm had previously been used in breeding due to large collection sizes, lack of data, and limited access. The development of core and mini core collections aimed to facilitate greater utilization of genetic resources.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
IRJET- Use of Triple Bagging System and Lippia Multiflora Leaves for the Mine...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effectiveness of triple bagging systems with or without Lippia multiflora leaves for preserving the mineral quality of stored cowpea seeds. Cowpea seeds were stored in polypropylene bags alone or triple bagging systems with 0%, 0.7%, 2.5%, 4.3%, or 5% Lippia multiflora leaves over 8 months. Mineral contents were analyzed monthly and multivariate analysis was used to classify samples. Results showed minerals decreased significantly in polypropylene bags over 4.5 months but remained stable in triple bagging systems, especially with ≥0.7% leaves, over 8 months. Estimated mineral intakes were higher when seeds were stored in triple bag
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Evaluation of Effect of Storage Period on Bulk density of Stored Grain Maize ...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted in 2017/18 for the evaluation of effect of storage period on bulk density of stored maize grains. The experiment was replicated three times in randomized complete block designs. The treatments were three storage types (Gombisa, sack and Hermetic bag and storage periods (initial loading day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) months. All the data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using the PROC GLM procedure and difference among means were compared by the least significant difference (LSD). The correlation between parameters was examined using Pearson ‘s correlation coefficient using PROC CORR procedure of the SAS software. The result showed significant different (P<0.05) among storage periods and high bulk density 704.3 Kg/m3 was recorded in the initial first two months of storage whereas, the minimum 556.4 Kg/m3 value was obtained in 6 months. The bulk density values in each storage exhibited significant reduction as the storage periods increased reaching down to 523.3 kg/m,3 for Gombisa and 573.0 Kg/m3 for Sack and Hermetic bag at the last six months of storage periods. From this study, it can be concluded that until the fourth months of storage the grains have better bulk density and also Hermetic bag storage showed better result throughout the storage periods.
This document discusses genetic resource documentation at ICRISAT. It maintains four categories of information for each accession: passport data, conservation data, characterization data, and distribution data. Staff are engaged in entering, verifying, scanning, and photocopying germplasm documentation. They also use GIS software to assign geographic coordinates to over 30,000 accessions with location data. Scientists at ICRISAT have published numerous articles, book chapters, and other materials to disseminate knowledge about the genebank collections.
The document discusses breadfruit germplasm and genetic diversity. It notes that while breadfruit is widely distributed, little work has been done to characterize and describe its many varieties. It recommends establishing a core collection of varieties in tissue culture to facilitate exchange and conservation of genetic resources. A 2007 symposium proposed transferring this core collection to other laboratories to multiply varieties and develop standardized evaluation protocols to study diversity and identify locally adapted varieties.
This document discusses genetic resources, including their definition as genetic material with actual or potential value. It describes genetic resources for food and agriculture as the raw materials relied on to improve crop and livestock productivity. The principles of conserving genetic resources according to the Convention on Biological Diversity and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources are outlined. Commercial and non-commercial uses of genetic resources are examined, along with a case study of a bioprospecting program in Panama.
Stenocarpella maydis and Fusarium graminearum maize cob rots are two most devastating cob rots in maize which causes yield losses and reduce grain quality as a result of mycotoxins which is produced from this fungus. Developing varieties resistant to cob rots is a practical and economic strategy that provides cheaper protection against yield loss and poor grain quality. There is still low adoption of improved varieties partly because of limited incorporation of farmer preferred standards. Therefore farmers’ preferences and perceptions should be captured early in a breeding program to enhance the adoption of released varieties. A focus group discussion (FGD) participatory approach was used in four districts of Uganda to assess farmers’ perceptions on maize cob rots and to investigate the possibilities of breeding for farmer-preferred cob rot resistant varieties. Semi- structured questionnaires were administered to selected seed merchants to consolidate and verify farmers’ reporting on seed varieties. Results ofinvestigationsuggested that absolute cob rot resistance was associated with undesirable traits such as small seededness, late maturing and low yields. Yield and earliness were the most preferred farmer agronomic traits, with a farmer-preference mean derived score of 4.5 and 3.75 respectively from the total of 5. In this regard, selection for farmer-preferred cob rot resistance varieties should strike a balance between yield and or earliness with cob rot resistance.
This document discusses genetic resource conservation. It describes ex situ conservation methods like seed banks, in vitro storage, cryopreservation, and botanical gardens. Seed banks are the most widely used method, storing seeds at low moisture and sub-zero temperatures to preserve them for decades. In vitro storage maintains plant explants in sterile culture but risks somaclonal variation. Cryopreservation freezes plant materials in liquid nitrogen and may allow indefinite storage. Field gene banks and botanical gardens conserve small numbers of species. In situ conservation maintains genetic variation on site through protected areas, on-farms, and home gardens. The document emphasizes an integrated approach using complementary ex situ and in situ methods.
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
The document discusses plant germplasm resources (PGRs) in India. It provides background on the historical collection and conservation of PGRs in India. It notes that Dr. Harbhajan Singh and Dr. R.H. Richharia made significant contributions to collecting rice germplasm in India, with Dr. Richharia documenting over 19,000 rice varieties. It also summarizes the status of PGR collection and conservation in Chhattisgarh state, including over 23,000 rice accessions collected and conserved by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Finally, it outlines the key activities related to PGRs like exploration, collection, conservation,
The document discusses various activities related to plant genetic resources including exploration and collection, conservation, evaluation, documentation, multiplication, and utilization of germplasm. It describes exploration as collecting genetic material from various sources and assembling it in one place. Germplasm conservation methods include in situ conservation of genetic resources in their natural habitat and ex situ conservation by preserving genetic material outside its natural habitat, such as storing seed. Evaluation of germplasm involves analyzing collected samples for morphological, genetic, economic, and other traits. Documentation involves compiling and disseminating information about genetic resources activities like collection and storage. Utilization refers to using germplasm in crop improvement programs.
Re-collection to assess temporal variation in wild barley diversity in JordanBioversity International
Presentation delivered by Dr Imke Thormann at the International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, held in Delhi, India, 6-9 November.
Imke Thormann's presentation focused on crop wild relative genetic erosion and how it can be studied.
Find out more about the India Agrobiodiversity Congress:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/iac2016/
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Premier Publishers
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
Farmers perception on production constraints, trait preference and variety se...Innspub Net
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Kenya is mainly practiced on a small scale and productivity per hectare is lower compared with the world average, despite its promotion in different regions. The chickpea adoption rate is also relatively slow, despite its benefits. This study investigated farmers’ production constraints, preferred traits, and selection criteria for specific varieties to generate information that can assist in the development of new varieties, which can be more readily adopted by farmers. A participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was conducted in Bomet and Embu counties of Kenya. The direct ranking was used to identify farmers’ constraints to chickpea production, preferred traits, and specific chickpea varieties based on preference. The collected data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Farmers’ responses indicated that the major production constraints were pests and disease infestations, drought, lack of early-maturing varieties, lack of market, and lack of information on chickpea production and utilization. The farmers reported that they preferred ICCV 97105, ICCV 92944, and ICCV 00108 due to high yielding, drought tolerant, early maturing, and pest and disease resistance. Farmers in both counties also had a higher preference for Desi than Kabuli chickpea types because of tolerance to drought and disease resistance and that its testa does not peel off when cooked. This study revealed farmer-preferred traits in varieties they would want to grow. Breeders should aim at developing varieties with multiple traits for increased chickpea adoption and production in Kenya.
Incidence and toxigenicity of fungi contaminating sorghum from NigeriaPremier Publishers
Each Agro ecological zone was transversely delineated into 5 districts and five villages (at least 20 Km from each other) called “locations” were selected in each district. In each district, Sorghum grains in stores, bunches in the field and sorghum grains in the market were sampled from five locations, each approximately 20 km from the previous sampling location. The mycological analytical procedures were performed under aseptic condition. Plates were counted for fungal colonies using a colony counter and the number of fungal colonies per gram of sample was calculated as CFU/g. The fungi species were isolated and subsequently identified using MEA/CYA media for Aspergillus and Penicillium species and PDA for the fusarium species Toxigenicity studies on strains representing species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium was carried out to determine their ability to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); aflatoxin B2 (AFB2); aflatoxin G1 (AFG1); aflatoxin G2 (AFG2); OTA, ZEN, DON and FB1. A total of 701 isolates were recorded which consist of 67 confirmed fungal strains. Aspergillus species formed the majority with 346(49.6%) followed by the Fusarium species with 186(26.7%) then Penicillium species with 102(14.6%) while others such as Cuvularia, Phoma, Alternaria, Rhizormucor constitutes 67 (9.0% )strains of the total population.
An agro economic performance of maize under different weeding regimesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the agro-economic performance of maize under different weeding regimes for controlling Siam weed in Southwestern Nigeria. Field experiments were conducted over two years to evaluate yields and economic indicators under different timing of weeding. Results showed that keeping plots weed-free for the first 8 weeks after planting was as effective as weeding throughout, yielding 4.5 tonnes/hectare with a net return of $629.98 and benefit-cost ratio of 1.9:1. Weeding every 4 weeks for the first 8 weeks is recommended for maize farmers in the region to minimize weed competition and maximize returns.
Spawn and spawning strategies for the cultivation ofDr. siddhant
The document discusses research on different spawn and spawning strategies for cultivating the mushroom Pleurotus eous. The key findings were:
- Spawn developed on oat and barley grains produced the highest yields of 340g and 339g respectively, with biological efficiencies of 68% and 67.8%.
- Among agricultural wastes tested as alternative spawn substrates, hulled corn cob yielded 330g with 66% biological efficiency and proved the best alternative to grain spawn.
- All three spawning techniques tested (top, thorough, and layer spawning) produced similar yields, though thorough spawning had slightly shorter colonization and fruiting times.
Evaluation of Improved Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) Varieties for Adaptation ...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out to evaluate and identify adapted improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (Fabaceae) varieties in southern tigray lowlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate three improved cowpea varieties for yield and yield related traits under rain-fed conditions at Mekoni Agricultural Research Center site and Kara Adisheho farmer’s field. Analysis of variance showed that all the traits measured were statistically significant at 5% level of probability except plant height. The earliest days to 90% maturity (79 days) were observed for the variety Kenkety, whereas the longest was recorded by bole variety (89.6 days). Similarly, Kenkety variety filled their seeds in a short period of time (25 days) compared to Assebot and Bole varieties (29; 32 days). The highest pooled mean grain yield was obtained from Kenkety variety (1958 kgha-1), while Assebot and Bole had the lowest yield of 1656 and 1481 kgha-1 respectively. When we see variety × location wise mean, still Kenkety variety outsmarts in both locations over the varieties and Kara Adisheho were suitable for cowpea production with (2128 kgha-1) grain yield. Taken as a whole, Kenkety variety over weights Assebot and Bole varieties especially for the two main traits of earliness and yield performance. Thus, Kenkety was promising variety for demonstration and scaling up activities in the agro ecology.
This document summarizes a study on the toxicity of pesticides used for storing cereal, legumes, and oilseeds in Ganye, southern Adamawa State, Nigeria. Poor storage structures have led farmers to use banned, overdosed, and improperly approved pesticides. The study found that long-term exposure to pesticides used during storage has resulted in 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and grain merchants in the study area. Consumption of grains treated with these pesticides poses health risks to humans and livestock. The study concludes that alternative storage methods and structures are needed to reduce pesticide contamination of grains and protect public health.
Agronomic, Yield and Quality Performance Evaluation of Improved Vetch Varieti...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out to introduce and evaluate the adaptability of specific vetch genotypes based on yield, yield components and nutritional quality in Guji Zone, Ethiopia. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks, each containing 7 plots of vetch accessions namely; Vicia villosa IRLI, Vicia atropurporea, Vicia villosa Holota, Vicia sativa ICARD 61509, Vicia sativa ICARD 61744, Vicia dasycarpa lana and Vicia dasycarpa namoi in 2010 summer season and 4 plots of Vetch varieties/accessions (Vicia narbonensis, Lelisa, Abdeta and Gebisa) in 2011 summer season with each plot measuring 3m x 4m was used. The analysis of yield and yield components and quality shows that Vicia sativa ICARD 61744 and Vicia sativa ICARD 61509 was significantly higher in seed yield and Vicia sativa ICARD 61744 was significantly less in Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) content. Vicia sativa ICARD 61509 was significantly higher in Dry Matter Yield (DMy) and it is similar with other accessions except Vicia dasycarpa namoi. Vicia villosa Holeta was significantly higher in green forage yield and highest in Organic matter (OM), Crude Protein (CP) and In vitro Organic matter digestibility (DOMD). Abdeta was significantly higher in seed per pod, seed yield and Harvesting Index (HI) and highest in OM. Lelisa was significantly higher in green forage yield and late in date of maturity at (P<0.05). Therefore, based on the performance of most parameters, Vetch accessions/varieties, Vicia atropurpureum, Vicia villosa Holota, Vicia sativa ICARD61509 and Vicia sativa ICARD61744, in 2010 and Gebisa and Lelisa, in 2011 were best performing.
The document proposes a research study on the inheritance of grain yield and its components in barley varieties. The study will be conducted over 2021-2022 in Peshawar, Pakistan, using four barley varieties. The study aims to determine the inherited relationships between grain yield and its components, and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield. The research will analyze how factors like number of spikes, tillers, and grain weight per plant influence grain yield.
This document summarizes a study on improving the productivity and nutrition of baby corn through evaluating the effects of intra-row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study found that narrower intra-row spacing of 15cm and a higher nitrogen rate of 200kg/ha led to taller plants, thicker stems, higher leaf area index, ear weight and length, and highest baby corn and stover yields. This treatment combination is proposed for baby corn production in the study area and similar agro-ecologies. Further evaluation of additional varieties and nitrogen rates above 200kg/ha is recommended for future work.
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
Disease surveys were conducted in rice grown districts of Libokemkem, Dera and Fogera in south Gondar zone in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. The study was designed to identify and record rice disease flora, their distribution in the districts, prioritize according to the importance and document for future use. Forty-six and 48 rice fields were assessed from nine Peasant Association (PA) in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons, respectively. Rice diseases; Leaf blast, Panicle Blast, Brown spot, Sheath rot, Sheath brown rot, Sheath Blight, Bacterial blight, Rice Yellow Motile Virus, Kernel smut, Downy mildew were identified in 2016 cropping season and nine rice diseases: Leaf blast, Panicle Blast, Neck Blast, Node blast, Brown spot, Sheath rot, Sheath brown rot, Rice Yellow Motile Virus, Kernel smut were identified in 2017. The overall mean prevalence of sheath rot and sheath brown rot diseases were above 60%, while the others had prevalence below 21%. The incidences and severities of these two diseases were higher than the other diseases implying that both diseases were important. In the present studies many rice diseases were recorded in lowland ecosystem as compared to upland ecosystem. From the assessment X-jigna cultivar was more susceptible to rice disease and followed by Gumera. The results indicate that a sheath rot, and sheath brown rot, were important across the districts and years. Loss assessment studies should be initiated in order to know the yield damage caused by the diseases.
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmers' fields in 3 districts of southern Ethiopia. Variety and location significantly affected plant height, spike length, seeds per spike, and yield. The highest-yielding variety was Digalu, which farmers in all districts ranked first due to its adaptation, disease resistance, quality, and market value. Variety Tay was also well-adapted and ranked second in 2 districts. However, variety HAR-604 performed poorly and was susceptible to diseases. The study concluded that Digalu can be recommended for all areas, while Tay is suitable for some locations.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
MANAGEMENT TACTICS USED AGAINST STORED GRAIN PESTS .pptxSahil Sahu
Title: Management Tactics Against Stored Grain Pests to Reduce Post-Harvest Losses
Stored grain pests pose a significant threat to global food security, causing extensive post-harvest losses. This article explores the importance of managing stored grain pests, common pests, and various management tactics.
**Introduction:**
Stored grain pests damage grains, leading to qualitative and quantitative losses. Factors such as favorable climates contribute to pest growth. Pest categories include internal and external feeders, with severity determining major and minor pests.
**Importance of Management:**
Effective stored grain management is crucial as infestations can lead to post-harvest losses, spoilage, reduced market demand, and economic crises. Studies estimate pre-harvest losses of 15–100% and post-harvest losses of 10–60% in developing countries, with Coleoptera and Lepidoptera being economically significant.
**Common Stored Grain Pests:**
1. **Rice weevil:** Internal feeder, 3mm long, larvae feed inside grains.
2. **Lesser grain borer:** Dark brown, 3mm long, bores into grains.
3. **Red flour beetle:** Reddish-yellow, larvae and adults cause damage.
4. **Cigarette beetle:** Light brown, bores into tobacco products.
5. **Potato tuber moth:** Pale green larvae bore into tubers.
6. **Rice moth:** Larvae damage grains under silken webs.
7. **Angoumois grain moth:** White larvae, 5mm long, cause damage.
8. **Indian meal moth:** White larvae with light-brown head, web over grains.
9. **Khapra beetle:** Yellowish-white larvae, 4mm long, eat near embryo.
**Management Tactics:**
1. **Sanitation:** Keep the storage area clean, remove old grain, and debris.
2. **Temperature Control:**
- Cooling: Slows pest reproduction (<25℃).
- Heating: Kills pests (@ 60℃ for 24 hrs).
- Freezing: Below -18℃.
- Alternating temperature: Exposure to high temperature followed by cooling.
3. **Chemical Control:**
- Insecticides (e.g., Pyrethroids, Organophosphates).
- Fumigation (e.g., Phosphine, methyl bromide).
- Grain protectants (e.g., Diatomaceous earth, botanicals).
4. **Biological Control:**
- Parasitoids (e.g., parasitic wasps).
- Predators (e.g., ground beetles).
- Microbial control (e.g., Beauveria bassiana).
5. **Physical Control:**
- Cleaning.
- Moisture control (<14%).
- Temperature control (<25℃).
**Conclusion:**
Stored grain pests threaten global food security, causing substantial post-harvest losses. Effective management involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological control methods, as well as preventive and monitoring strategies.
**References:**
The article cites various sources, including studies, extension services, and presentations, providing comprehensive insights into stored grain pest management.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/SConventional Cotton Produ...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to
examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton.
District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary
data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of
specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production
function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton
who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10)
kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in
the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per
acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in
conventional cotton.
Keywords: Cotton, conventional, Bt. Technology, Resource Use Efficiency, Decomposition of Output Change, Sindh
Similar to Assessment of Grain Storage Structures and Containers in Relation to Build-Up of Insect and Rodent Pests in Southwestern Ethiopia (20)
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/SConventional Cotton Produ...
Assessment of Grain Storage Structures and Containers in Relation to Build-Up of Insect and Rodent Pests in Southwestern Ethiopia
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Assessment of Grain Storage Structures and Containers in
Relation to Build-Up of Insect and Rodent Pests in Southwestern
Ethiopia
Nezif Abamecha Wakuma Bayissa Kumela Dibaba
Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
Abstract
This study was designed to assess farmers grain storage containers in relation to buildup of storage pests in three
selected districts of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on the production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat and faba bean. Then, 25 households were randomly
selected from each district to collect stored grain samples used for the identification of storage insect pests, and
grain samples were taken from different storage structures, including un-plastered and plastered gombisa, gumbi,
and polypropylene sacks. The results showed that the dominant insect species in maize, sorghum and wheat grains
were weevils (Sitophilus spp.) followed by the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and flour
beetles (Tribolium spp.), while the bean weevil (Zabrotes spp.) was the only species recovered from stored faba
beans. High numbers of insects were recorded from both plastered and un-plastered gombisa, gumbi and
polypropylene sacks. In addition, the number of each insect pest in each storage method recorded per 100 g-1
grain
increased as the duration of grain storage increased. The results of this study also demonstrated that most of the
farmers in the study areas perceived insect pests and rodents as the main postharvest pests causing considerable
losses of stored grains. The poor storage systems of farmers predispose the stored grains to insect and rodent
attacks. Thus, there is a need to train farmers on storage hygiene and to develop and disseminate efficient grain
storage facilities to reduce losses in grain stores. Moreover, further studies need an improved pest detection method,
such as the use of bioacoustics tools, to manage pests associated with grain stores.
Keywords: grain, insects, rodents, storage
DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/93-04
Publication date: January 31st
2020
1. Introduction
Cereal crops, such as maize, sorghum and wheat, are the main food staples and sources of income for millions of
smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. However, poor storage systems make grains vulnerable to attacks from insect and
rodent pests, which lead to a considerable amount of losses. Subsequently, smallholder farmers are unable to keep
the grain in storage for long and are hence forced to sell their grain soon after harvest (Tefera and Adebayo, 2012).
According to the FAO (2010), an approximately 20-30% loss of grains occurred globally, with an estimated
monetary value of more than US$4 billion annually. Recently, Kumar and Kalita (2017) reported approximately
50-60% losses of cereal grains during storage due to technical inefficiency. In Ethiopia, the average grain losses
due to storage insect pests are estimated to be 10-30% (Tadesse, 2005; MoARD, 2010). Among many storage
insect pests, grain weevils, Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga
cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), are major pests of cereal crops in Ethiopia (Demisse et al., 2008;
Tefera, 2011). Bean bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), such as Zabrotes subfasciatus and Acanthoscelides obtectus,
are the main pests of legume crops, such as faba bean, and cause heavy losses in terms of both quality and quantity
of stored legumes (Abate et al., 2000).
Farmers in Ethiopia, similar to those in other African countries, use traditional storage facilities made from
locally available materials. Such storage structures often fail to protect the stored grains from insect pests and
damage by rodents. Traditional storage structures provide ideal conditions for the multiplication of storage insect
pests and rodents. Although most smallholder farmers keep grain for a relatively shorter period, substantial losses
occur to stored grains.
Rodents are also a major postharvest pest, causing a significant amount of losses and contamination of stored
grains during storage (Gregory, 2002; Ognakossan et al., 2016). To design effective postharvest pest management
methods, knowledge of major pests and their relative abundances in relation to storage facilities is essential.
However, little information is available about storage insect pest infestations in relation to storage facilities.
Furthermore, there is no empirical information about farmers’ perceptions of rodent pests in southwestern Ethiopia.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the main storage insect pests and their relative abundance in
traditional storage types in three districts in southwestern Ethiopia. A further objective was to assess farmers’
perceptions of stored grain losses due to insect and rodent pests.
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2. Material and methods
2.1. Study site description
Study samples were collected from the major target grain growing areas of Jimma, West Shoa and East Wollega
zones, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. One district was purposively selected from each zone on the bases of
target grain production status and the expectation that the areas are generally favourable for storage pest
infestations owing to their environmental conditions. Accordingly, Omo Neda from Jimma, Bako Tibe from West
Shoa and Gudeya Bila from East Wollega Zones zones were selected for experimental sample collection.
2.2. Sampling procedure and sample collection
This study concentrated on the four major grain crops, including maize, sorghum, wheat and faba bean. According
to the production status obtained from the agricultural office, maize and sorghum have high production status in
the Jimma and West Shoa zones, whereas wheat and faba bean are high in the East Wollega zone. A total of 240
farmers’ stores from all districts were visited and samples collected. The samples were obtained from five local
storage facilities, including gombisa, gotera, gumbi, and sacks. The selection of farmers and samples was made at
random in such a way that they are the representative of the district. When a selected storage area did not have a
target grain, the next storage area was taken as a substitute.
A total of 600 g of target grain samples from the top (200 g), middle (200 g) and bottom (200 g) of each
storage structure were collected. The grain samples taken from the top, middle and bottom of a storage structure
were then bulked together to create a composite sample. Subsequent samples were collected from the same stores
every month for up to five months, from March to July 2017. For storage insect pest studies, grain samples
collected at monthly intervals were used. The first sample collection was conducted after the target grain was
stored for one month. Grain samples were enclosed in plastic bags and brought to the Postharvest Management
Laboratory of Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM) for laboratory
analysis.
2.3 Storage insect identification
Each grain sample taken from the study was brought to the laboratory at Jimma College of Agriculture and sieved
through a 2-mm mesh as previously described by Abraham et al. (1995) and Abraham (1996) for the identification
of insect pests. Both live and dead insects removed from each sample were counted, placed individually in a veil
containing a 70% ethanol solution and identified using the procedures described by Borror et al. (2005) and Gibb
and Oseto (2005). The collected insects from all grains and different storage structures were identified through
their morphological characteristics using a dissecting microscope (at magnification x25-60) for species
identification.
2.4 Questionnaire
The questionnaire was designed to collect information about farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of losses due to
insects and rodents in different types of storage structures, including gombisa, both plastered and unplastered,
polypropylene sacks, and gumbi. The naming of traditional storage structures varies from place to place. Gotera
is similar to gombisa, except that the wall is plastered with mud or cow dung and teff straw in the case of Gotera,
which is a common storage structure in Bako Tibe and Gudeya Bila, and gombisa is common in the Jimma zone.
2.5 Statistical Analysis
A 3 x 2 factorial design was used for the determination of damaged grain, weight loss, and the nutritional
composition of maize and sorghum kernels stored in the farmers' traditional storage structures using two storage
types (gombisa and polypropylene bag) and three storage duration levels (1st
, 3, and 5 months). Data on the insect
count was analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a generalized linear model. The insect
count data were square-root transformed to normalize the variances. The significance level was set at 0.05, and
means were separated by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test.
3. Result
3.1. Insect species composition and abundance
The insect species recorded in stored maize grain both in Omo Nada and Bako Tibe were weevils (Sitophilus spp.),
Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella), and flour beetle (Tribolium spp.). There were significant differences
in the number of insect species recorded during storage periods (P < 0.05), but the storage type did not affect the
number of insects (Tables 1 and 2). The same species of insect pests were recorded from stored sorghum and wheat
grains in both districts, but the number of Sitophilus spp. were relatively lower compared to that in maize (Tables
3, 4 and 5). The number of each storage insect pest recorded per 100 g-1
grain increased as the duration of grain
storage increased.
Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus) was the only insect pest recorded from faba bean stored in the
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three traditional storage structures (Table 6). The number of Z. subfasciatus varied significantly in the different
storage types (P = 0.045) and storage duration (P = 0.000). The number of Z. subfasciatus recorded per 100 g-1
grain increased as the duration of grain storage increased.
3.2 Farmers’ perceptions of storage losses due to insect and rodent pests
The magnitudes of perceived storage losses due to insect pests are presented in Table 7. In all the study districts,
the majority of the farmers, ranging from 39.2 to 72%, perceived losses of 51-75% of grains stored in gombisa.
On the other hand, most of the farmers perceived 26-50% damage of grains stored in polypropylene sacks.
Similarly, the majority of farmers reported estimated losses of 26-50% of grains stored in gumbi. Only a small
proportion of farmers reported estimated losses of over 75%.
The majority of farmers, with the exception of the Gudeya Bila district, estimated approximately 26-50%
damage of grains stored in gombisa due to rodents (Table 8). Most of the farmers (28% to 56.7%) estimated 26-
50% losses of grains stored in polypropylene bags. On the other hand, the majority of farmers in the Omo Nada
and Bako Tibe districts estimated 26-50% and 51-75% losses of grains stored in gumbi, respectively (Table 8).
4. Discussion
In the present study, Sitophilus spp., S. cerealella, and Tribolium spp. were recorded in maize, sorghum and wheat
grains stored in traditional storage structures (gombisa and gumbi) and polypropylene bags. In stored faba bean,
Z. subfasciatus was recorded as the main storage pest. These species are reported as the main storage insect pests
of cereal grains in different parts of Ethiopia (e.g., Mendesil et al. (2007; Demissie et al., 2008; Tadesse et al.,
2008; Tefera, 2016) and other African countries (e.g., Midega et al., 2016; Abass et al., 2018). In all the study
districts and storage types, Sitophilus spp. were the most abundant species, which is corroborated by the findings
of various studies, such as Mlambo et al. (2017). Sitotroga cerealella was also widely distributed and the dominant
species attacking different cereal crops in Africa (Hill, 2002; Mlambo et al., 2017). According to Golob (2009), S.
cerealella is mainly associated with unshelled maize, wheat and sorghum soon after harvest.
Cereal growers in study areas are common in other parts of the country and are predominantly smallholder
farmers who keep grains for shorter durations, mainly for home consumption or to sell in a local market. However,
during this storage period, stored grain is vulnerable to damage by insect pests. As a result, farmers are forced to
sell their produce at very low prices immediately after harvest. As demonstrated in this study, the number of each
storage insect pest recorded increased as the duration of grain storage increased, resulting in considerable losses.
Tefera et al. (2011) observed an increase in grain damage and weight loss due to an increase in densities of storage
insects and the duration of the storage period. The fact that severe losses occurred in storage due to insect pests is
mainly attributed to poor storage systems (Tefera, 2011). In Ethiopia, similar to most sub-Saharan African
countries, grain storage systems are of traditional types, which are poorly constructed from locally available
materials that cannot protect stored grains from abiotic and biotic agents, such as insect pests and fungal diseases.
Furthermore, poor storage systems enhance storage insect pests (Ng'ang'an et al., 2016). For example, in Ethiopia,
poor postharvest management causes 20-30% loss of grains (Tefera, 2016). Consequently, there is a significant
amount of postharvest losses in smallholder settings in the country (e.g., Tadesse et al., 2008; Tefera, 2016;
Garbaba et al., 2017). During the focused group discussions, farmers highlighted losses incurred during storage
that agreed with these results.
Although the estimation of the proportion of grains damaged by storage insect pests varied across districts
and storage types, the majority of farmers estimated losses ranging from 26 to 50%. A survey done in Ethiopia
showed that insect pests were considered by a majority of the farmers (60.13%) as a severe problem in storage
(Beyene and Ayelew, 2015). In Kenya, Midega et al. (2016) reported losses of 26-75%, which was mentioned by
the majority of respondents, and the authors stated that the proportion of grains damaged varied from place to
place. A survey conducted in Cote D’ivoire by Niamketchi et al. (2016) reported approximately 36.8% losses of
stored maize by insect pests. According to Fripong (2016), 61.5% of the respondents indicated that pest infestations
were the major challenge encountered during the storage of maize grains in Ghana.
Rodents are one of the major postharvest pests causing a considerable amount of losses. In this study, most
farmers considered rodents a serious problem that causes estimated grain losses of 26-50%. A study conducted in
Kenya showed that farmers perceived rodents causing up to 43% and 30% of losses of maize stored on cobs and
shelled grain, respectively (Ognakossan et al., 2016).
5. Conclusion
Farmers in all the surveyed districts perceived that insect and rodent pests were the major challenge that caused
high damages and losses to stored maize, sorghum, wheat, and faba bean. Generally, farmers’ opinions on the
extent of losses of stored grains varied with grain type, district and the type of structure used. On the other hand,
the high grain losses estimated in the survey districts showed that pest management practices of farmers are
inadequate to reduce losses to insect pests and rodent attacks. The laboratory study on insect populations associated
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with stored grains revealed that storage duration and the structures used influences the abundance of insect species
in all the study districts. Regardless of grain storage duration and the structures used, weevils (Sitophilus spp.)
were found to be the dominant species in stored maize, sorghum and wheat in all the study districts. However,
bean bruchid, Z. subfasciatus, was the only insect species that attacked stored faba beans. Improved storage
systems that provide adequate protection for stored grains from pest damage and at the same time maintain grain
quality over long periods need to be promoted in the study areas.
Acknowledgements
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) RELOAD project is acknowledged for
financial support during this study.
We also gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the UK’s Department for International Development
(DFID); the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida); the Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation (SDC); and the Kenyan Government. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the
official opinions of the donors.
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Table 1. Number of insect pests sampled from maize grain (100 g-1
grain) in the Omo Nada district, southwestern
Ethiopia.
Storage
periods
Gombisa /Unplastered Polypropylene bag
Sitophilus
spp.
Tribolium spp. Sitotroga
cerealella
Sitophilus
spp.
Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
1st
round 6.0±1.53a 2.0±1.53a 2.0±1.20ab 5.7±1.85a 0.7±0.33b 4.7±0.33
3rd
round 31.3±2.68b 3.3±0.88b 3.3±1.76ab 8.0±1.73a 2.0±0.00ab 7.7±2.18
5th
round 36.3±2.64c 6.0±1.52c 6.0±2.31a 16.0±1.73b 4.0±1.00ab 7.3±1.53
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Tukey test)
Table 2. Number of insect pests sampled from maize grain (100 g-1
grain) in the Bako Tibe district, southwestern
Ethiopia
Storage
periods
Gombisa /Plastered Polypropylene bag
Sitophilus
spp.
Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
Sitophilus
spp.
Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
1st
round 2.7±2.18b 0.3±0.33a 0.7±0.33a 2.7±1.45a 0.7±0.67a 1.3±0.33bc
3rd
round 17.7±2.17b 1.0±0.58ab 6.3±2.40b 12.0±1.53b 1.3±1.33a 4.0±2.65abc
5th
round 44.3±3.81a 1.3±0.67ab 11.3±2.60b 15.0±3.00b 4.3±1.45b 9.3±0.33ab
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Tukey test)
Table 3. Number of insect pests sampled from sorghum grain (100 g-1
grain) in the Omo Nada district, southwestern
Ethiopia
Storage
periods
Gombisa /Unplastered Polypropylene bag
Sitophilus
spp.
Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
Sitophilus spp. Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
1st
round 8.7±2.18 0.3±0.33 0.7±0.67 2.0±1.15 0.0±0.00 2.3±0.88
3rd
round 9.3±1.20 1.0±0.88 3.7±1.86 8.3±2.53 1.3±0.67 1.7±0.88
5th
round 22.7±4.37 5.3±2.85 8.3±1.67 20.3±3.22 7.3±0.84 7.0±4.73
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Tukey test)
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Table 4. Number of insect pests sampled from sorghum (100 g-1 grain) in the Bako Tibe district, southwestern
Ethiopia
Storage
periods
Gombisa /Plastered Polypropylene bag
Sitophilus spp. Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
Sitophilus spp. Tribolium
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
1st
round 5.3±0.67bc 0.3±0.33a 0.3±0.33c 1.7±0.88c 0.0±0.00 1.7±0.67c
3rd
round 19.3±3.22ab 1.0±0.58ab 3.0±1.53bc 9.7±0.88abc 1.3±0.88 2.0±1.15c
5th
round 25.0±4.00a 2.7±1.33b 7.3±0.88ab 21.3±2.41ab 3.7±1.20 7.7±0.88a
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05
(Tukey test)
Table 5. Number of insect pests sampled from wheat (100 g-1 grain) in the Gudeya Bila district, southwestern
Ethiopia
Storage
periods
Gombisa/ Plastered Polypropylene bag Gumbi
Sitophilus
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
Sitophilus
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
Sitophilus
spp.
Sitotroga
cerealella
1st
round 2.0±0.57 0.7±0.67 2.3±0.33 0.7±0.33 2.3±1.45 0.7±0.33
3rd
round 6.3±0.88 3.0±0.57 6.0±2.04 1.0±1.00 7.0±0.00 1.3±0.88
5th
round 15.7±3.83 5.7±0.88 12.3±1.20 4.0±2.31 16.0±2.51 3.7±1.20
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05
(Tukey test)
Table 6. Number of insect pests sampled from faba bean (100 g-1 grain) in the Gudeya Bila district, southwestern
Ethiopia
Period of storage
Zabrotes subfasciatus
Gombisa /Plastered Polypropylene bag Gumbi
1st
round 0.7±0.33b 0.0±0.00b 0.3±0.33b
3rd
round 5.3±0.67ab 0.7±0.33b 4.7±1.00ab
5th
round 10.7±1.76a 5.0±1.73ab 9.7±3.84a
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05
(Tukey test)
Table 7. Farmer’s perception of losses of grain by different storage insect pests in different storage structures and
containers in southwestern Ethiopia
Estimated
proportion of
losses
Omo Nada
N= 175
Bako Tibe
N= 120
Gudeya Bila
N= 82
Gombisa un-plastered/plastered
Maize Sorghum Maize Sorghum Wheat Faba bean
< 25% 22 (12.6) 7 (4.0) 4 (3.3) 0 0 0
26-50% 42 (24.0) 33 (18.9) 41 (34.2) 56 (46.7) 13 (15.9) 20 (24.4)
51-75% 106 (60.6) 120 (68.6) 75 (62.5) 47 (39.2) 51 (62.2) 59 (72.0)
>75% 5 (2.9) 15 (8.6) 0 17 (14.2) 18 (22.0) 3 (3.7)
Polypropylene bag
< 25% 0 0 35 (29.2) 24 (20.0) 16 (19.5) 16 (19.5)
26-50% 121 (69.1) 131 (74.9) 42 (35.0) 58 (48.3) 52 (63.4) 34 (41.5)
51-75% 37 (21.1) 21 (12.0) 37 (30.8) 21 (17.5) 14 (17.1) 18 (22.0)
>75% 17 (9.7) 23 (13.1) 6 (5.0) 17 (14.2) 0 14 (17.1)
Gumbi
< 25% 0 0 34 (28.3) 0 6 (7.3) 6 (7.3)
26-50% 103 (58.9) 88 (50.3) 13 (10.8) 38 (31.7) 45 (54.9) 35 (42.7)
51-75% 54 (30.9) 66 (37.7) 33 (27.5) 47 (39.2) 28 (34.1) 38 (46.3)
>75% 18 (10.3) 21 (12.0) 40 (33.3) 35 (29.2) 3 (3.7) 3 (3.7)
(-) represents types of grain storage containers that are not common in the study area