Applied aspect of Physiology : Hypoxia,Hypercapnia, Hypocapnia, Asphyxia, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Obstructive lung disorder. Restrictive lung disorder
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Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Asphyxia Carbon monoxide poisoning Obstructive lung disorder Restrictive lung disorder
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Cheyne stokes breathing
Cheyne-Stokes breathing is a form of periodic breathing characterized by alternating periods of central apnea or hypopnea and hyperpnea. It occurs due to anoxia abolishing spontaneous breathing, leading to CO2 accumulation and subsequent hyperventilation which washes out CO2 and causes further apnea. This cycle then repeats. Conditions associated with Cheyne-Stokes breathing include severe heart failure, uremia, chronic hypoxia, cerebral trauma and hemorrhage. Consequences include increased intracranial pressure, pneumonia, oscillations in blood pressure and heart rate, and poor sleep quality. Management involves treating the underlying cause, along with medications, oxygen therapy or positive pressure ventilation.
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lecture 6 /2023-Respiratory Physiology - work of breathing , dead space.pdf
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High altitude physiology :Applied aspect of respiratory system
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High altitude physiology
Critical altitude
Composition of air
Effect of altitude on it.
Hypoxia at high altitude
Clinical types
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Other effects of high altitude
Neural regulation of respiration
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Respiratory centers at pons
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An Adams-Stokes attack is an episode of syncope caused by severe bradycardia or heart block. It involves a rapid loss of consciousness where the person may fall down, followed by a rapid recovery. Prolonged periods of asystole or bradycardia over 10 seconds could lead to convulsions or death. The skin initially turns pale but later flushes as the heart rate increases again.
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The document discusses the extrapyramidal system, which is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system. It centers around the modulation and regulation of anterior horn cells. Key structures include the cortex, basal ganglia, and structures that connect them like the substantia nigra. Imbalances can result in syndromes like Parkinson's disease, characterized by tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. The document outlines other extrapyramidal system disorders and their associated involuntary movements.
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Cheyne stokes breathing
Cheyne-Stokes breathing is a form of periodic breathing characterized by alternating periods of central apnea or hypopnea and hyperpnea. It occurs due to anoxia abolishing spontaneous breathing, leading to CO2 accumulation and subsequent hyperventilation which washes out CO2 and causes further apnea. This cycle then repeats. Conditions associated with Cheyne-Stokes breathing include severe heart failure, uremia, chronic hypoxia, cerebral trauma and hemorrhage. Consequences include increased intracranial pressure, pneumonia, oscillations in blood pressure and heart rate, and poor sleep quality. Management involves treating the underlying cause, along with medications, oxygen therapy or positive pressure ventilation.
FMGE Notes - Pathology
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and reduce stress levels. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for significant health benefits.
lecture 6 /2023-Respiratory Physiology - work of breathing , dead space.pdf
Respiratory system
Specific Learning Objective
Work of breathing & its measurement
Dead space
Non respiratory functions of lungs
The lungs have several metabolic functions beyond gas exchange, including host defence, water balance maintenance, temperature and acid-base regulation, and metabolizing substances. The lungs are protected by physical, mucociliary, and cellular defences like macrophages. The lungs also play roles in water loss, heat loss, acid-base balance maintenance through CO2 exchange, fibrinolysis, renin-angiotensin system effects, and synthesizing/releasing/metabolizing various substances that enter the bloodstream.
High altitude physiology :Applied aspect of respiratory system
Specific learning objectives
High altitude physiology
Critical altitude
Composition of air
Effect of altitude on it.
Hypoxia at high altitude
Clinical types
Clinical syndromes
Physiological compensatory response to high altitude hypoxia
Other effects of high altitude
Neural regulation of respiration
Regulation of respiration
Neural regulation of respiration
Respiratory centers at medulla
Respiratory centers at pons
Experiment - sectioning of brain at different level & its effect on respiration
Adams Stokes Attacks
An Adams-Stokes attack is an episode of syncope caused by severe bradycardia or heart block. It involves a rapid loss of consciousness where the person may fall down, followed by a rapid recovery. Prolonged periods of asystole or bradycardia over 10 seconds could lead to convulsions or death. The skin initially turns pale but later flushes as the heart rate increases again.
Extrapyram system
The document discusses the extrapyramidal system, which is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system. It centers around the modulation and regulation of anterior horn cells. Key structures include the cortex, basal ganglia, and structures that connect them like the substantia nigra. Imbalances can result in syndromes like Parkinson's disease, characterized by tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. The document outlines other extrapyramidal system disorders and their associated involuntary movements.
dyspnea approach
This document outlines an approach to evaluating and diagnosing dyspnea. It begins by defining dyspnea and noting its high prevalence. Types of dyspnea like orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are described. The diagnostic approach involves obtaining a detailed history regarding onset, duration, patterns and associated symptoms. A physical exam assesses respiratory effort, oxygenation, and signs of heart failure. Initial tests may include EKG, chest x-ray, and bloodwork. Further tests are guided by initial findings and may include echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, CT, or arterial blood gas. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause identified through diagnosis.
Cerebrovascular disease pathology stroke
This document discusses cerebrovascular diseases and provides details on various types:
1. It describes cerebrovascular disease as any abnormality of the brain caused by blood vessels, including thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage.
2. Stroke is defined as a sudden neurological deficit due to a vascular impairment, which is a common cause of death in the US.
3. Details are given on global cerebral ischemia from reduced blood flow and focal ischemia from localized vessel obstruction.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (DIMS NOTES).pdf
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
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Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and support the growth of new brain cells.
effects of high altitude
High altitudes above 9,000 feet can cause physiological effects due to low atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels. The body undergoes adaptations like increased respiration and heart rate, higher red blood cell counts, and fluid shifts. However, too rapid an ascent can cause illnesses like acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Treatment involves descending to lower altitudes, supplemental oxygen, medications, and in severe cases hyperbaric chambers. Proper acclimatization over several days is needed to allow the body to adapt when ascending to high altitude locations.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
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Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
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This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
Hemorrhagic stroke
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Rapid bronchial occlusion with a large area of lung collapse causes pain on the affected side, sudden onset of dyspnea, and cyanosis. Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, and shock may also occur.
Slowly developing atelectasis may be asymptomatic or may cause only minor symptoms. Middle lobe syndrome often is asymptomatic, although irritation in the right middle and right lower lobe bronchi may cause a severe, hacking, nonproductive cough.Control of-respiration
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Applied aspect of internal capsule
This document discusses the internal capsule, which carries motor and sensory fibers between the brain and spinal cord. It notes that lesions in different parts of the internal capsule can cause weakness or sensory loss on the contralateral side of the body. Small vessel disease from hypertension is a common cause of lesions in the internal capsule. Symptoms may include hemiparesis, hemiplegia, sensory loss, and upper motor neuron signs like spasticity, depending on the location of the lesion within the internal capsule.
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Causes of edema
This document discusses the causes and types of edema. It categorizes the pathophysiologic causes of edema into increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and increased capillary permeability. Specific conditions are provided as examples for each category. The document also describes characteristics of generalized versus localized edema and pitting versus non-pitting edema.
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Pulmonary ventilation and circulation were discussed. Key points included:
1. Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air entering the lungs each minute, typically 500mL tidal volume at 12 breaths per minute for 6L/min total.
2. Alveolar ventilation is the volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute, calculated as tidal volume minus dead space.
3. Pulmonary circulation has low pressure, low resistance, and high compliance to efficiently oxygenate blood and accommodate blood volume shifts.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Ventilation perfusion ratio (The guyton and hall physiology)
Ventilation perfusion ratio is :
“The ratio of alveolar ventilation and the amount of blood that perfuse the alveoli”.
FORMULA
It is expressed as VA/Q.
VA is alveolar ventilation
Q is the blood flow (perfusion)
Normal value of ventilation perfusion ratio is about
0.8
VA is 4.2 L /min
Q is 5.5 L/min (Same as Cardiac output)
So VA/Q = 4.2/5.5 = 0.8
If VA becomes zero ratio becomes zero
If Q becomes zero ratio becomes infinite.
If ratio becomes zero or infinite then there is no gaseous exchange. So this ratio indicates the efficiency of gaseous exchange in lungs.
In standing or sitting position this ratio is not uniform in all parts of the lungs.
In standing position, in upper parts of lungs there is almost no blood flow so normally in upper parts of lungs the ratio is higher may be near 3.
In lower part of lungs, there is more blood flow so the ratio is decreased may be 0.6.
In certain diseases the VA/Q ratio is higher which means perfusion is inadequate i.e. in some parts of lungs the alveoli are non functional or partially functional. This is seen in cases of pulmonary thrombosis or embolism.
When there is higher VA/Q ratio, PO2 and PCO2 in the alveolar air resembles the values in the inspired air.
When exchange is not occurring because of lack of perfusion, inspired air goes to alveoli, as there is no exchange occurring so the same values of PCO2 and PO2 as in inspired air.
Caisson's disease
Caisson's disease, also known as decompression sickness or the bends, occurs when gas bubbles form in the blood and tissues due to a rapid decrease in surrounding pressure, such as during deep sea diving or flying in a non-pressurized plane. Nitrogen dissolved in the body comes out of solution too quickly, forming bubbles that can damage tissues or block blood flow. Symptoms range from joint pain to paralysis or death. Treatment involves recompression in a hyperbaric chamber to resolve the bubbles. Following diving safety procedures can help prevent decompression sickness.
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This document outlines an approach to evaluating and diagnosing dyspnea. It begins by defining dyspnea and noting its high prevalence. Types of dyspnea like orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are described. The diagnostic approach involves obtaining a detailed history regarding onset, duration, patterns and associated symptoms. A physical exam assesses respiratory effort, oxygenation, and signs of heart failure. Initial tests may include EKG, chest x-ray, and bloodwork. Further tests are guided by initial findings and may include echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, CT, or arterial blood gas. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause identified through diagnosis.
Cerebrovascular disease pathology stroke
This document discusses cerebrovascular diseases and provides details on various types:
1. It describes cerebrovascular disease as any abnormality of the brain caused by blood vessels, including thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage.
2. Stroke is defined as a sudden neurological deficit due to a vascular impairment, which is a common cause of death in the US.
3. Details are given on global cerebral ischemia from reduced blood flow and focal ischemia from localized vessel obstruction.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (DIMS NOTES).pdf
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
https://www.facebook.com/dram.notes
https://www.facebook.com/drraiammar
https://www.facebook.com/allmedicaldata
https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries
https://www.facebook.com/cpsp.nuggets
https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE
Our Website,
https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/
NEUROANATOMY (DIMS NOTES).pdf
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
https://www.facebook.com/dram.notes
https://www.facebook.com/drraiammar
https://www.facebook.com/allmedicaldata
https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries
https://www.facebook.com/cpsp.nuggets
https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE
Our Website,
https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/
3-CARDIOLOGY (DIMS NOTES).pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and support the growth of new brain cells.
effects of high altitude
High altitudes above 9,000 feet can cause physiological effects due to low atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels. The body undergoes adaptations like increased respiration and heart rate, higher red blood cell counts, and fluid shifts. However, too rapid an ascent can cause illnesses like acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Treatment involves descending to lower altitudes, supplemental oxygen, medications, and in severe cases hyperbaric chambers. Proper acclimatization over several days is needed to allow the body to adapt when ascending to high altitude locations.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
SURGICAL ANATOMY (DIMS NOTES).pdf
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
https://www.facebook.com/dram.notes
https://www.facebook.com/drraiammar
https://www.facebook.com/allmedicaldata
https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries
https://www.facebook.com/cpsp.nuggets
https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE
Our Website,
https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/
8
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
Hemorrhagic stroke
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, including intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage is caused by bleeding into the brain tissue and accounts for 10-15% of strokes. It has high mortality, especially if the patient is in a coma. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often due to ruptured aneurysms. Both require imaging like CT or MRI to diagnose and determine treatment, which may include surgery to remove hematomas or clip aneurysms. Complications include cerebral vasospasm, rebleeding, and hydrocephalus. Secondary stroke prevention focuses on controlling risk factors and treating
Atelectasis/Lung Collapse Part-1 by Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor M...
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The term atelectasis is derived from the Greek words ateles and ektasis, which mean incomplete expansion.The incomplete expansion of lung may involve part of lung or entire lung.Most symptoms and signs are determined by the rapidity with which the collapse of lung occurs,the size of the lung area affected, and the presence or absence of complicating infection.
Rapid bronchial occlusion with a large area of lung collapse causes pain on the affected side, sudden onset of dyspnea, and cyanosis. Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, and shock may also occur.
Slowly developing atelectasis may be asymptomatic or may cause only minor symptoms. Middle lobe syndrome often is asymptomatic, although irritation in the right middle and right lower lobe bronchi may cause a severe, hacking, nonproductive cough.Control of-respiration
website: http://www.am-medicine.com
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Am-medicine/207726329406832
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1409138472653811/
Applied aspect of internal capsule
This document discusses the internal capsule, which carries motor and sensory fibers between the brain and spinal cord. It notes that lesions in different parts of the internal capsule can cause weakness or sensory loss on the contralateral side of the body. Small vessel disease from hypertension is a common cause of lesions in the internal capsule. Symptoms may include hemiparesis, hemiplegia, sensory loss, and upper motor neuron signs like spasticity, depending on the location of the lesion within the internal capsule.
Internal capsule
The internal capsule is a compact bundle of fibers that connects different regions of the brain. It has three parts - the anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb. It contains association fibers connecting different cortical regions, projection fibers connecting the cortex to other gray matter structures, and commissural fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres. The internal capsule receives its blood supply from the lateral striate branches of the middle cerebral artery, medial striate branches of the anterior cerebral artery, and the anterior choroidal artery from the internal carotid artery.
Causes of edema
This document discusses the causes and types of edema. It categorizes the pathophysiologic causes of edema into increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and increased capillary permeability. Specific conditions are provided as examples for each category. The document also describes characteristics of generalized versus localized edema and pitting versus non-pitting edema.
Pulmonary Ventilation and Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary ventilation and circulation were discussed. Key points included:
1. Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air entering the lungs each minute, typically 500mL tidal volume at 12 breaths per minute for 6L/min total.
2. Alveolar ventilation is the volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute, calculated as tidal volume minus dead space.
3. Pulmonary circulation has low pressure, low resistance, and high compliance to efficiently oxygenate blood and accommodate blood volume shifts.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Ventilation perfusion ratio (The guyton and hall physiology)
Ventilation perfusion ratio is :
“The ratio of alveolar ventilation and the amount of blood that perfuse the alveoli”.
FORMULA
It is expressed as VA/Q.
VA is alveolar ventilation
Q is the blood flow (perfusion)
Normal value of ventilation perfusion ratio is about
0.8
VA is 4.2 L /min
Q is 5.5 L/min (Same as Cardiac output)
So VA/Q = 4.2/5.5 = 0.8
If VA becomes zero ratio becomes zero
If Q becomes zero ratio becomes infinite.
If ratio becomes zero or infinite then there is no gaseous exchange. So this ratio indicates the efficiency of gaseous exchange in lungs.
In standing or sitting position this ratio is not uniform in all parts of the lungs.
In standing position, in upper parts of lungs there is almost no blood flow so normally in upper parts of lungs the ratio is higher may be near 3.
In lower part of lungs, there is more blood flow so the ratio is decreased may be 0.6.
In certain diseases the VA/Q ratio is higher which means perfusion is inadequate i.e. in some parts of lungs the alveoli are non functional or partially functional. This is seen in cases of pulmonary thrombosis or embolism.
When there is higher VA/Q ratio, PO2 and PCO2 in the alveolar air resembles the values in the inspired air.
When exchange is not occurring because of lack of perfusion, inspired air goes to alveoli, as there is no exchange occurring so the same values of PCO2 and PO2 as in inspired air.
Caisson's disease
Caisson's disease, also known as decompression sickness or the bends, occurs when gas bubbles form in the blood and tissues due to a rapid decrease in surrounding pressure, such as during deep sea diving or flying in a non-pressurized plane. Nitrogen dissolved in the body comes out of solution too quickly, forming bubbles that can damage tissues or block blood flow. Symptoms range from joint pain to paralysis or death. Treatment involves recompression in a hyperbaric chamber to resolve the bubbles. Following diving safety procedures can help prevent decompression sickness.
Extrapyramidal tract
Definition of extrapyramidal tract with mentioning the types with details and relation to Parkinson's disease
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Visual pathway
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