This document discusses the concept of critical mass in the context of science, technology, and innovation (STI) capabilities. It aims to define critical mass for STI, discuss how to measure it, and analyze how far Mexico is from achieving critical masses in STI. Critical mass refers to the level of STI capabilities needed to generate self-sustaining endogenous processes. Newly industrialized countries have achieved critical masses in STI, as evidenced by balanced STI populations and spawning of development processes. The paper reviews literature on critical mass and coevolutionary processes. It proposes defining critical masses of S&T and innovation in terms of capability populations and their outputs. The empirical analysis compares STI indicators of developed, newly
(Sesión 3) lectura 2 dutrenit & puchet, book of kulhman&ordonez, fin...Alberto Aguayo Lara
This document discusses tensions in Mexico's science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy by examining the country's trajectory of institution building for STI and interactions between its innovation practice, policy, and theory.
Mexico has made long-term efforts to develop STI institutions since the 1930s, but financial support has remained low, below 0.5% of GDP. While a 2002 law strengthened STI governance, recommendations from mainstream models may not fit Mexico's conditions. Rules and actions forming Mexico's innovation system are shaped both by practice and by laws and policies, creating tensions. Analyzing how these can harmoniously "dance together" is key to strengthening Mexico's national innovation system.
This document summarizes and discusses various conceptualizations of women's economic empowerment from different development organizations. It notes that while early definitions of empowerment focused more broadly on increasing women's agency, control over resources, and participation in decision making, more recent definitions have increasingly equated women's economic empowerment specifically with their access to paid work and ability to participate in markets. However, definitions differ in whether economic empowerment is seen as an end in itself or a means to broader development goals, and whether market forces alone are seen as sufficient to achieve empowerment or if structural changes are also needed to ensure fair terms of participation and benefits from growth. The document reviews definitions from organizations like the World Bank, UN, OECD, and
1) The analytical framework of National Systems of Innovation is built upon two prominent economic theories: evolutionary theory and institutional theory.
2) Evolutionary economics views innovation as an evolutionary and social process and sees the economy as an ever-changing non-equilibrium system shaped by internal transformations.
3) Schumpeter was a leading proponent of evolutionary economics and viewed entrepreneurship and technological innovation as the main drivers of economic development and change through a process of "creative destruction".
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Theories and paradigms of development
The world view of development
Non- Unilinear
Unilinear Word view of Development
Types of Unilinear Theories
Types of Non-Unilinear theories
João Tavares & Verónica R. | Giovanni Dosi
13 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
Online
LECTURE-2: The Economics of Technological Change
by
Dr. João Marcos Hausmann Tavares, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
&
Dr. Verónica Robert, CONICET - UNSAM, Argentina.
CHAIR:
Professor Giovanni Dosi, Institute of Economics Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa.
Moderator: Dr. Nanditha M.
LECTURE 6: THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF NSI
by
Dr. Olga Mikheeva, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UK
&
Dr. Manuel Gonzalo, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Brazil.
CHAIR:
Professor Joseph K.J., Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT), India
Rajesh G.K. & Swati M. | Francisco Louça
21 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE -3: ORIGINS OF INNOVATION SYSTEMS
by
Dr. Rajesh G.K. Gandhigram University, India
&
Dr. Swati Mehta, Guru Nanak Dev University, India.
CHAIR:
Professor Francisco Louça, ISEG University of Lisbon
+240 more
Kerala and the Indian Federal System - Restriction and ResponseDewey Bennett
This document discusses the "Kerala paradox" in India, where the state of Kerala has high human development scores like health and education but also high poverty and economic stagnation. It argues this is due to issues with India's parliamentary federal system. Kerala was able to effectively provide for basic needs like healthcare and education through consistent policies but was restricted economically by the federal government. While this improved living standards, it also limited Kerala's economic growth potential. The document analyzes this situation through the lenses of basic needs development theory and theories of federalism.
(Sesión 3) lectura 2 dutrenit & puchet, book of kulhman&ordonez, fin...Alberto Aguayo Lara
This document discusses tensions in Mexico's science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy by examining the country's trajectory of institution building for STI and interactions between its innovation practice, policy, and theory.
Mexico has made long-term efforts to develop STI institutions since the 1930s, but financial support has remained low, below 0.5% of GDP. While a 2002 law strengthened STI governance, recommendations from mainstream models may not fit Mexico's conditions. Rules and actions forming Mexico's innovation system are shaped both by practice and by laws and policies, creating tensions. Analyzing how these can harmoniously "dance together" is key to strengthening Mexico's national innovation system.
This document summarizes and discusses various conceptualizations of women's economic empowerment from different development organizations. It notes that while early definitions of empowerment focused more broadly on increasing women's agency, control over resources, and participation in decision making, more recent definitions have increasingly equated women's economic empowerment specifically with their access to paid work and ability to participate in markets. However, definitions differ in whether economic empowerment is seen as an end in itself or a means to broader development goals, and whether market forces alone are seen as sufficient to achieve empowerment or if structural changes are also needed to ensure fair terms of participation and benefits from growth. The document reviews definitions from organizations like the World Bank, UN, OECD, and
1) The analytical framework of National Systems of Innovation is built upon two prominent economic theories: evolutionary theory and institutional theory.
2) Evolutionary economics views innovation as an evolutionary and social process and sees the economy as an ever-changing non-equilibrium system shaped by internal transformations.
3) Schumpeter was a leading proponent of evolutionary economics and viewed entrepreneurship and technological innovation as the main drivers of economic development and change through a process of "creative destruction".
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Theories and paradigms of development
The world view of development
Non- Unilinear
Unilinear Word view of Development
Types of Unilinear Theories
Types of Non-Unilinear theories
João Tavares & Verónica R. | Giovanni Dosi
13 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
Online
LECTURE-2: The Economics of Technological Change
by
Dr. João Marcos Hausmann Tavares, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
&
Dr. Verónica Robert, CONICET - UNSAM, Argentina.
CHAIR:
Professor Giovanni Dosi, Institute of Economics Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa.
Moderator: Dr. Nanditha M.
LECTURE 6: THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF NSI
by
Dr. Olga Mikheeva, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UK
&
Dr. Manuel Gonzalo, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Brazil.
CHAIR:
Professor Joseph K.J., Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT), India
Rajesh G.K. & Swati M. | Francisco Louça
21 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE -3: ORIGINS OF INNOVATION SYSTEMS
by
Dr. Rajesh G.K. Gandhigram University, India
&
Dr. Swati Mehta, Guru Nanak Dev University, India.
CHAIR:
Professor Francisco Louça, ISEG University of Lisbon
+240 more
Kerala and the Indian Federal System - Restriction and ResponseDewey Bennett
This document discusses the "Kerala paradox" in India, where the state of Kerala has high human development scores like health and education but also high poverty and economic stagnation. It argues this is due to issues with India's parliamentary federal system. Kerala was able to effectively provide for basic needs like healthcare and education through consistent policies but was restricted economically by the federal government. While this improved living standards, it also limited Kerala's economic growth potential. The document analyzes this situation through the lenses of basic needs development theory and theories of federalism.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lourenço F. & Nimita P. | Edward Lorenz
28 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-4: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Lourenço Galvão Diniz Faria, Copenhagen University, Denmark.
&
Dr. Nimita Pandey, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
CHAIR:
Professor Edward Lorenz, Aalborg University, Denmark & University of Johannesburg, SA.
+177 more
This document provides a biography and overview of the academic contributions of Rick Ericson. It summarizes that he received his PhD from UC Berkeley in 1979 and has taught at several top universities. His research has focused on applying microeconomic theory to understanding the Soviet economy and industry dynamics. Specific contributions included modeling plan implementation in command economies, the role of the informal "second economy," and developing stochastic models of industry evolution.
The document discusses the history of economic theories of development from the 1940s to present. Early theories focused on issues like low savings, population growth, and structural changes needed in developing economies. Later theories examined political and social factors, terms of trade, and the experiences of newly industrialized countries. More recent debates center around the Washington Consensus of free market policies versus structuralist and developmental state approaches of different countries. The document also discusses concepts of sustainable development and biophysical/ethical limits to unlimited economic growth. It concludes by discussing alternative definitions of development focused on well-being, needs, and ensuring future generations can meet their needs.
Marxist view, Neo- Marxist view, Modernization, Dependency theory, world system theory, Post development theory, Sustainable development, Human development theory
This document provides an abstract for a study that compares the national innovation ecosystems of five countries: Israel, Poland, Germany, France, and Spain. The study applies a new methodology to visualize each country's innovation system and distinguish between supply-side and demand-side innovation drivers. By identifying the components of each country's innovation ecosystem, the analysis reveals differences that can inform the design of effective, unique innovation policies tailored to each nation's particular strengths and weaknesses.
The document discusses the work and ideas of economist Friedrich Hayek. It summarizes that Hayek argued that spontaneous order through free markets can coordinate people's actions without central planning. Hayek viewed the market as an evolved system resulting from human interactions, not designed by any one entity. The document also provides an overview of Hayek's contributions to understanding universal social order and the importance of individual choice. It discusses how Hayek's work on emergence, self-organization, and the role of knowledge in markets has influenced thinking about complex adaptive systems.
This document introduces the MISC (Mapping Innovations on the Sustainability Curve) methodology, which aims to accelerate the transition to sustainability. It does this through a participatory process using systems mapping based on insights from systems theory and process ecology. The maps reflect the sustainability curve, which shows that systems are most sustainable when they balance efficiency and resilience through appropriate diversity and interconnectivity. The MISC process involves stakeholders mapping their system and innovations to leverage transition points. It has been tested positively in several contexts as a way to facilitate cooperation across sectors in discussing sustainability transitions.
At present, the frequent occurrence of emergencies has threatened the safety of peoples lives and property. The complexity and dynamics of emergencies determine the difficulty for the government as a single entity to deal with in emergency management. The active participation of non governmental organizations, including social organizations, and the realization of the coordination and coupling with government departments are conducive to the improvement of emergency management capability in all aspects and the whole process. Wang Meiying | Yue Danni | Fu Nannan "Research on Emergency Capability Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30533.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/30533/research-on-emergency-capability-assessment/wang-meiying
This document outlines the course SFM 711 titled "Conservation and Rural Development". It covers development theories and approaches across two units. Unit 2 covers development theories, paradigms of development thinking, trends in development theories, conservation and development, sustainable development and goals. It discusses classical, populist, neo-liberal and livelihood approaches. Theories covered include poverty alleviation, dependency, modernization, neo-liberalization, environmentalism, sustainable development, and feminist theories.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Innovation Ecosystems - Practice vs. Prevailing PerceptionsYifat Turbiner
The document discusses factors that influence innovation ecosystems based on interviews with 25 Israeli innovation leaders. It finds that while the key factors identified in literature - government, academia, venture funding, culture and technology - also influence Israel's system, the relative importance of each factor differs from prevailing perceptions. Specifically, culture was seen as making a major contribution, while government and academia's impacts were viewed as more moderate. This discrepancy may be due to ecosystems evolving over time, changing each factor's nature of contribution.
The document discusses the evolutionary core of National Systems of Innovation. It notes that while interactions and connections are important, the original NSI framework focused too heavily on science. It argues that innovation comes from various sources beyond just scientific knowledge. The document also states that while NSI can be a useful analytical tool for policymakers, it risks becoming reductive and overlooking important complexities like politics, power and local contexts. An integrated approach using multiple lenses may be better than relying solely on NSI when developing innovation policies.
The third” united nationsc thomas g. weiss, tatiana caraojas18
This document introduces the concept of a "third United Nations" composed of non-state actors that closely engage with the UN but are not formally part of the organization. This third UN includes NGOs, academics, experts, commissions, and other individuals and groups. They help shape UN ideas, policies, priorities and practices through advocacy, research, and policy analysis. While the UN is traditionally viewed as composed of member states and the secretariat, recognizing this third sphere provides a more comprehensive understanding of the actors that influence the UN.
This document discusses challenges for least developed countries regarding information and communication technologies. It summarizes the author's dissertation thesis which examines ICT use in four developing countries - Guatemala, Lao PDR, Malawi and Yemen - on the macro and micro levels. On the macro level, the author argues that developed Western countries are failing to address the growing digital divide and are benefiting from developing countries' lack of access to and skills around ICTs, reinforcing patterns of colonialism. On the micro level, the study investigates users' demographics, habits and the opportunities and barriers around ICT use in these countries. The author proposes strategies for implementing ICTs in a sustainable way to counter colonial tendencies and foster development
Modernization theory views development as a progressive movement towards more modern societies characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and other social and economic changes associated with developed nations. It assumes countries are at different stages on a linear path that will ultimately lead to industrialized and ordered societies. However, modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic and ethnocentric by ignoring local contexts, cultures, and the political and historical factors that influence development. It also fails to account for inequality and poverty that can persist despite economic growth. While initially optimistic, modernization theory's inability to adequately explain development outcomes led to the rise of dependency and neo-Marxist theories in the 1970s that offered alternative perspectives.
This document discusses the need for a better understanding of institutional analysis across various social science disciplines. It argues that there is currently no consensus on key concepts like "institutions" and how to study them. The document presents a framework with multiple levels of institutional analysis, from more permanent higher levels to more rapidly changing lower levels. Developing a map of the field could help researchers communicate better and advance the study of how institutional configurations influence a society's innovativeness. However, the fragmented nature of universities makes consensus difficult.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
The document discusses Friedrich Hayek's work on complex phenomena and spontaneous order in economic systems. It summarizes that Hayek argued the price system and free markets do a remarkable job of coordinating people's actions without being explicitly designed or planned. Hayek viewed the market as a spontaneous order that evolved slowly through human actions and interactions over time. The document also provides brief biographies of several researchers affiliated with the Santa Fe Institute who study economics and complex systems.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
An Empirical And Theoretical Literature Review On Endogenous Growth In Latin ...Wendy Hager
This document provides a literature review on endogenous growth in Latin American economies. It summarizes three major theories of economic growth:
1) Neoclassical growth theory from the 1950s-1970s which viewed capital accumulation and technology as the main drivers of growth. This theory faced criticisms for treating factors like savings as exogenous.
2) Endogenous growth theory from the 1980s onward which endogenized technology and viewed factors like human capital and spillover effects from innovation as generating long-term growth.
3) The evolution of growth theory and its application to understanding economic growth in Latin American countries in recent decades, with a focus on factors like financial development, structural reforms, and institutions.
Research and Innovation Policies for Social Inclusion: Is There an Emerging P...iBoP Asia
This document summarizes a paper that explores an emerging pattern in research and innovation policies where contributing to social inclusion and marginalized populations is a legitimate goal. It discusses academic contributions recognizing the need to directly tackle problems affecting the poor through science and technology. Challenges include including marginalized groups in identifying solutions and navigating cultural differences. The paper examines examples of policies and initiatives tackling neglected health issues and agricultural problems of poor communities. It argues an emerging view supports using research and innovation to directly address all types of poverty problems through systemic and inclusive innovation systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lourenço F. & Nimita P. | Edward Lorenz
28 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-4: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Lourenço Galvão Diniz Faria, Copenhagen University, Denmark.
&
Dr. Nimita Pandey, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
CHAIR:
Professor Edward Lorenz, Aalborg University, Denmark & University of Johannesburg, SA.
+177 more
This document provides a biography and overview of the academic contributions of Rick Ericson. It summarizes that he received his PhD from UC Berkeley in 1979 and has taught at several top universities. His research has focused on applying microeconomic theory to understanding the Soviet economy and industry dynamics. Specific contributions included modeling plan implementation in command economies, the role of the informal "second economy," and developing stochastic models of industry evolution.
The document discusses the history of economic theories of development from the 1940s to present. Early theories focused on issues like low savings, population growth, and structural changes needed in developing economies. Later theories examined political and social factors, terms of trade, and the experiences of newly industrialized countries. More recent debates center around the Washington Consensus of free market policies versus structuralist and developmental state approaches of different countries. The document also discusses concepts of sustainable development and biophysical/ethical limits to unlimited economic growth. It concludes by discussing alternative definitions of development focused on well-being, needs, and ensuring future generations can meet their needs.
Marxist view, Neo- Marxist view, Modernization, Dependency theory, world system theory, Post development theory, Sustainable development, Human development theory
This document provides an abstract for a study that compares the national innovation ecosystems of five countries: Israel, Poland, Germany, France, and Spain. The study applies a new methodology to visualize each country's innovation system and distinguish between supply-side and demand-side innovation drivers. By identifying the components of each country's innovation ecosystem, the analysis reveals differences that can inform the design of effective, unique innovation policies tailored to each nation's particular strengths and weaknesses.
The document discusses the work and ideas of economist Friedrich Hayek. It summarizes that Hayek argued that spontaneous order through free markets can coordinate people's actions without central planning. Hayek viewed the market as an evolved system resulting from human interactions, not designed by any one entity. The document also provides an overview of Hayek's contributions to understanding universal social order and the importance of individual choice. It discusses how Hayek's work on emergence, self-organization, and the role of knowledge in markets has influenced thinking about complex adaptive systems.
This document introduces the MISC (Mapping Innovations on the Sustainability Curve) methodology, which aims to accelerate the transition to sustainability. It does this through a participatory process using systems mapping based on insights from systems theory and process ecology. The maps reflect the sustainability curve, which shows that systems are most sustainable when they balance efficiency and resilience through appropriate diversity and interconnectivity. The MISC process involves stakeholders mapping their system and innovations to leverage transition points. It has been tested positively in several contexts as a way to facilitate cooperation across sectors in discussing sustainability transitions.
At present, the frequent occurrence of emergencies has threatened the safety of peoples lives and property. The complexity and dynamics of emergencies determine the difficulty for the government as a single entity to deal with in emergency management. The active participation of non governmental organizations, including social organizations, and the realization of the coordination and coupling with government departments are conducive to the improvement of emergency management capability in all aspects and the whole process. Wang Meiying | Yue Danni | Fu Nannan "Research on Emergency Capability Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30533.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/30533/research-on-emergency-capability-assessment/wang-meiying
This document outlines the course SFM 711 titled "Conservation and Rural Development". It covers development theories and approaches across two units. Unit 2 covers development theories, paradigms of development thinking, trends in development theories, conservation and development, sustainable development and goals. It discusses classical, populist, neo-liberal and livelihood approaches. Theories covered include poverty alleviation, dependency, modernization, neo-liberalization, environmentalism, sustainable development, and feminist theories.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Innovation Ecosystems - Practice vs. Prevailing PerceptionsYifat Turbiner
The document discusses factors that influence innovation ecosystems based on interviews with 25 Israeli innovation leaders. It finds that while the key factors identified in literature - government, academia, venture funding, culture and technology - also influence Israel's system, the relative importance of each factor differs from prevailing perceptions. Specifically, culture was seen as making a major contribution, while government and academia's impacts were viewed as more moderate. This discrepancy may be due to ecosystems evolving over time, changing each factor's nature of contribution.
The document discusses the evolutionary core of National Systems of Innovation. It notes that while interactions and connections are important, the original NSI framework focused too heavily on science. It argues that innovation comes from various sources beyond just scientific knowledge. The document also states that while NSI can be a useful analytical tool for policymakers, it risks becoming reductive and overlooking important complexities like politics, power and local contexts. An integrated approach using multiple lenses may be better than relying solely on NSI when developing innovation policies.
The third” united nationsc thomas g. weiss, tatiana caraojas18
This document introduces the concept of a "third United Nations" composed of non-state actors that closely engage with the UN but are not formally part of the organization. This third UN includes NGOs, academics, experts, commissions, and other individuals and groups. They help shape UN ideas, policies, priorities and practices through advocacy, research, and policy analysis. While the UN is traditionally viewed as composed of member states and the secretariat, recognizing this third sphere provides a more comprehensive understanding of the actors that influence the UN.
This document discusses challenges for least developed countries regarding information and communication technologies. It summarizes the author's dissertation thesis which examines ICT use in four developing countries - Guatemala, Lao PDR, Malawi and Yemen - on the macro and micro levels. On the macro level, the author argues that developed Western countries are failing to address the growing digital divide and are benefiting from developing countries' lack of access to and skills around ICTs, reinforcing patterns of colonialism. On the micro level, the study investigates users' demographics, habits and the opportunities and barriers around ICT use in these countries. The author proposes strategies for implementing ICTs in a sustainable way to counter colonial tendencies and foster development
Modernization theory views development as a progressive movement towards more modern societies characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and other social and economic changes associated with developed nations. It assumes countries are at different stages on a linear path that will ultimately lead to industrialized and ordered societies. However, modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic and ethnocentric by ignoring local contexts, cultures, and the political and historical factors that influence development. It also fails to account for inequality and poverty that can persist despite economic growth. While initially optimistic, modernization theory's inability to adequately explain development outcomes led to the rise of dependency and neo-Marxist theories in the 1970s that offered alternative perspectives.
This document discusses the need for a better understanding of institutional analysis across various social science disciplines. It argues that there is currently no consensus on key concepts like "institutions" and how to study them. The document presents a framework with multiple levels of institutional analysis, from more permanent higher levels to more rapidly changing lower levels. Developing a map of the field could help researchers communicate better and advance the study of how institutional configurations influence a society's innovativeness. However, the fragmented nature of universities makes consensus difficult.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
The document discusses Friedrich Hayek's work on complex phenomena and spontaneous order in economic systems. It summarizes that Hayek argued the price system and free markets do a remarkable job of coordinating people's actions without being explicitly designed or planned. Hayek viewed the market as a spontaneous order that evolved slowly through human actions and interactions over time. The document also provides brief biographies of several researchers affiliated with the Santa Fe Institute who study economics and complex systems.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
An Empirical And Theoretical Literature Review On Endogenous Growth In Latin ...Wendy Hager
This document provides a literature review on endogenous growth in Latin American economies. It summarizes three major theories of economic growth:
1) Neoclassical growth theory from the 1950s-1970s which viewed capital accumulation and technology as the main drivers of growth. This theory faced criticisms for treating factors like savings as exogenous.
2) Endogenous growth theory from the 1980s onward which endogenized technology and viewed factors like human capital and spillover effects from innovation as generating long-term growth.
3) The evolution of growth theory and its application to understanding economic growth in Latin American countries in recent decades, with a focus on factors like financial development, structural reforms, and institutions.
Research and Innovation Policies for Social Inclusion: Is There an Emerging P...iBoP Asia
This document summarizes a paper that explores an emerging pattern in research and innovation policies where contributing to social inclusion and marginalized populations is a legitimate goal. It discusses academic contributions recognizing the need to directly tackle problems affecting the poor through science and technology. Challenges include including marginalized groups in identifying solutions and navigating cultural differences. The paper examines examples of policies and initiatives tackling neglected health issues and agricultural problems of poor communities. It argues an emerging view supports using research and innovation to directly address all types of poverty problems through systemic and inclusive innovation systems.
Korea's National Innovation System_ Andre Roland CharlesAndre Charles
South Korea's rapid economic growth from an impoverished agrarian economy to the world's 12th largest economy was underpinned by the government's strategic policy focus on building science and technology capacity. The government played a vital role in stimulating technical progress and economic expansion through Korea's national innovation system (NIS). The NIS framework views the main elements as universities, firms, and government, and their dynamic interactions that facilitate innovation and economic growth. Korea identified its strengths in human resources but weaknesses in technology and resources, and pursued a path of government-led science and technology development to transform the country from a technology immitator to a leading innovative economy.
Economic theories and perspectives on development1 (1).pptNanoSana
This document summarizes various economic theories of development and perspectives on achieving sustainable development. It discusses the main schools of thought including the Washington Consensus focused on macroeconomic stability and free markets, and the Southern Consensus emphasizing historical analysis and developing national capabilities. The document also outlines biophysical and ethical limits to unlimited economic growth, and argues that public policy should focus on expanding people's choices and well-being rather than only income and growth. Sustainable development is defined as meeting needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.
Promoting collaborative RD networks in morocco some elements for thoughtIlyas Azzioui
this presentation highlights some aspects related to innovation systems in development countries, dominant values and some prevalent misconceptions that should be taken into consideration when building a collaborative R&D Network in a developing country like Morocco.
Innovation Ecosystems - Practice vs. Prevailing PerceptionsYifat Turbiner
The document discusses factors that influence innovation ecosystems based on interviews with 25 Israeli innovation leaders. It finds that while the key factors identified in literature - government, academia, venture funding, culture and technology - also influence Israel's system, the relative importance of each factor differs from prevailing perceptions. Specifically, culture was seen as making a major contribution, while government and academia's impacts were viewed as more moderate. This discrepancy may be due to ecosystems evolving over time, changing each factor's nature of contribution.
Culture matters: a test of rationality on economic growthnida19
There are widespread debates as to whether cultural values have a bearing on economic growth. Scholarly articles have actually had conflicting results with proponents arguing there is whiles opponents have thought otherwise. The aim of this paper is to verify the assertions made by these two schools of thought from the perspective of culture as a rationality component using an input-output growth model. We basically employed an approach that sought to define and aggregate cultural values under rationality indices: instrumental, affective, value and traditional rationality from 29 countries with data from world value survey (1981-2009).
We systematically had them tested in an endogenous growth model alongside traditional economic variables. We conclude that when these cultural variables are combined with the so-called economic variables, there is an improvement in the model explanation than before. In addition, two of these cultural indices indicated a statistically positive effect on economic growth (instrumental and affective rationality). However, traditional
rationality index was also robust but with a negative coefficient. Value rationality showed a somewhat weaker link to economic growth and was statistically insignificant. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
The document discusses the history and development of the concept of sustainable development from its origins to modern issues. It begins by outlining how unsustainable human actions like pollution and resource depletion led to the need for a new approach balancing environmental and economic concerns. The concept of sustainable development is defined as having three pillars - environmental, social, and economic sustainability. It also discusses key milestones like the United Nations' definition and the Millennium Development Goals in shaping the current understanding of sustainable development and the ongoing challenges of balancing the three pillars.
Since decades, modern economics is considered to be a social science, and has become so deeply rooted in the thoughts of western individuals that it has gained a position as nothing more than common sense, even though its fundamental rules have proved to be illogical (Radice, 2008). These rules also act as the guiding principles for Neoliberalism, which is a theory that derives its roots from modern economics. The foundation of modern economics was laid by Adam Smith, who is also known as the father of modern economics, in his work ‘The Wealth of Nations’ (Liow, 2012).
A Metaindex of Development (MoD)
Marco Morosini, ETH Zurich
DRAFT - 2008
To be submitted to Social Indicators Research Abstract
A Metaindex of Development (MoD) for the 30 OECD countries was obtained through the country average rank in ten established international indices covering themes associated with development in industrialized countries: people and ecosystem wellbeing, human development, economic competitiveness, economic freedom, economic equality, information technology, environmental sustainability, gender gap, press freedom, corruption perception. The Metaindex answers the question: when development or relevant elements of it are measured, which OECD countries are more often in the top, in the middle or in the bottom ranks?
Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Canada, Netherlands, Australia and Ireland are the top ten countries in the Metaindex ranking in 2006. These countries have a small population (10 millions in average) and seven of them are thinly populated. Compared with the next twenty countries, they have in average the lowest worldwide levels of corruption and the highest levels of press freedom, taxation, environmental stewardship and diffusion of information technology. Eight of the top ten countries rank in the top ten positions in the OECD ranking of satisfaction with life. G8 countries are in the middle of the Metaindex ranking, with Canada best placed (8) and Italy worst (25). The two best correlating rankings with the Metaindex ranking are those of the Corruption Perception Index (0.931), which appears to be the best proxy for development in the OECD countries, and of satisfaction with life (0.866).
Key words: development, metaindex, composite indicators, indices, OECD
Local Innovation Systems in Emerging Economies Study Case Córdoba, ArgentinaiBoP Asia
This document analyzes the local innovation system of Córdoba, Argentina. It begins with an introduction to innovation systems and economic development theories. It then provides an overview of Argentina's national context for science and technology, noting that investment in R&D lags behind other countries. The document then describes the key players and links within Córdoba's regional innovation system, including universities, government, and private companies. It concludes that understanding local innovation systems can provide insights into regional economic development and opportunities for improvement.
This working paper describes evaluation as a growth industry in rapid transformation. Given the twin challenges of increased inequality and results orientation a new generation of evaluators will have to learn to surf a social impact wave. Given the rise of emerging market countries they will be called upon to move the center of gravity of the discipline south and east. Given the complexity of development challenges they will have to replenish the evaluation tool kit. Given the advent of big data and the spread of social networking they will tap the vast opportunities of a ‘plugged in’ world. Finally given the advent of results oriented networks they will forge resilient connections between public, private and civil society actors in pursuit of collective impact.
Supporting young people to make change happen act knowledge oxfamaustraliaPatrick Mphaka
This document reviews theories of change for supporting young people in creating positive change. It identifies four main outcomes that interventions aim for: 1) Young people participating in political and community decision-making, 2) Being civically engaged, 3) Leading youth-led initiatives for change, and 4) Developing leadership skills. Theories posit prerequisites for these outcomes like empowerment and civic participation building self-esteem. Assumptions around safety and context are important. Evaluations find theories must account for political and social relations to effect change at different levels in varying contexts.
Group Paper VI - Global Governance of Development - v2.0Edoardo Costa
This document provides an overview of the concepts, actors, debates, and goals related to global development governance. It begins by outlining some theoretical tools for understanding globalization's impact on development, including changing notions of governance, ideas of progress, and time-space compression. It then reviews the historical evolution of development concepts from economic growth to social and human development. The document examines major development institutions and critiques of contemporary practices. It analyzes efforts to establish development goals through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and proposes Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a future framework. In conclusion, it explores ongoing debates around defining and achieving development in the modern global context.
Media inattention for entrepreneurship in pakistanAlexander Decker
The document discusses media inattention for entrepreneurship in Pakistan. It analyzes data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to show that while Pakistan has a large media sector, it pays relatively little attention to entrepreneurship compared to other countries. This low level of media attention is correlated with lower entrepreneurial intentions and fewer new businesses in Pakistan. The document argues that greater focus on entrepreneurs by Pakistani media could help foster an more entrepreneurial culture.
This document provides an overview of an article about Integral Sustainable Development, which aims to provide a comprehensive framework for sustainable development efforts. The article explains that current approaches to sustainable development are fragmented and do not adequately address the complex, interconnected social, environmental and economic challenges faced. Integral Sustainable Development introduces a framework that maps these challenges from an inclusive perspective, considering interior psychological and cultural dynamics as well as exterior behavioral and systemic factors, to help optimize sustainable development initiatives. Part 1 of the article outlines this framework and its advantages over other approaches.
Knowledge Society and Innovation. Strategies towards Knowledge Society.
Jumping the s-curve? Knowledge as critical production factor. Is capatalism over? Capability to be decisive for growth and development.
Innovation, Economic Diversification and Human DevelopmentiBoP Asia
This document discusses the relationship between innovation, economic diversification, and human development. It argues that while innovation and economic diversification are important drivers of economic growth, they do not necessarily lead to improved human welfare and well-being. The human development approach emphasizes expanding people's freedoms, opportunities, and choices in order to enhance their quality of life. Both industrial policy and human development policy are needed to promote types of economic diversification that support human capabilities and well-being. Understanding how variety, choice, and welfare co-evolve can help design better development policies.
A triple helix system for knowledge based regional developmentIvan Kuznetsov
This document proposes introducing the concept of "Triple Helix Spaces" to describe the interaction between university, industry, and government spheres over time in knowledge-based regional development. It identifies three spaces: the Knowledge Space, Innovation Space, and Consensus Space. The Knowledge Space refers to the concentration of academic resources in a region. The Innovation Space describes how venture capital can intensify commercializing new technologies from universities. And the Consensus Space represents collaboration between regional leadership in academia, industry, and government to develop strategic plans. These spaces provide a framework for analyzing how regions transition from one Triple Helix configuration to another during economic renewal processes.
Similar to Approaching the Measurement of the Critical Mass of Science, Technology and Innovation How Far Off is Mexico (20)
Community Futures Mapping Documentation DRAFTiBoP Asia
This document provides information about the project team and community mapping activities conducted for the Informal City Dialogues project in Metro Manila. A series of focus group discussions and mapping exercises were held in 5 informal settler communities between February 16-March 1, 2013 to understand issues in informality. Key issues raised included lack of security of tenure, limited livelihood opportunities, and inadequate access to basic services. Despite challenges, participants remained optimistic and hoped the government and community initiatives could help alleviate poverty and facilitate adaptation to environmental changes.
Inclusive Futures Mapping Documentation DRAFTiBoP Asia
This document summarizes the proceedings of a two-day inclusive futures mapping workshop on the 2040 urban challenge in Metro Manila. The workshop brought together stakeholders from different sectors to discuss factors influencing how people live in Metro Manila, develop four scenarios for the city's future, and discuss lessons learned. Participants included community representatives, academics, and government officials who shared perspectives on the past, present and future of the city. Through group exercises, they identified key drivers of change, constructed narratives for alternative futures, and critiqued one another's scenarios. The goal was to generate inclusive visions that could help guide long-term urban planning.
Typology of business, social enterprise and social innovation models for incl...iBoP Asia
This document discusses inclusive mobility in Metro Manila and explores business and social enterprise models that can promote inclusive transportation. It begins by defining concepts of inclusive mobility and how mobility needs to work for vulnerable groups. The document then analyzes the current transportation challenges in Metro Manila, particularly for the poor and vulnerable, such as high costs and long travel times. It presents a framework to analyze potential inclusive mobility models based on how they benefit various sectors. Examples of international models that increase access to transportation for rural areas are also provided. The goal is to identify solutions that can be replicated or scaled up to improve mobility for all in Metro Manila.
Mobility characteristics, costs, and issues of the poor and vulnerable groupsiBoP Asia
The document summarizes the findings of a study on the transport needs and costs of poor communities and vulnerable groups in the Philippines. Key findings include that walking is the most common transportation mode for the poor, transport costs consume a significant portion of household income and expenses, and high transport costs are the primary mobility problem reported. Solutions proposed by communities included increasing income, lowering fares, and budgeting transport costs. Mobility characteristics and transportation preferences of vulnerable groups like BPO workers and the elderly were also examined.
Mapping of the Public Transport System of Metro Manila: Responding to the Nee...iBoP Asia
This document discusses a study that mapped the public transport system in Metro Manila using GIS to analyze accessibility for poor communities. The study collected secondary data on transport facilities and conducted field surveys to map routes, terminals, and pedestrian infrastructure. Notable gaps in existing transport data were identified. The GIS database developed classified formal and informal terminals and analyzed proximity and density to measure accessibility. The analysis identified North Triangle and areas along Commonwealth Avenue as having high public transport accessibility.
Non-Motorized Transport Forum and Mapping WorkshopiBoP Asia
The questions raised good points about replicating the program in urban poor communities and construction workers' communities. Mr. Uichico acknowledged the potential for expansion but also noted they are still learning from their pilot project. More discussion is needed on adapting the model to different contexts while maintaining its goals of poverty alleviation and mobility access.
The document summarizes the project launch of the "Catalyzing New Mobility in Cities: the Case of Metro Manila" project held on January 31, 2012. It provides an overview of the various presentations and discussions that took place at the event, which was organized by the Innovations at the Base of the Pyramid in Asia (iBoP Asia) Program to bring together stakeholders in transportation from Metro Manila. The launch aimed to start a conversation around empowering citizens to shape mobility patterns in Metro Manila to be more inclusive. Preliminary findings from research commissioned by the project on mapping public transportation and understanding mobility issues faced by the poor were also presented.
The document summarizes an inception meeting held by the Ateneo School of Government and Rockefeller Foundation to launch a project on catalyzing new mobility in Metro Manila. Key points from presentations include: (1) Metro Manila has experienced rapid urbanization that has led to problems like traffic and informal settlements; (2) Cities are economic engines and attract people seeking opportunities, yet Metro Manila's pedestrians are not prioritized; (3) The meeting brought together stakeholders to discuss research on Metro Manila's transport system and impacts on the poor.
Training on Sustainable Transport and Climate Change Documentation ReportiBoP Asia
The two-day training on sustainable transport and climate change covered 5 modules. The first day included modules on sustainable transport and climate change, sustainable transport and the climate process, and transitioning to low carbon transport. The second day covered climate finance for low carbon transport and measuring the impact of low carbon transport interventions on CO2 emissions. A group exercise was also conducted where participants proposed potential low carbon transport projects. The training aimed to enhance understanding of the relationship between transport and climate change, and identify solutions to transition to more sustainable transport systems.
This document summarizes a pilot mapping workshop on catalyzing new mobility in Metro Manila that took place on February 1, 2012. 38 participants from various private organizations, government agencies, and academic institutions attended to map the transportation systems in Quezon City. The workshop aimed to 1) map existing and potential transportation networks, 2) provide stakeholders an opportunity to collaborate, and 3) expand the shared knowledge base on inclusive mobility. Participants engaged in a walking tour and were divided into groups to map the area. Their maps identified issues like the need for improved signage, bike lanes, and integrated ticketing. The workshop helped participants learn from each other and envision how to make transportation in Metro Manila more accessible and sustainable.
Ortigas New Mobility Mapping DocumentationiBoP Asia
The document reports on a New Mobility Mapping Workshop held on March 13, 2012 in Ortigas CBD area that brought together 63 participants from government, private sector, academe and NGOs. The workshop aimed to map out the existing and potential transport systems in the area through group activities. The results highlighted opportunities to improve walking and biking infrastructure, develop a bus rapid transit system, and implement policies supporting green transportation.
Moving Manila Public Lecture DocumentationiBoP Asia
1. This document summarizes a public lecture on urban planning, transport, and mobility in Metro Manila held by the Ateneo School of Government. The event featured presentations from representatives of the Rockefeller Foundation and the University of Michigan on challenges facing Metro Manila's transportation system and potential solutions.
2. Key challenges discussed included severe traffic congestion, a reliance on private vehicles over public transportation, and a lack of coordination between the cities and municipalities that make up Metro Manila. Potential solutions focused on prioritizing pedestrians, increasing public transportation and road pricing, and fostering greater citizen engagement and multi-sector partnerships.
3. There was discussion around the need for long-term regional planning, modifying governance structures,
Creative industries and innovation the case of new media firms in cape towniBoP Asia
This document examines innovation in new media firms located in Cape Town, South Africa. It finds that the new media sector in Cape Town is small but emerging. While new media firms demonstrate technological innovation, their innovation activities tend to be incremental and localized. Various barriers limit their ability to enhance innovation and growth. The document provides policy implications for supporting innovation in creative industries in developing countries and recommendations for developing Cape Town's new media sector.
Colombia’s National System of Innovation: A Multi-theoretical Assessment of ...iBoP Asia
This document provides an overview of Colombia's National System of Innovation (NSI). It describes the structure and development of Colombia's NSI over three stages from 1968 to present. While the NSI has strengthened over time through various policies and laws, investment in science and technology remains low and Colombia continues to lag behind other countries in areas like academic publications, patents, and business sector performance. The document aims to analyze Colombia's NSI using multiple theoretical frameworks to better understand its strengths and weaknesses.
Clustering and Imitation in Innovation Strategy: Toward an Incumbent-Entrant ...iBoP Asia
This document summarizes a research paper about clustering and imitation in innovation strategy in emerging markets. It discusses how in emerging markets with institutional voids, firms face uncertainty in making innovation strategies. The paper proposes that in this context, imitation can be an alternative learning mechanism. Specifically, it hypothesizes that in industrial clusters in emerging markets, entrant firms will imitate the innovation strategies of incumbent firms. It also hypothesizes that characteristics of the industrial cluster like density and variability will moderate the imitation effect by influencing information conditions. The paper aims to test these relationships by examining firms' R&D investment strategies in Beijing's Zhongguancun Science Park from 2001-2003.
Clustering and Imitation in Innovation Strategy Toward an Incumbent-Entrant D...iBoP Asia
This document summarizes a research paper that examines how entrants in an emerging market industrial cluster imitate the innovation strategies of incumbents. Specifically, it looks at firms in Beijing's Zhongguancun Science Park from 2001-2003. The paper develops hypotheses that under institutional voids in emerging markets, entrants will mimic incumbents' R&D investment strategies. It also predicts that characteristics of the industrial cluster, like density and variability, will influence information flow and shape imitation. The paper reviews several theories of imitation and discusses how characteristics of the reference group and information networks can impact diffusion of practices. It aims to test whether entrants imitate incumbents' innovation strategies and whether cluster density and variability moderate this
Colombia’s National System of Innovation A Multi-theoretical Assessment of St...iBoP Asia
The document provides an overview of Colombia's National System of Science, Technology and Innovation (NSSTI). It describes the system's structure and history, noting it was established in 1990 and operates through various councils, programs, and government bodies like Colciencias. However, the development of the system has been slow, with investment in R&D and ST&I remaining low around 0.4% of GDP compared to a 1% goal. Key challenges include low private sector participation, lack of coordination between actors, and regional disparities in innovation capabilities. The paper aims to assess NSSTI using multiple theoretical frameworks to better understand performance gaps and ways to strengthen long-term development.
Where Can Public Policy Play a Role A Comparative Case Study of Regional Inst...iBoP Asia
Where Can Public Policy Play a Role A Comparative Case Study of Regional Institutions and Their Impact on Firm’s Innovation Networks in China and Switzerland
Demand- and User-Driven Innovation Management In Public OrganizationsiBoP Asia
This document discusses demand- and user-driven innovation management in public organizations. It aims to develop a conceptual framework for understanding innovation management in the public sector context, with a focus on the role of demand and users. Traditionally, innovation studies have focused on the private sector, but recently there has been more attention on how the public sector can innovate itself. The document explores defining features of public innovation and reviews approaches to demand-driven innovation management, discussing both the public sector's role as a first user to drive private sector innovation, and its role as an innovator itself in order to improve public services.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Approaching the Measurement of the Critical Mass of Science, Technology and Innovation How Far Off is Mexico
1. Approaching the measurement of the critical mass of science,
technology and innovation: how far off is Mexico?
Gabriela Dutrénit* and Martín Puchet**1
Abstract
Newly industrialized countries behave well in the indicators related to their domestic
science, technology and innovation (STI) capabilities (e.g. Korea and Singapore), which
suggest that in some way they have achieved critical masses of STI capabilities. This may
have allowed them to spawn endogenous processes that contribute to a development
process. Such processes are also clear in developed economies, where a quite balanced
structure of STI populations is observed. In contrast, other emerging economies are
achieving remarkable success in some variables, like Brazil or India, but they still observe
imbalances between the STI populations, they have probably not achieved yet critical
masses in STI. The aim of this paper is twofold, first to discuss the concept of a critical
mass in the context of STI and how to measure it, including some indicators, and second,
how far off is Mexico in reaching critical masses in STI, and whether the design and
implementation of STI policy has contributed to the development of critical masses of STI
leading to the consolidation of a NSI. The empirical analysis focuses on the evolution of
the main inputs and outputs of the NSI of some developed countries as a point of reference
of what having critical masses may mean, and of some newly industrializing countries and
others that are observing a remarkable performance, with others like Mexico, India and
Russia that are moving, but still at a low pace.
Introduction2
A number of newly industrialized countries have achieved remarkable success in terms of
economic and social development. In fact, they are moving towards the developed world.
In contrast, most of the countries from the South are still looking for their own way to
initiate a successful development trajectory, with different degrees of advance.
There is a growing consensus about the centrality of scientific and technological advances
in driving economic progress, and that increasing national investments in innovation are
essential to ensure the countries’ economic growth (Schumpeter, 1942; Solow, 1956;
Abramovitz, 1956 and 1986). However, no agreement has been reached concerning the
processes linking innovation and growth, even less so when development is introduced into
the analysis. Today it is also quite clear that the structure of linkages at local, regional,
*Professor, postgraduate Program in Economics and Management of Innovation; Universidad Autonóma
Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico, gdutrenit@laneta.apc.org. **Professor, Faculty of Economics,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, anyul@servidor.unam.mx.
We would like to thank Carlos Ramos and Rodrigo Magaldi for their research assistance.
2. national and international levels, and the construction of a national system of innovation
(NSI) contribute to that success (Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1992; Nelson, 1993; Edquist,
1997; Kim, 1997; Niosi, 2000; Cimoli, 2000; Cassiolato, Lastres and Maciel, 2003).
From a structuralist and systems-evolutionary perspective (Schumpeter, 1934, 1939;
Kuznets, 1971, 1973; and more recently Saviotti and Pyka, 2004) innovation affects
economic growth and development if it triggers structural change (World Bank, 2008;
Haussman and Klinger, 2007). This could be seen as the emergence of new sectors,
markets, clusters, large multinational companies, and other forms of multi-agent structures
(e.g networks, regional or sectoral innovation systems). An innovation and structural
change-led economic development has to be placed in the context of the construction of
NSI, as agents, functions and structures are important for the dynamics of change.
Newly industrialized countries behave well in the indicators related to their domestic
science, technology and innovation (STI) capabilities (e.g. Korea and Singapore), which
suggest that in some way they have achieved critical masses of STI capabilities, including
both science and technology (ST) and Innovation (Innov). This may have allowed them to
spawn endogenous processes that contribute to a development process. Such processes are
also clear in developed economies, where a quite balanced structure of STI populations is
observed. In contrast, other emerging economies are achieving remarkable success in some
variables, like Brazil or India, but they still observe imbalances between the STI
populations.
In many cases, the government ignited this process with a right design of STI policies and
the assignment of resources in order to generate the accurate incentives. Hence, the STI
policy, and also industrial policy, is called to play a key role in this process by fostering
changes in the agents’ behaviours to increase demand and supply of knowledge (and a
balance between both), stimulating the emergence of strategic sectors and new areas of
competitiveness, and promoting cooperation and balance between regions within the
country. Along this line, the coevolution of STI arenas emerges as a relevant process for
building up such critical masses in order to accelerate a trajectory of innovation and
structural change-led economic development. The promotion of such coevolutionary
processes requires a systemic/evolutionary approach to STI policy (Nelson, 1994; Murray,
2002; Breznitz, 2007; Sotarauta and Srinivas, 2006; Smits, Kuhlmann and Teubal, 2010;
Dutrénit, Puchet and Teubal, 2011). Once critical masses are reached, self-sustaining
endogenous processes may be generated.3 However, a critical mass is a dynamic
dimension, which evolves over time, thus it can be thought of as a moving target
(Somasundaram, 2004).
We do not know enough about what these critical masses of STI are, how they may be built
and how they dynamically evolve, what is their relationship with co evolutionary processes
!
3. of STI populations, and what the role of STI policies is in this process. This paper is
inserted into this line of discussion and is a first approach to discuss the concept and
measurement of critical masses of STI in emerging economies. The aim of this paper is
twofold, first to discuss the concept of a critical mass in the context of STI and how to
measure it, including some indicators, and second, how far off is Mexico in reaching
critical masses in STI, and whether the design and implementation of STI policy has
contributed to the development of critical masses of STI leading to the consolidation of a
NSI. The empirical analysis focuses on the evolution of the main inputs and outputs of the
NSI of some developed countries as a point of reference of what having critical masses may
mean (Canada, Italy, Australia and Spain), and of some newly industrializing countries and
others that are observing a remarkable performance (South Korea and Brazil), with others
like Mexico, India and Russia that are moving, but still at a low pace.
After this introduction, section 2 reviews literature related to critical masses and
coevolutionary processes in STI; section 3 approaches the measurement of critical masses
in STI, including which countries it makes sense to compare and which indicators may be
used, this section discusses where Mexico stands; section 4 discusses the current STI
policies in Mexico in the light of the idea of building critical masses of STI; and finally
section 5 concludes.
Critical masses and coevolutionary processes
Based on coevolutionary approaches to STI and ideas coming from development
economics (Gersenkron, 1962; Rosenstein Rodan, 1943; Myrdal, 1957), Dutrénit, Puchet
and Teubal (2011) argue that in order to place innovation as a powerful process for the
production of structural change, the NSI has to reach a threshold of STI capabilities before
emergent behaviour appears to generate a structural change-led development. In other
words, critical masses seem to be needed in order to generate self-sustaining endogenous
processes.
The concept of critical mass and threshold
The concept of critical mass has been introduced in different disciplines. It is usually used
to determine when a certain level of accumulation of a capability or stock makes it possible
to shoot a result that characterizes the process under study, and is maintained from there at
a high rate of growth.
For instance, in nuclear physic: “A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material
needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material
depends upon its nuclear properties (e.g. the nuclear fission cross-section), its density, its
shape, its enrichment, its purity, its temperature and its surroundings. When a nuclear chain
reaction in a mass of fissile material is self-sustaining, the mass is said to be in a critical
state in which there is no increase or decrease in power, temperature or neutron
population.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass)
4. "
The concept has been largely used in relation to collective actions, related to the analysis of
the e.market, the emergence of open source communities and other online communities, or
in innovation diffusion (Granovetter, 1978; Oliver, Marwell and Teixeira, 1985; Mahler
and Rogers, 1999; Somasundaram, 2004; Booij and Helms, 2010). Booij and Helms (2010)
relate the concept of critical mass to “… the idea of a point at which a community can
suddenly gain a large amount of new members in a short period”. They assert that critical
mass is a change in the state of this population, which happens during its growth stage,
marking the point at which the community becomes self-sustaining.
In growth theory, Azariadis and Drazen (1990) introduced the concept and linked it with
another two used in development economics: the Poverty traps and the threshold effects.
The motivation and context in which these authors introduced the concepts are associated
with the fact that theories of economic growth required more robust models from the
empirical point of view. This occurs when the models are insufficient to explain very
different growth rates and, in turn, presents the co - existence of economies whose paths
diverge in a systematic way, along with others that generate a take off getting them closer
to those that grow faster.
In this context, Azariadis and Drazen (1990) argue that: “Earlier investigators focused on
the ‘preconditions’ that an economy must satisfy to move from low to sustained high
growth” (p. 503). They explicitly refer to Preobrazhensky (1926), Rosenstein–Rodan
(1943) and Nelson (1956), and also to Rostow (1960). Coming from an evolutionary
economics perspective, Dutrénit, Puchet and Teubal (2011) also draw on these authors to
build bridges between the analysis of coevolutionary processes of STI and economic
development.
Azariadis and Drazen (1990) considered that to capture these divergent processes is
sufficient to introduce an additional feature in the neoclassical model. This feature is the
“…technological externalities with a “threshold” property that permits returns to scale to
rise very rapidly whenever economic state variables, …[and they add], take on values in a
relatively narrow “critical mass” range.” (p. 504)
The threshold effects are “…radical differences in dynamic behaviour arising from local
variations in social returns to scale” (p. 508) In particular, for the extended neoclassical
model with human capital, they concluded: “There are two ways in which human capital
accumulation can result in multiple balanced growth paths and thus explain development
takeoffs. Reaching a given level of knowledge either makes it easier to acquire further
knowledge (…) or induces a sharp increase in production possibilities (…). Both of these
possibilities mean that threshold externalities are due to the attainment of a critical mass in
human capital.” (p. 513)
Even though this literature introduces the discussion on critical masses and threshold
effects generating self-sustaining processes, knowledge about the economic mechanisms
that explain the jump from one stage to a higher one is still limited.
5. #
The concept of critical masses in the arena of STI capabilities
The literature asserts that coevolution is a process that links the evolution of different
arenas of a system, where changes of one induce changes on the other –e.g. they are
causally linked. There is a growing literature that applies coevolutionary concepts to the
study of socio-economic systems, although challenging issues for transferring evolutionary
concepts and insights from the biological to the social arenas have been recognized
(Norgaard 1984 and 1994; Levinthal and Myatt 1994; March 1994; Nelson 1995;
McKelvey, Baun and Donald 1999; Lewin and Volberda 1999; van den Bergh and Gowdy
2003).
A stream of literature focuses on coevolution in the arenas of science, technology and
innovation. Nelson (1994) discusses coevolution between technology, industry and
institutions; Murray (2002) focuses on industries and national institutions; Murmann (2003)
on industries and academic disciplines; Metcalfe, James and Mina (2005) analyse
coevolution between clinical knowledge and technological capabilities; and Nyggard
(2008) between technology, markets and institutions, amongst others. Some authors
introduce the role of policies in coevolutionary analysis. In this line, Breznitz (2007)
analyses the coevolution between technology, policy, industry and state; Fagerberg,
Mowery and Verspagen (2008) approach the case of the Norwegian National Innovation
System and introduce the innovation policy; Sotarauta and Srinivas (2006) relate public
policy with economic development in technologically innovative regions; and Nelson
(2008) highlights policies more as part of the picture related to the coevolution of
technologies, firm and industry structure, and economic institutions than as an arena that
may coevolve with the others.
Following Dutrénit, Puchet and Teubal (2011), we define Science/Technology (ST) and
Innovation (Innov) as two activities that transform capabilities into outputs, thus the
populations can be defined in terms of either one or both variables.4 The population of
capabilities for ST is formed by researchers/teachers working in the research and higher
education system, and for Innov by engineers and technicians, including doctors in science
and engineering, involved in innovation activities. Outputs of these populations include
human resources (graduates and postgraduates), specific knowledge and new capabilities
for ST, and new products and processes and patents for Innov. These populations evolve
following the three causal processes (variation, selection and retention) as analysed by
Campbell (1969), and coevolve as they build bidirectional causal mechanisms that may link
their evolutionary trajectories (e.g. cooperation), as discussed by Murmann (2002).
Institutions govern the behaviour of the coevolving populations.
Based on the literature reviewed in Section 2.1 and the focus of this paper on the STI
arenas, critical masses can be defined as the level of capabilities at which the system is able
to generate endogenous processes and thus became self-sustaining. Critical masses of ST
and Innov correspond to a level of capabilities that allow virtuous coevolutionary processes
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6. *
of these populations. Even though coevolutionary processes may appear below critical
mass levels, only after that point such processes became self-sustaining.
Azariadis and Drazen (1990) incorporate human capital into their neoclassical model in two
ways: an easier form to acquire knowledge, or a sharp increase in production possibilities.
For both routes technological externalities are generated, and they induce development
when they reach a critical mass of accumulated human capital.
In the same direction, Dutrénit, Puchet and Teubal (2011), following an evolutionary
approach, analyze the interaction between people that can create the easiest way to acquire
knowledge, as researchers in the arena of ST, and one that has capabilities to dramatically
increase production capacity, as engineers and technicians in the arena of Innov. They
argue that when there is co-evolution between the two populations it is possible to generate
positive externalities between these populations and build a critical mass of them in order
to switch from one to another stage of development. These are the factors that make it
possible to move from one stage of development characterized by a NSI that observes only
pre-conditions, leading to a trap of low growth, to other steps that may emerge when the
NSIs have created the conditions for sustained growth.
In the absence of these externalities and critical masses, which depend on elements of
organizational, institutional and public policy, the NSI tends to remain at the level of pre-
conditions for development. The take-off requires a virtuous combination of qualitative
measures with adequate investment levels in size and composition.
In these NSI, which only observe pre-conditions, the STI capabilities are characterised by:
a narrow ST base/infrastructure, weak institutions and distorted structure of incentives, a
profile of innovation activities based on the use of existing knowledge, and little variation
(a pre-condition for mutually beneficial selection and reproduction). Under these
conditions, innovation policy has not been sufficiently effective to serve as a base for STI
evolution and coevolutionary processes in these arenas. Hence, we can assume that the
initial conditions are below the critical mass required to trigger endogenous virtuous
processes; the system can coevolve but it will only be capable of reaching a low level
equilibrium, which will probably be a trap.5
This approach to critical masses of ST and Innov and to coevolutionary processes between
these populations seeks to contribute to the understanding of how innovation can be placed
as a powerful process in order to produce structural change and to avoid the traps of low
growth.
How to measure critical masses? An empirical approach
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7. 1
The measurement of critical masses has two types of problems that are difficult to resolve
operatively. The first is common to the measurement of capabilities, particularly those with
intangible elements such as the human capital, intellectual capital or capital. The second
refers to the case when a critical mass level is added, and such level is critical in the context
of the functioning of the system.
Given a set of options for adaptation to the environment, if a level of efficient operation is
reached, it means that there are capabilities. To measure the size of the capabilities, for
example, researchers and teachers, who in turn train new researchers and professionals, and
engineers and technicians who develop innovation, measurement are needed both on the
level they reach and on the capability composition they have. It is clear that a certain
population size is required in order to have variation, enabling selection and allowing
retention of a level that allows individuals to trigger growth. At the same time not all
compositions of individuals in organizations (by specialty, skills, etc.) ensures that the
process is generated.
In this regard, generally, levels of capability are measured quantitatively by the amount of
members of a given population. The profiles of these members are largely intangible, such
as their specialties, which go beyond the certification of knowledge, or their skills, which
are formed through experience and are located in the organizations where they work. These
profiles are highly difficult to define and measure. In these cases it is not enough to simply
list categories of expertise or skills that make up the population, then add their elements. It
is about knowing how each category works properly in relation to its environment.
However, to qualify as a critical mass, these capabilities should be designed into the
system, and their relevance will be to generate a discontinuous change in any output of the
system. Therefore, the measurement of critical masses has to put the capabilities in a chain
of input-output of the system studied, and must conceive the dynamic behaviour of this
link.
One way to identify the presence of a critical mass in STI may be to consider an output –
e.g. the proportion of high-tech exports, and correlate with an input –e.g. the expenditures
on R&D. When the output is stable or growing (but not decreasing on average), then you
may think that it has acquired the critical mass associated with the necessary capabilities to
enable the magnitude of output is sustained over time.
You can think of a timeline in the evolution of a critical mass if the process is seen higher
after periods of stagnation or decline. This illustrates that there may be emergence, growth
and strengthening of capabilities but we can also observe a decline in them, which would
lead to a loss of critical mass. At the same time, as there may be critical masses who are
associated with different processes, eg ST and Innov activities, there may be mismatches
between the capabilities of each other to cause cross-effects. Failure to achieve critical
masses of science will probably not reach stabilization of the innovation processes,
although the level of input will stand at the threshold supposedly appropriate.
Therefore, accurate measurement of critical masses seems to require a number of indicators
that include both inputs and outputs of the populations concerned. Thus, system
8. 2
performance will be a reference to the threshold required for the capability to qualify as a
critical mass.
In the absence of both paths of inputs and outputs of STI, which qualify in one economy to
identify a critical mass, it is required to act in comparison. For instance, you need to take
the critical mass in another economy as reference. This adds an additional difficulty due to
the fact that this translation is always mediated by the structural characteristics of
economies that are taken as benchmark. Therefore, the proposed measurement of this work
involves the structural characteristics of economies; it is understood that a critical mass of
economies cannot be mechanically transferred on to others.
Towards measuring critical masses in STI
This section is a first approach to the idea of measuring critical masses in STI. Even though
the meaning of having critical masses in STI may be ambiguous, the STI capabilities of
those countries that are having a remarkable performance may be close to what we can term
critical masses in STI. Hence, this section compares the main inputs and outputs of the NSI
of some developed countries as a point of reference of what having critical masses may
mean (Italy, Canada, Australia, Spain) and a newly successful industrializing country
(South Korea). For comparison with Mexico, the analysis includes emerging countries that
are part of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia Federation and India).
Which countries may be compared: looking at the structural
characteristics
Countries differ in their structural characteristics, like economic structure, market size,
structure of their export (commodities versus manufactured products, technological
contents, etc.), average age of the population, level of education, etc. Some of these
characteristics are associated with the country size and endowments while others relate to
the level of development, hence differences emerge if they pertain to the developed,
emerging or newly developing world. These characteristics may condition their STI
capabilities and consequently their STI policies.
If we are looking to understand what the critical masses in STI are, it makes sense to make
comparisons between countries taking structural characteristics into account. In this line,
the countries that were selected to be compared with Mexico include newly industrializing
countries that are observing a remarkable performance (South Korea), BRIC countries
(Brazil, India, Russia Federation) that have similarities with Mexico in terms of their size,
background conditions by the 1960s-1970s or the development model they followed, and
developed economies of medium size (Australia, Canada, Italia, Spain).
The analysis of structural characteristics of these countries is based on their evolution
through 3 periods, which are relevant in terms of Mexico and other emerging and
9. 3
developing countries: 1990 (previous to the Washington Consensus), 2000 (post
Washington Consensus) and 2008 (current period).
For this analysis indicators that reflect percentages and amount of different economic and
social aspects of the countries were included. The evaluation of three years illustrates the
evolution of the profile. Three set of indicators were included:
Relative size of the economies (GDP PPP)
Basis for developing the capabilities of the systems: health, education and income
through the Human Development Index (HDI), diffusion of information
technologies (Internet users), percentage of age in tertiary education, Studying
Population, eg in Higher Education Institutions (HEI Coverage)
Achievement of economies: GDP per capita, inequality (GINI), export capacity of
high technology goods (% High Tech exports)
All the structural graphics are related to the country that has a higher value in the period
under review (1990, 2000 and 2008), which mostly refer to 2008:
HDI: Australia
Internet users and Coverage of HEI and % High Tech exports: Korea
GDP per capita: Canada
GDP: India
Gini: Brazil in 1990
Figure 1 illustrates the structural characteristics of the countries. The structural profiles of
the set of developed economies included in the analysis and of a successful new
industrializing country like Korea show some similarities:
The economies are smaller than the other set of countries
They have better life conditions, as revealed by the high HDI, % of Internet users
and Coverage of HEI.
These economies observe a better performance, as they have a very high GDP per
capita, lower inequity (low GINI), and Korea and Italy have the highest coefficient
of High Tech exports in their total exports.
In contrast, the profile of the emerging economies has the following features:
Their economies have a bigger size
The life conditions are deficient as revealed by a relatively low HDI, and low % of
Internet users and Coverage of HEI.
Their performance remains poor, as revealed by a much lower GDP per capita, high
inequality (high Gini) and the low share of high technology exports in the
composition of their exports, except for the case of Mexico.
In the case of Mexico, the % of high tech exports in total exports is relatively high,
although significantly lower than in Korea. These exports are the result of a particular form
of operation of the MNCs, which has neither generated the expected knowledge spillovers
nor improvement in living conditions. (Dutrénit and Vera-Cruz, 2007; Carrillo and Hualde,
1997)
13. Key indicators for critical masses in STI
From the perspective of the NSI, an analysis of critical masses in ST and Innov may
include indicators of inputs and outputs of this system. The two populations that were
defined in section 2.2 were ST and Innov, thus indicators of inputs and outputs for these
populations may be included.
According to the focus of this paper on measuring critical masses of ST and Innov to
explain the generation of self-sustaining processes, both indicators of composition of the
expenditure and results and indicators of the amount of these dimensions are relevant. In
this line, the effort in R&D as a percentage of the GDP is important but also the absolute
amount of expenditure in R&D.
As in the case of the structural characteristics, the analysis of the ST and Innov
characteristics of these countries is based on their evolution through three periods: 1990,
2000 and 2008. Six indicators for STI, including indicators for percentages and amount of
ST and Innov, were selected to illustrate the evolution of the profiles over the period:
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D as percentage of the GDP (GERD/GDP)
Business Expenditure on R&D as percentage of the GERD (BERD %)
Business Expenditure on R&D in millions dollars (BERD $)
Scientific articles per million population (Scientific articles)
Researchers per thousand employed (Researchers)
Triadic patents granted (Patents)
All the STI graphics are related to the country that has a higher value in the period under
review (1990, 2000 and 2008), Australia in articles and Korea in all the other variables.
Figure 2 illustrates the STI profile of the countries.
17. 1
Three profiles of STI emerge from the graphics:
1. Balanced profile of the highest values: There is a balance between all indicators of
ST and Innov (Korea and Italy); there are differences in the magnitudes of the
indicators between the two countries but Korea has higher values in all variables.
2. High values profile biased towards ST: High values in all variables, a high GERD
but minor BERD and patents, in other words, there is relatively less effort and
performance of the business sector, and greater importance of indicators of effort
and results of ST (Australia, Canada, Italy and Spain). It is worth mentioning that
the first two countries with this profile have a very small population relatively to the
very large land.
3. Low values profile biased towards Innov: Low values in all variables except the
BERD%, the business sector contribution to the GERD (Brazil, India, Mexico and
Russia). The four countries that observe this profile have both a very large
population and land. Hence, even though they have high potential, they observe the
worst profile. India, Brazil and Mexico are quite similar, but the Mexican GERD is
lower. Russia observes some differences, with a much higher level of researchers,
and a decrease in the level of the researchers and GERD from 1990 on.
In general, Figure 2 reveals:
A high value of the BERD%, in other words, the business sector makes a high
contribution to the total GERD.
Korea has the highest values; it is overcome by Australia in the case of scientific
papers. It has an outstanding performance in terms of the private and public
expenditure in R&D and in patents granted.
All the countries, except Russia, observe an increase in the value of the indicators
between 1990 and 2008.
The BERD% was already high in 1990; hence it observes moderate increases.
In all developed countries, including Korea, there is a balance between the levels of
the ST and Innov indicators, and in terms of inputs and outputs. This balance is not
observed in the case of the emerging economies.
Figure 3 shows the current situation, data from 2008. Korea has the highest values for
all the indicators, except for scientific papers per million populations, where it is
overcome by Australia. This illustrates that Korea ha based its development more on
Innov than on science, and has a relative weaknesses in ST. This trajectory is similar to
that followed by Japan. (Kim, 1997)
18. 2
Figure 3. STI profile of the countries, 2008
Concerning Mexico, Figure 2 reveals the low and stagnated GERD, which has not
grown from the 1980s. The BERD$ is very low, but as the public expenditure in R&D
is also low, this contributes to explain the high BERD%.
The analysis of the STI profiles suggests that:
More developed countries, like Italy, Canada, Australia and even Spain, or successful
new industrializing countries like Korea have more balanced trajectories of ST and
Innov capabilities, as observed in Profiles 1 and 2.
o The trajectory of both populations is coherent; both populations have
grown over time.
o Inputs and outputs have grown, in some cases more success of ST while
in others of Innov.
o If these countries have reached critical masses, or are closed to them, this
suggests that in order to reach critical masses it is required to invest in
both populations.
o This balance also suggests that the evolutionary trajectories of these
capabilities are linked.
The evolution of the trajectories of ST and Innov in emerging economies like those of
Profile 3 is not balanced; they observe a bias towards one of the populations.
o The populations follow different trajectories; the population of Innov,
particularly related to effort, has grown the most.
o The outputs are not related to the growth of the inputs
o The imbalance suggests that the evolutionary trajectories of these
capabilities are not linked, thus the existence of coevolutionary processes
with an endogenous self–sustaining tendency, at least a strong one is not
clear.
19. 3
The comparison between the structural features and NSI profiles of the studied
countries offers lessons.
The conditions relating to human development, particularly in health which is reflected
in life expectancy at birth and education that are expressed in literacy and education,
with tertiary education coverage and internet access are a substantial part of the basis
for the performance of countries and are pre - conditions for the evolution of the NSI.
Therefore, when comparing the profiles of the NSI obtained by measuring inputs and
outputs relating to both ST and to Innov, clear differences emerge between the
developed and newly industrialized countries regarding emerging countries.
Furthermore, in the cases of Brazil and Mexico it is important to note that these
conditions, engendered in the country structure, are distorted by the high degree of
inequality that they record. In these countries, moving towards a sustainable co-
evolution of ST and Innov not only requires the levels of coverage and access to better
living conditions, but also what must be considered as building more equal societies.
Confronting Russia and India with Brazil and Mexico, shows that although all living
conditions are deficient, and even more disharmonious in the Russian case, the first two
countries have the largest economies and lower levels of inequality, although India has
high levels of poverty.
It is also important to note that the proportion of high tech exports is not among the
conditions that necessarily equate NSI with adequate critical masses. The cases of
Korea and Italy stand out as those that have achieved a NSI profile clearly associated
with this structural characteristic. Nonetheless, Canada, Australia and Spain show a
much smaller presence of such exports but they also have a NSI profile with levels of
their capabilities that are approximate to the critical mass. In Australia and Spain critical
masses are clearly observed which are not yet harmonious in relation to Innov.
The critical masses required to reach a NSI that presents a sustained co-evolution are
conditioned by certain structural characteristics. However, the relationship between
these conditions and the attainment of the masses are mediated by the different ways in
which these conditions are articulated with size, high tech exports, per capita product
and income distribution in the economies. These different ways are relevant when
institutional and policy designs, which promote the achievement of levels and
compositions of the corresponding capacities that will build critical masses, are being
thought of.
It is required then to highlight that critical masses for the attainment of mature NSI do
exist, those where a sustained co-evolution reigns, but the initial structural
characteristics must be considered as conditions that are configured in different ways.
The balances between types of markets and the orientation of production towards the
domestic or foreign markets, the degrees of inequality in the income distribution
regarding access to health coverage, education and information and communication
technologies, and the relative sizes of the economies must be considered in order to
formulate long term policies that aim towards the emergence, structure and
consolidation of critical masses of the NSI capabilities.
20. .
How far off is Mexico?
Tables 1 and 2 list some of the indicators used to analyse critical masses of ST and
Innov in 2008, respectively, only for Mexico, Korea, Brazil and India.
Referring to the critical mass in ST, table 1 shows a set of indicators that give an
account of different aspects of the ST capabilities of the selected countries.
Concerning the inputs:
The indicator of the national effort to foster basic science reveals that Mexico is
making a lower effort than Korea, but its efforts are higher than those made by
Brazil. It is worth mentioning that even though the effort deployed by Brazil as a
percentage of the GDP is lower than Mexico’s, the Brazilian economy is fifty
percent larger the Mexican one, hence in terms of the amount of resources
devoted to funding science, Brazil is devoting the same amount of resources.
The indicator relating to the academic researchers in the NSI shows that Korea
has an outstanding behaviour in terms of the percentage of researchers in
relation to the total employment (10.02 per 1000 total employment); however,
the number of academic researchers (53,274) relates to its small population
comparing to the other countries. In contrast, the percentage of researchers in
relation to the total employment in Brazil is much lower (1.48 per 1000 total
employment), however, it observes a much larger number of academic
researchers (158,314). The combination between the percentage and the amount
suggest that Brazil has strength in ST capabilities. Unfortunately, the Mexican
capabilities measured by both indicators of human resources are quite low.
Table 1. Critical mass in ST (2008)
Inputs Outputs
Popula Researcher PhD Scientific
Basic World
tion, Researche s in awarded Articles
Research Share of
Country million rs universities (per (per
Expenditur Scientific
s (per 1000 and 100.000 million
e as % of Publicatio
(2010) employed) research populatio populatio
GDP ns (%)
centres n) n)
Mexico 112,3 0.09* 0.9* 20,891* 3.2* 73.3 0.8
Korea 49.0 0.50 9.5* 53,274* 19.8 762.2 3.3
Brazil 190,7 0.06 2.2* 158,314 5.2* 141.4 2.7
India 1,210,2 NA 0.4** NA NA 35.5 3.7
Note: *The data is for 2007, ** The data is for 2004, NA: not available.
Source: Own elaboration with information from OECD (2010c, d), CONACyT (2009), UNESCO (2010)
Concerning the outputs:
Even though Korea overcomes the other countries, in terms of articles per
population, its contribution to the world scientific publications is similar to that
of Brazil and India, again as a result of the amount of researchers of each
country. Mexico is below the levels of the other countries, with exception of the
articles per population in India.
There are no significant differences between Mexico, Brazil and India in terms
of the PhD awarded, while Korea has much higher levels.
21. Summing up, in terms of the inputs and outputs for science, Korea performs much
better than the other selected countries, having outstanding levels in most of the science
capabilities related variables. Mexico’s indicators for science suggest that this country is
below the critical mass in science, and that the number of researchers working in
universities and research centres does not correspond to the expenditure in basic
research.
Referring to the critical mass in Innov, table 2 shows a set of indicators that give an
account of different aspects of the Innov capabilities of the selected countries.
Concerning the inputs:
Data related to the national public and private financial effort devoted to R&D
(GERD/GDP) reveals that the effort made by Mexico is far below the other
countries.
The amount in million dollars devoted to Innov is also important in order to
reach scales; the Mexican GDP is larger than the Korean one but the expenditure
in R&D is eight times lower. Brazil doubles the expenditure made by Mexico,
having a national effort almost three times larger. A significant portion of this
expenditure is generated by the business sector in Korea, while in Mexico and
Brazil the public sector is still the main funder of R&D expenditure.
Mexico is behaving better in terms of the proportion of researchers working in
the business sector, approaching the levels of Korea. Brazil is still far below in
this indicator.
Table 2. Critical mass in Innov (2008)
Inputs Outputs
Researc Innovative Triadic
GDP world
hers manufact patents
position GERD GERD/G BERD
Country in the uring granted
(millions (million DP /GER
dollars, IMF) Busines firms in (per
dollars) (%) D (%)
s Sector total firms million
(%) (%) habitants)
Mexico 14 (1,004,042) 5,856 0.38 44,6 52.7 29.8 0.14
(2007)
Korea 15 (986,256) 44,026 3.37 73.7 65.6 42.0 43.9
Brazil 8 (2,023,528) 11,269 1.13 47.5 19.8 33.3 0.34
India 11 (1,430,020) 29,021 0.88 29.6* 31.0 NA 0.14
Notes: * The data is for 2007.
Source: OECD (2010a, b, c), Bogliacino, et al. (2009), MEST (2011), MCT (2011) and MOST (2011).
Concerning the outputs:
Korea reports the highest percentage of innovative firms. No significant
differences can be observed between the other countries. Even though this data
comes from the national innovation surveys, which are perception surveys, it
provides an idea whether the firms are introducing innovations or not.
Regarding triadic patents, Korea exceeds all countries, with an overwhelming 44
per million habitants while other compared countries fail to achieve even 1
patent per million habitants. Only Korea has a high intensity of patenting
(OECD, 2009). Therefore, Mexico and the other countries seem to be under the
critical mass.
22. Summing up, in terms of the inputs and outputs of Innov, Korea performs much better
than the other selected countries, having outstanding levels in the GERD as percentage
of the GDP, even overcoming the number proposed by the Lisbon strategy. Mexico’s
inputs and outputs indicators for Innov suggest that this country is below the critical
mass; the distance is particularly significant in the national expenditure on R&D as
percentage of the GDP. There is a clear imbalance between this meagre national effort
and the relatively high percentage of researchers working in the business sector.
Korea stands out in virtually every indicator of the capabilities of ST, both in inputs and
in outputs; regarding Innov indicators Korea is also a leader in capabilities building
amongst these countries. If we consider that this country has reached or is close to
reaching a critical mass in both ST and Innov, the values observed in the case of Mexico
suggest that this country is below those capabilities. The limited GERD both in total
amount and as percentage of the GDP is one factor that contributes to explain the
existing capabilities.
Current STI policies in Mexico: is Mexico looking to reach
critical masses?
Since CONACyT started operating in 1970, Mexico has designed a series of national
programs dedicated to foster science and technology (and just recently, also innovation).
During the last decade, two programs have being designed and implemented: the
Special program on Science and Technology (PECYT in Spanish), active from 2002 to
2006 and the Special Program on Science, Technology and Innovation (PECiTI), active
from 2007 to 2012. Both programs included core objectives and strategies to foster STI,
identify strategic sectors for Mexico to invest in, and establish programs to reach the
proposed objectives and allow the country to become a knowledge economy.
Both programs recognize strategic areas that are set to become investment priorities in
national policy; these include high technology sectors (Pharmaceuticals, IT and
computers, electronics, aeronautics, medical and health sectors) and medium high
sectors (chemistry and oil related processes and transportations) (Dutrénit et al. 2010:
156).
STI policy design in Mexico has evolved by steps; starting from a linear model, policy
makers were learning how to introduce a more interactive model. However, implicit
priorities in resource allocation (science and human resources), which are rooted in the
first years of existence of CONACyT, continue to stamp the policy implementation.
In line with the goals of the new STI policy model, CONACyT introduced, reformed or
continued implementing several policy instruments and programmes in support of STI
activities. The instruments are around 60 funds or programs designed in line with the
governing objectives of the PECyT and PECiTI. In this sense, they are oriented to foster
basic and problem-oriented research, the regionalisation of the activities, the R&D and
innovation activities by the business sector and the formation of human resources. Most
of them operate under the scheme of competitive funds. In addition, a program of fiscal
incentives for R&D was operating from 2002 to 2008.
23. Contrary to the objectives established by PECyT and PCiTI in relation to a growing and
continuous public expenditure on STI, expansion in both the Federal Expenditure on
STI and CONACyT’s budget was rather slow. This impacted the implementation of the
policy mix by limiting resource allocation to some instruments, thereby affecting also
their already low interaction.
In terms of the implementation of CONACyT’s budget, the persistence of certain
inertias, mainly regarding the National Researchers System’s6 payrolls and postgraduate
scholarships, has inhibited the achievement of equilibrium in the accomplishment of the
core objectives. Figure 4 presents CONACyT’s budget in 2009 allocated to the different
programs (728 million dollars); the programs are grouped into the main objective they
deal with (human resources, formation, basic science, applied science and innovation).
Figure 4. CONACyT policy mix, 2009 (%)
Note: Human resources formation includes, scholarships, NRS, and exchange programs; Basic science
includes some sectoral funds; Applied science includes some sectoral funds and all the regional funds;
and Innovation includes AVANCE, Program of stimulus for innovation, and some sectoral fund
innovation.
Source: Own elaboration based on CONACyT information. Budget of 728 million dollars
The resource allocation reflects the implicit STI priorities, which differ from what was
established first in PECyT and later on in PECiTI: (i) Emphasis on the formation of
human resources and the support to basic science, (ii) small amount of resources
dedicated to problem oriented research, and, (iii) small amount to foster R&D and
innovation of the business sector. The amount dedicated to human resources formation
* The NRS is one of the STI instruments with the longest tradition in the country, dating back to
1984; its main goals include the promotion of the formation, development and consolidation of
a critical mass of researchers at the highest level, mostly within the public system of higher
education and research. The NRS grants both pecuniary (a monthly compensation) and non-
pecuniary stimulus (status and recognition) to researchers based on the productivity and quality
of their research.
24. "
(National Researchers System and Postgraduate scholarships) represents 62% of the
total. If we include basic science the amount increases to 67%. In contrast, the new
objectives like applied science (sectoral and regional funds) and innovation only
received 8% and 13%, respectively. The effort dedicated to the design of a variety of
instruments contrasts with the concentrated allocation of resources to a few.
The resources assigned to foster innovation suggest that they are still operating as pilot
programs. The fiscal benefits for R&D were an important incentive, but it operated until
2008 because changes in the general taxation system made this specific tax credit not
suitable.7
Regarding design, Mexico has followed recommendations by international organisms
based on countries with more mature NSI or the experience of successful emerging
economies (such as Korea, China, Singapore, or even Brazil). Concerning the
implementation, the resource allocation shows a different set of implicit priorities and
some rigidity, such as the fact that resources continue to be mostly assigned to programs
on basic science and human resources formation, and the new programs designed to
foster oriented research and innovation still received limited resources.
Referring to the instruments for fostering R&D and innovation activities, most of the
instruments focus on the final stages of R&D, which correspond to post R&D activities
(last phase of advanced development and development for commercialization), and
other innovation activities not R&D based. In contrast, only the fiscal incentives for
R&D are directed towards the development of technology. Moreover, the instruments
benefit firms who already have some R&D or innovation capabilities; there are no
instruments directed to increase the number of firms that deploy such activities. In
addition, there are neither instruments to stimulate the demand for innovative products
nor to stimulate transfer, assimilation and improvement of existent technologies.
(Dutrénit et al, 2010) In other words, the design has focused more on the increase and
mould of existent capabilities, without much learning, than on the creation of a critical
mass to generate endogenous processes.
Final comments
This paper is a first approach to discuss the concept of critical mass in the STI arenas
and to measure them in the context of emerging economies. Particular attention was
given to how far off Mexico is in reaching critical masses in STI, and whether the
design and implementation of STI policy has contributed to their building.
The main results are located on a string of thought that includes: the concept of critical
masses in the STI arenas, the problems with its measurement, a proposal on how to
measure them, an application of such a proposal taking into consideration the structural
differences between the countries that are considered as benchmark, and a consideration
of the distance that separates Mexico from the critical masses necessary for a sustained
co-evolution within its NSI.
1 4 56+
25. #
In conceptual terms the adopted definition follows others that have been done in
Economics and in Social Analysis. Its specificity lies in that it is consistent with the
evolutionary analysis applied to the NSI and, in particular, with a co-evolutionary
approach of development.
The proposed measurement takes into consideration the difficulties of measuring
capabilities, of doing so when it regards their evolution and of using references from
other systems’ trajectories. Thus, the measurements for nine economies –five of them
developed or recently industrialized and four of them emergent- are extremely
provisional. This is so because the construction of indicators for the defined concept,
and with the noted difficulties for measurement, supposes an analysis of statistical
national sources more detailed than the one that has been done from international
systemized sources.
Nevertheless, the profiles obtained for the NSI and their linkages to the structural
characteristics of the countries authorize the relative positioning and the comparisons
that have been made. At the same time, these measurements are consistent with the
analysis of results of STI policies that aim towards creating critical masses. In this sense
the analysis made for Mexico rightfully aims towards alternative formulations of such
policies.
Since 2000 there has been an effort to redirect the STI building to the construction of
the NSI, the institutional and legal changes and STI programs aimed towards this goal.
The policy mix has improved from identifying successful programs and introducing
new programs to filling the gaps that have emerged. However, policy learning has been
slow, as the improvement in the indicators that measure inputs and outputs of the NSI.
This poor effort and performance of NSI is seen more clearly by comparing the value of
indicators of inputs and outputs with those observed in countries that have similarities
in terms of size, the initial conditions that showed up in the 1960s-1970s, or
development models that they have followed, like Korea and Brazil. It seems that
Mexico has not exceeded the threshold of STI capabilities that can generate an
endogenous dynamic allowing the NSI to develop, as perceived in some of these
countries.
STI policy is called upon to accelerate the building of this critical mass of STI
capabilities, but this requires a systemic/evolutionary approach to STI policy, which
looks to the system- the NSI, focuses on the generation and absorption of knowledge as
nonlinear dynamic models, and on systemic failures, not only on market and
government failures. For this approach, learning, accumulated capabilities and time
matter, institutions mediate between agents, and there is an increasing concern for the
regional level and the governance of the NSI. (Metcalfe, 1995; Teubal, 2002;
Woolthuis, Lankhuizen and Gilsing, 2005; Smits, Kuhlmann and Teubal, 2010)
Today there is a strong emphasis on innovation, but drawing on this
systemic/evolutionary approach, and following Dutrénit, Puchet and Teubal (2011), this
paper argues that the focus should be put on building critical masses of STI capabilities,
to the extent that a focus on innovation is limited since science capabilities are also still
below the critical masses, and these ST capabilities are also needed for knowledge
generation, technology transfer and human resources formation. In addition, the existent
26. *
knowledge base may be enough today, but new knowledge based on higher ST
capabilities will be required for the next step on the building of innovation capabilities.
One of the principles for building the critical masses of STI capabilities is a more
efficient allocation of resources and greater budgets spent on STI activities. This is
required to achieve an ample variety of researchers, firms or projects dedicated to STI,
which will allow a better selection process, and to generate the conditions for an
efficient retention process. Increased budget is required to allocate additional resources
to new demands, lacking additional resources it is very difficult to generate a structural
change in the economy without the emergence of governance problems.
Several questions remain pending to be answered; this paper would like to highlight two
key questions. First, the analytical framework used for the STI policy design was
conceived on the bases of countries with different initial conditions -the central
economies; to what extent is this framework useful to be applied in economies with
different initial conditions, like developing countries? Second, if the idea of a threshold
is useful and a critical mass has to be achieved, how can the level of a critical mass be
identified? These questions require further research.
27. 1
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