Investment is spending on capital goods like factories, machinery, and equipment. It is an important component of aggregate demand and affects a country's competitiveness. Most investment is done by private businesses, but governments also invest, especially in infrastructure. Investment allows improvements in productivity and technology that can shift the production possibilities frontier outward over time. Higher investment can boost aggregate demand and supply in the short-run but also enables higher potential output in the long-run through increasing a country's productive capacity. The main factors that affect business investment are interest rates, risk, demand growth expectations, taxes and regulations, technological change, and confidence.
Infosys – Manufacturing Industry Restructuring | IT Infrastructure ComplexityInfosys
B.G. Srinivas of Infosys explains four strategies to restructure manufacturing industries, to be leaner and more nimble, and to overcome the current economic crisis
Connected Economists is a brand new economics magazine, written by students for students. The four editors, all current A-Level students from schools across the UK, have created this free magazine for the benefit of other like-minded students to educate, entertain and inform with a wide range of articles, book reviews and interviews with leading economists. Articles have been kindly contributed by students from around the world, creating a truly global perspective
Infosys – Manufacturing Industry Restructuring | IT Infrastructure ComplexityInfosys
B.G. Srinivas of Infosys explains four strategies to restructure manufacturing industries, to be leaner and more nimble, and to overcome the current economic crisis
Connected Economists is a brand new economics magazine, written by students for students. The four editors, all current A-Level students from schools across the UK, have created this free magazine for the benefit of other like-minded students to educate, entertain and inform with a wide range of articles, book reviews and interviews with leading economists. Articles have been kindly contributed by students from around the world, creating a truly global perspective
Key Term Glossary for AS Micro (2015 Edition)tutor2u
This is our review key term glossary for Unit (AS) microeconomics. It covers the vast majority of the key concepts tested by all of the major exam boards.
This is a two page revision document on the Zambian economy designed for A2 macro students including those taking the June 2016 OCR F585 paper.
Our You Tube Channel has special revision sessions on Zambia
For example
https://youtu.be/nSyukwIyZ-Y
econoMAX - Energy price capping – does it address the right problem?tutor2u
Ed Miliband’s promise at the Labour Party conference to cap energy prices for 20 months if Labour were to win the next election, has raised many questions about what we pay for domestic energy, how it compares with other countries, and what the energy companies do with their profits. Pondering those points has led me to an over-riding question, which is whether the price paid by consumers is really the most important issue for government intervention in the energy market.
This is a short revision webinar looking at the factors affecting business profits and working through some Year 2 multiple choice questions on related topics.
This is a evision webinar looking at business objectives. We work through some MC questions and revise each of the different objectives that corporations might have. We then spend a few minutes looking at the fast-changing and increasingly contestable UK gym industry to consider alternative objectives in the short and medium term.
While security servicing providers have performed well in recent years, they face anemic core growth, shifting client expectations, rising pressure on fees, and the potential for disruption. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated recession will put further pressure on the industry. In response, they must be bold in their planning and approach to service delivery.
Robert W Baird provides market and company analysis in core sectors served by Red Kap. Check out their thoughts on the economy, our sectors and key companies.
Key Term Glossary for AS Micro (2015 Edition)tutor2u
This is our review key term glossary for Unit (AS) microeconomics. It covers the vast majority of the key concepts tested by all of the major exam boards.
This is a two page revision document on the Zambian economy designed for A2 macro students including those taking the June 2016 OCR F585 paper.
Our You Tube Channel has special revision sessions on Zambia
For example
https://youtu.be/nSyukwIyZ-Y
econoMAX - Energy price capping – does it address the right problem?tutor2u
Ed Miliband’s promise at the Labour Party conference to cap energy prices for 20 months if Labour were to win the next election, has raised many questions about what we pay for domestic energy, how it compares with other countries, and what the energy companies do with their profits. Pondering those points has led me to an over-riding question, which is whether the price paid by consumers is really the most important issue for government intervention in the energy market.
This is a short revision webinar looking at the factors affecting business profits and working through some Year 2 multiple choice questions on related topics.
This is a evision webinar looking at business objectives. We work through some MC questions and revise each of the different objectives that corporations might have. We then spend a few minutes looking at the fast-changing and increasingly contestable UK gym industry to consider alternative objectives in the short and medium term.
While security servicing providers have performed well in recent years, they face anemic core growth, shifting client expectations, rising pressure on fees, and the potential for disruption. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated recession will put further pressure on the industry. In response, they must be bold in their planning and approach to service delivery.
Robert W Baird provides market and company analysis in core sectors served by Red Kap. Check out their thoughts on the economy, our sectors and key companies.
In this its 37th year, we look at the medium term outlook for the industry as a whole, key industry, sector, and regional developments, as well as developments on the international stage. We are happy to report some initial signs of stabilisation in the industry but also demonstrate that the industry is operating at wholly unsustainable levels in terms of output
Digital Transformation in the Oil & Gas Industry | 2021Social Friendly
Upstream, midstream, and downstream – digital transformation all over has a direct impact on every aspect of the oil and gas sector. Digital innovation does require investment, and ideally, the cost of transformation can be covered to a large extent through savings made in traditional IT systems and services.
In this white paper, Social Friendly looks at the areas in which digital transformation promises the greatest short and mid-term benefit for oil and gas companies, and how to best optimize existing IT management practices to help unlock the full potential.
Modular Construction and 3D printed houses are becoming popular in GCC markets, but the real opportunity lies in Egypt. This presentation is useful for building material suppliers and contractors thinking about positioning themselves to sell effectively.
In this revision presentation we look at recent trends in UK trade union membership, consider how trade unions can affect both pay and employment and challenge the textbook view that union-negotiated pay increases inevitably have negative consequences for employment.
In this revision presentation we cover key examples of pure and quasi public goods and consider the arguments for and against an increase in government spending on public goods.
Poverty Reduction Policies in Low Income Countriestutor2u
This revision presentation covers some of the main causes of continued high levels of extreme poverty in low and middle income countries and considers a range of pro-poor government interventions designed to increase productivity and regular employment and waged income in formal labour markets.
You don’t need to produce a lot of evidence in your macroeconomics exams but knowing some basic and key facts and figures can make your answers stand out from the crowd! Here is a quickfire journey through twenty important economic numbers that won’t change before the exam – use them to support your answer and impress the examiner!
Microeconomics - Great Applied Examples for Examstutor2u
In this presentation, I have chosen loads of current examples that you might want to use as context in your microeconomics exams. We look at examples from different market structures, recent mergers and takeovers, the world's most valuable companies, the largest employer, unicorn business, de-mergers, the biggest initial public offerings (IPOs) and much else. Hopefully a useful video to go through to add some super examples into your revision notes.
This revision presentation considers the variety of stakeholders impacted by business activity. How will a change in objectives, such as a move from profit maximisation to revenue maximisation have an effect on different stakeholders?
This revision presentation looks at profit satisficing as an alternative objective for businesses. Why might firms satisfice? What are some of the possible consequences for economic welfare and efficiency?
In this short revision video, we look at the substantial productivity gap between the UK and many of the UK’s major competitor countries.
Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist said twenty fives years ago that “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything,”
In this presentation we consider the theory of wage-setting with a monopsony employer and the possible impact that a trade union might have on wages and employment. We also look at efficiency wage theory and mutual gains from pay bargaining between stakeholders.
For many economists, the labour market is the most important market of all to study, analyse and evaluate. Like product markets for goods and services, labour markets can also fail. The main types of labour market failure are labour immobility including skills gaps, inequality, disincentives to be economically active, labour market discrimination and the effects of monopsony power of employers.
Updated revision presentation on aspects of behavioural economics and topical issues where behavioural nudges are being used to change the choices of consumers and businesses.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Investment is spending on capital goods such as
new factories & other buildings machinery & vehicles
Much new investment includes advances in
technology
Investment is an important component of AD, and is
a factor affecting competitiveness of a country in a
globalising world
In market economies, most investment is done by
private sector businesses but a substantial amount
of new capital is purchased by the government (state
sector)
A broader definition of investment includes spending
on improving the human capital of the workforce through training and education to improve the skills
and competences of workers
Infrastructure is spending on new sewers, roads, wind farms, telecommunications networks and ports – this
can be done by the private and the public sector
At constant prices means
that the data has been
adjusted for inflation
Another
Falling steep
investment decline in
during the capital
1990-92 spending
recession
Gross and Net Investment
1. Gross investment spending is the total amount that the economy spends on new capital. But this figure
includes an estimate for the value of capital depreciation since some investment is needed each year just to
replace technologically obsolete or worn-out plant and machinery.
2. If gross investment is higher than depreciation, then net investment will be positive and this means that
businesses will have a higher productive capacity and can meet rising demand in the future
3. Gross investment – capital depreciation = net investment
2. Analysing the Economic Importance / Significance of Capital Investment
Output of
Capital Goods
PPF1
B
C2
C3 C
C1 A
PPF2
X2 X1 X3 Output of
Consumer
Goods
In the short run, devoting more of a country’s resources
to investment might require a reduction in today’s output
Economic effect of investment
of consumer goods and services. This would be shown “The point of investment is to
by a movement along the PPF from point A to B. improve the capacity of the
But if the investment is successful and leads to an economy to improve its
productivity, and to capture the
increase in a country’s productive capacity then the gains from technical improvement
PPF can shift out and allow an increased output of that happen almost naturally. The
consumption goods to meet people’s needs and wants delivery van of today is quicker,
more economical to run, and
in the future. This is shown by a movement from point B
generally more productive than its
to point C which lies on the new PPF. counterparts from the past – and
cheaper with it.”
Businesses often invest in new capital goods to exploit
economies of large scale production. This, together with That is progress, but you take
technological advances is vital to improving competitiveness advantage of that only if you invest
and to causing a shift in the production possibility frontier. in a new fleet of vans. Investment
thus means enjoying better human
Investment and Aggregate Demand and physical capital, and having
improved ways of putting it to work.
Investment is a component of AD i.e. (C+I+G+X-M). It means new machinery and plant;
Businesses involved in developing, manufacturing, new laptops; new and more
powerful web servers; more
testing, distributing and marketing the capital goods
efficient and greener power
themselves stand to benefit from increased orders for generation; better infrastructure
new plant and machinery. such as road, rail and airports.”
Source: Sean Kelly, Independent, 2011
A rise in capital spending will have important effects on both the
demand and supply-side – including a positive multiplier effect
on national income.
o Demand side effects: Increase spending on capital goods boosts demand for industries that manufacture the
technology / hardware / construction sector
o Supply side effects: Investment is linked to higher productivity, an expansion of a country’s productive
capacity, a reduction in unit costs (e.g. through the exploitation of economies of scale) – and therefore a
source of an increase in potential national output
3. Investment and jobs
Some investment projects cost people their jobs – this is true when a business is looking to achieve greater
efficiency and cost savings perhaps by replacing labour with capital inputs.
Most new investment creates fresh demand for workers in producing, designing and installing new plant and
equipment and in working with
Capacity, costs and competitiveness
One way to remember the importance of investment is to consider the 3 Cs - capacity, costs and
competitiveness
Higher investment should allow businesses to lower their production costs per unit, increase their supply
capacity and become more competitive in overseas markets.
Quality of investment
A high level of investment on its own may not be sufficient to create an increase in LRAS since workers need
training to work the new machinery and there will be time lags between new capital spending and the effects
on output and productivity.
If there is insufficient demand, a growing capital stock may lead to excess capacity putting downward
pressure on prices and profits
What are the main factors that affect how much businesses can commit to investment projects?
1. Interest rates:
a. If the rate of interest increases, the cost of funding investment increases, lowering the expected rate
of return on a capital project
b. Higher interest rates raise the opportunity cost of using profits to finance investment – i.e. a
business might decide that they can earn a better return by simply investing the cash
2. Risk: Committing money to a project involves taking a risk for no business can be certain that a given project
will succeed and bring about a profit. When risk and uncertainty is high for example during times of volatility
then business investment spending may fall
3. The rate of growth of demand: Investment tends to be stronger when consumer spending is rising. Higher
expected sales also increase potential profits – in other words, the price mechanism should allocate extra
funds and factor inputs towards capital goods into those markets where consumer demand is rising.
4. Corporate taxes and other government policies
a. Corporation tax is paid depending on the level of business profits. If the government reduces the rate
of corporation tax there is a greater incentive to invest.
i. The main rate of corporation tax in the UK has been reduced from 28% in 2010 to 23% in
2013
4. ii. The Small Profits Corporation Tax Rate can be claimed by qualifying companies with profits
at a rate not exceeding £300,000 per year. This tax rate has come down from 21% to 20%
5. Technological change and degree of market competition: In markets where technological change is rapid,
companies may have to invest simply to remain competitive. A good example is the intense competition in the
markets for smart-phones.
6. Business confidence: When confidence is strong then planned investment will rise. In contrast, during a
downturn many businesses may postpone investment because they feel that demand will not be high enough
to give them the rate of profit they need.
7. Social costs and benefits: In the public (government) sector, a different set of criteria may be used. Typically
local and central government will use cost-benefit analysis when assessing the likely economic and social
effects of investment; this is often used for infrastructure projects.
Capital investment in the UK economy – measured as a share of GDP
Key reasons for the fall in investment during the recession
1. Sharply weakening demand – the result of a slump in domestic and external demand for goods and
services, for example a dip in export sales overseas
2. Rising levels of spare capacity – falling demand means less capacity was being fully used
3. Worsening cash flows – many businesses struggled to generate cash as demand tailed away, they have
less spare funds available for investment
4. Tight credit conditions – lines of funding for investment became frozen or more expensive because of the
credit crunch – hitting investment by smaller and medium sized businesses
5. Deteriorating profitability – the recession cut profit margins in many industries
6. Weak confidence: Concerns about the potential length and depth of the recession – leading to a decline in
business confidence.