screening of aprodiasic agents 1.introduction about aprodiasic agent 2.pathophysiology 3.classification of aprodiasic agents 4.mechanism of action 5.screening methods invitro and invivo analysis

1. 1
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
3. CLASSIFICATION OF APHRODISIAC AGENTS
4. MECHANISM OF ACTION
5. SCREENING METHODS
I. INVITRO
II. INVIVO
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

3. INTRODUCTION
Aphrodisiac is the word derived from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of sexual, love and beauty.
An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent (food or drug),which are used to enhance the sexual
Behavior or libido when consumed.
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

4. 1. Erectile dysfunction, The causes of ED are varies from one individual to another. For whatever
cause, since an erection requires a precise sequence of events.
2. ED can occur when any of the events is disrupted. This sequence includes
i. Nerve impulses in the brain,
ii. Spinal column, and area around the penis,
iii. Fibrous tissues, veins, arteries and near the “corpora cavernosa”.
3. Thus, ED causes reported include, damage to nerves, arteries, smooth muscles, and
fibrous tissues.
4. some of the diseases also disrupted the ED precise event, such as
i. Diabetes, kidney disease,
ii. Chronic alcoholism, multiple sclerosis,
iii. Atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and neurologic diseases
5. 70 percent of ED caused by disease condition , NIH reported that between 35 and 50 percent
of men with diabetes experience ED.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

5. CLASSIFICATION OFAPHRODISIAC AGENTS
SYNTHETIC AGENTS
Sildenafil citrate
Talanofil
Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
Phenethylamine
Crocin
Testosterone
Arginine
NATURAL AGENTS
Panax ginseng
Myristica fragrans
Crocus sativus
Almonds
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

6. MECHANISM OFACTION
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DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

7. SCREENING METHODS
INVITRO TESTS ( BIOCHEMICAL OR HORMONAL METHODS)
•Estimation of cholesterol level
•Estimation of sex hormonal level
•Assay of nitric oxide synthase
•Assay for androgen receptor protein
INVIVO TESTS (PHYSICAL OR BEHAVIORAL METHODS)
•Mating behavior test
•Libido test
•Potency test
•Orientation activity test
•Sexual and vital organ test 7
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

8. INVIVO TESTS
1.MATING BEHAVIOR TEST
Healthy and sexually experienced male rats (200-300 gm) taken
and divided into three groups (n=6)
Group-I , receives distilled water (10ml/kg, p.o.)
Group-II, receives testing agent daily for 21 days.
Group-III, receives standard drug i.e. Sildenafil (5mg/kg)
one hour prior to the experimentation.
Than all the animals are exposed to dim light (1 w fluorescent tube
in a laboratory of 14’ x14’) at the stipulated time of testing daily for
6 days prior the test.
Female rates treated with ethinyl estradioal (100μg/animal p.o.)
48hrs and with progesterone (1mg/animal, s.c.) 6hrs before pairing
(1:1 ratio)
On 21st day , the experiment is conducted at morning ,the male rats are observed for- 8
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

9. a. Mount frequency
b. Mount latency
c. Intromission frequency
d. Intromission latency
e. Post ejaculatory interval
f. Copulatory rate
g. Index of libido
h. Computed male sexual behaviour parameter
PARAMETERS
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

10. A.MOUNT FREQUENCY
• Mounting is the climbing of one animal by another usually from the
posterior end with the intention of introducing one organ into another.
• MF is defined as the no. of mounts without intromission from the time
of introduction of the female until ejaculation.
B. MOUNT LATENCY
• ML is the time interval between the introduction of the female and the
first mount by the male.
C. INTROMISSION FREQUENCY
• Intromission is the introduction of one organ or part into another.
• IF is the no. of intromission from the time of introduction of female
until ejaculation.
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

11. D. INTROMISSION LATENCY
• IL is time interval from the time of introduction of the female to the first intromission by
the male
E. POST EJACULATORY INTERVAL
• PEI is the time interval between ejaculation and the first intromission
of the following series.
F. COPULATORY RATE
• CR = no. of mounts + no. of intromissions
time from first mount till ejaculation
G. INDEX OF LIBIDO
• % IOL = no. mated × 100 no. paired
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

12. H. COMPUTED MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR PARAMETER:
• Some mathematical formula for to observe male sexual behaviour
are explain as following,..
•%Mounted = no. mounted × 100
no. paired
•% Intromitted = no. of intromissions × 100
no. paired
•Intromission ratio = no. of intromission × 100
no. of mounts + no. of intromission
•% Ejaculated = no. of ejaculation × 100
no. paired
•Copulatory efficiency = No. of intromission × 100
no. of mounts
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

13. 2.TEST FOR LIBIDO :
In which male albino rat should be kept singly in separate cages
during experiment with the receptive female rat in same cage.
To apply 5% xylocaine ointment at 5,15,30 min before starting observation to male rat.
The female rat should be made receptive by hormonal treatment .
Then to observed the mounting frequency (MF) at dim red room condition.
EVALUATION:
• no. of mounting should be noted.
• The animals should also be observed for intromission and ejaculation
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

14. •The positive effects of male sexual behaviour must have been brought about by to identify
level of some reproductive hormones like testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin.
Testosterone supplementation has been shown to improve sexual function and libido.
• Luteinizing hormones (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) produced by
anterior pituitary lobe, they are necessary for maintaining testosterone levels. An increase
in the concentrations of LH and FSH should normally increase the testosterone
concentration
•Normally, prolactin is made by specialized pituitary cells called lactotrophs. Prolactin
increases the production of breast milk and suppresses secretion of LH and FSH. The role
of prolactin in men is not known.
• If high levels of prolactin in men, may cause hypogonadism, low blood testosterone
levels and decrease in sex drive (libido) and sexual function.
• Aphrodisiac agents shows reduction in the concentrations of prolactin in males which
would enhance the levels of LH and FSH and by extension the testosterone concentration.
ESTIMATION OF SEX HORMONE LEVEL
INVITRO TESTS
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

15. REFERENCES
•Ramandeep Singh*, Ashraf Ali etal., An overview of the current methodologies used for
evaluation of aphrodisiac agents,20 June 2013.
•Sabna Kotta, Shahid H etal., Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs
•www.wiley.com,intractive concept of biochemistry about nitricoxide and viagra
• A review of erectile dysfunction: management update
•Ramandeep Singh1 * ,Sarabjeet Singhetal., An Overview on Traditional Medicinal Plants as
AphrodisiacAgent, Volume 1 Issue 4.
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MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY