This document summarizes an infrared spectroscopy training course focused on applications for land health surveillance. It discusses several projects using soil spectroscopy to characterize soil properties across Africa, including measuring organic carbon for mapping and monitoring purposes. The challenges of high variability in soil properties are noted. Soil spectroscopy is presented as a cost-effective method to generate large soil datasets to improve understanding of soil status and trends compared to traditional laboratory methods. The training course aims to help participants better utilize spectral data for land health assessments.
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
GPS-based applications in precision farming are being used for farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping. GPS allows farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog, and darkness.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
GPS-based applications in precision farming are being used for farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping. GPS allows farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog, and darkness.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Mapping fire: Can spatially explicit criteria and indicators be developed?CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Solichin Manuri, Senior Advisor at Diameter Consulting, Bogor, Indonesia, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
In this session the speaker shared information on mapping fire (extent and occurrences) in tropical peatlands including in Indonesia. This session also shared insights on the existing methods that can be used for fire mapping and comparisons. This session also emphasized that spatial explicit criteria for fire should be developed depending on the method and data used.
Application of Remote Sensing in AgricultureUTTAM KUMAR
Remote sensing has been found to be a valuable tool in evaluation, monitoring and management of land, water and crop resources. The launching of the Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS) has enhanced the capabilities for better utilization of this technology and significant progress has been made in soil and land cover mapping, land degradation studies, monitoring of waste land, assessment of crop conditions crop acreage and production estimates
Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture in PakistanGhulam Asghar
"Remote sensing is the science of acquiring, processing, and Interpreting images and related data without physical contact with object that are obtained from ground based, air or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between target and electromagnetic radiation."
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
Hotel employee schedule software for your companyMark Jim
No matter you own a business in a hospitality industry or just a manager of it, scheduling and managing the operation of such business is always a daunting task. Thus, you must consider taking help of hospital scheduling software in order to run a smooth operation of your business.
Mapping fire: Can spatially explicit criteria and indicators be developed?CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Solichin Manuri, Senior Advisor at Diameter Consulting, Bogor, Indonesia, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
In this session the speaker shared information on mapping fire (extent and occurrences) in tropical peatlands including in Indonesia. This session also shared insights on the existing methods that can be used for fire mapping and comparisons. This session also emphasized that spatial explicit criteria for fire should be developed depending on the method and data used.
Application of Remote Sensing in AgricultureUTTAM KUMAR
Remote sensing has been found to be a valuable tool in evaluation, monitoring and management of land, water and crop resources. The launching of the Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS) has enhanced the capabilities for better utilization of this technology and significant progress has been made in soil and land cover mapping, land degradation studies, monitoring of waste land, assessment of crop conditions crop acreage and production estimates
Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture in PakistanGhulam Asghar
"Remote sensing is the science of acquiring, processing, and Interpreting images and related data without physical contact with object that are obtained from ground based, air or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between target and electromagnetic radiation."
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
Hotel employee schedule software for your companyMark Jim
No matter you own a business in a hospitality industry or just a manager of it, scheduling and managing the operation of such business is always a daunting task. Thus, you must consider taking help of hospital scheduling software in order to run a smooth operation of your business.
Vous pouvez acheter le meilleur four à vapeur de qualité de divers types et les capacités sur les magasins en ligne. Rechercher à ce sujet sur Internet et vous verrez de nombreux distributeurs en ligne consiste à fournir tous les types de fours à vapeur pour les maisons et les grands magasins de confiserie ainsi à des prix abordables avec la garantie du produit.
Tax specialist can be the key in saving taxes and devising better strategies to minimize complications of law. There are several taxes and associated laws which can be resolved and assured by a tax specialist.
Linear AM-3 Plus is an access controller designed for up to four points of entry, the AM3 Plus is housed in a lockable, plastic enclosure that is monitored with a magnetic tamper switch.
Spectroscopy - A new paradigm for Evidence-based Land &Soil Management recomm...Stankovic G
AfriLAB: Regional Soil Laboratory Network for Africa | First meeting. 21 - 24 May 2019 | Nairobi, Kenya
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett & Andrew Sila World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kenya
Africa Soil Spectroscopy Laboratory NetworkExternalEvents
First meeting of the Global Soil Laboratory Network (GLOSOLAN), 1 - 2 Nov 2017 at FAO HQ in Rome. This network will be composed of national soil reference laboratories as a means to exchange resources, knowledge and experience. The goal of GLOSOLAN is to strengthen the performance of laboratories in support of the harmonization of soil data sets and information towards the development of standards. Indeed, the harmonization of soil analysis is a critical component of making soil information comparable and interpretable across laboratories, countries and regions. Presentations by Erick Towett, International Center for Research in Agroforestry.
Validates the method for improving measurements of agricultural productivity by combining household level and soil fertility data. This is achived by:
developing soil-plant spectral analytical methods and diagnostic tools for rapid, low cost and reliable assessment of soil samples using light (Technology); and
demonstrating applicability of integrating scientific method of soil quality assessment along with the socio-economic panel data
Remote sensing as landscape inventory toolCIFOR-ICRAF
This technical presentation from World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) scientist Thomas Gumbricht demonstrates four elements of using remote sensing as a landscape inventory tool.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
In developing research for impact, science should support decisions as decision makers are always hungry for information.
Research should be tailored to specifically address particular decisions. This can be achived through direct engagement with decison makers especially in decision making under uncertainity.
Tailor research specifically to address particular decisions
Provides a guideline for soil sampling and processing techniques.
Get more: http://worldagroforestry.org/research/land-health/spectral-diagnostics-laboratory
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Applications of soil spectroscopy on Land Health Surveillance
1. Hands-on Soil Infrared
Spectroscopy Training Course
Getting the best out of light
11 – 14 November 2013
Applications of soil spectroscopy on
Land Health Surveillance
Ermias Betemariam
Erick Towett
2. Context (i)
• Soil comes to the global agenda:
– Sustainable intensification took soil as a x-cutting
– Global Environmental Benefits - land degradation and soils are among
the priority global benefits (GEF/UNCCD)
• SOC as useful indicator of soil health
• Importance of soil carbon in global carbon cycle and climate
mitigation
• carbon trading purposes requires high levels of measurement
precision
• Increasing demand for soil data at fine spatial resolution
1Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
3. Context
There is a lack of coherent and rigorous sampling and assessment
frameworks that enable comparison of data (i.e. meta-studies) across a
wide range of environmental conditions and scales
Soil monitoring is expensive to maintain
Soil degradation and loss is a challenge
High spatial variability in soil properties- large data sets reduce
uncertainty
Context (iI)
High spatial variability of SOC can rise sevenfold when scaling up from point
sample to landscape scales, resulting in high uncertainties in calculations of
SOC stocks. This hinders the ability to accurately measure changes in stocks at
scales relevant to emissions trading schemes (Hobley and Willgoose, 2010)
Soil spectroscopy key for Land Health Surveillance
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 | 2
4. Land Health (SD4)
Land Health - the capacity of land to sustain delivery of
essential ecosystem services
Land health surveillance aims to provide statistically
valid estimates of land health problems, quantify key
risk factors associated with land degradation, and
target cost-effective interventions to reduce or reverse
these risks.
3Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
5. Land Health Projects
No. Name of project
1Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS)/Africa Soils (SSA)
2Strengthening capacity for diagnosis and management of soil micronutrient deficiencies (SSA)
3Soil monitoring protocol for the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (Ethiopia & ..)
4Carbon sequestration options in pastoral & agro-pastoral systems in Africa (Burkina Faso &
Ethiopia)
5Land health surveillance for high value biocarbon development (Kenya, Burkina Faso & Sierra
Leone)
6Land health surveillance system for smallholder cocoa in Ivory Coast
7Trees for food security in Eastern Africa (Rwanda, Ethiopia, Burundi & Uganda)
8Land health surveillance for mitigation of climate change in agriculture (Kenya & Tanzania)
9Land health surveillance system in support of Malawi food security project (Malawi)
10Land health surveillance system for targeting agroforestry based interventions for sustainable
land productivity in the western highlands of Cameroon
11A Protocol for Measurement and Monitoring Soil Carbon Stocks in Agricultural Landscapes
Land Health Projects (i)
4Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
7. Land Health
out-scaling projects (iii)
Tibetan Plateau/ Mekong
Parklands Malawi
National surveillance systems
Regional Information Systems
Project baselines
Rangelands E/W AfricaSLM Cameroon MICCA E. Africa
Global-Continental Monitoring Systems
Evergreen Ag / Horn of Africa
CRP5 pan-tropical basins AfSIS
EthioSIS- Ethiopia
6
Cocoa - CDI
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
9. AfSIS: Soil functional properties
Spectral diagnostics tools can be used to
produce soil maps
Prediction map for soil organic carbon for
sub-Saharan Africa. (Source: Africa Soil Information
Service)
8Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
10. AfSIS: Soil functional properties
From polygon-based to probabilistic mapping
+
Probability of observing
cultivation
Current lime requirement ? ~ min
[prob(pH < 5.5), prob(cult)]
Probability topsoil pH < 5.5
... very acid soils
Grid-based probabilistic maps increases the reliability of the map and its
power to be combined with other data sources (remote sensing & terrain data)
(Walsh, 2013)
=
Taxonomic soil classification systems provide little information on soil
functionality in particular the productivity function (Mueller et al 2010)
9Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
11. Living Standards Measurement Study-LSMS-IMS (3)
Improve measurements of agricultural productivity
through methodological validation and research
Mobile phones for quick soil screening- being tested
1
0
Low cost MIR soil testing for smallholder farmers
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
12. Carbon sequestration in pastoral & agro-pastoral systems (4)
Effects of range management on soil organic carbon stocks in savanna
ecosystems of Burkina Faso & Ethiopia
Fire (controlled burning -
19 years) – Burkina Faso
Grazing (Exclosures 12-
36 years) – Ethiopia
Fire influence:
• Carbon allocation - SOC gain
• Decrease input - SOC loss
1
1
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
13. Results
No Sig difference in SOC between burned and unburned plots
1
2
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
14. Results
No Sig difference in SOC between burned and unburned plots
1
3
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
15. Results
No sig. difference in SOC between closed and open plots for all age categories
1
4
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
16. Challenges in cocoa productionBiocarbon development in East and West Africa (5)
• Develop effective and cost efficient carbon monitoring, reporting and
verification systems that can enable smallholders to access carbon markets
• Soil spectroscopy will be key component
Estimating biocarbon using LiDAR data- Taita, Kenya
(a) indigenous forest, (b) mixed stand of local and exotic species (Eucalyptus sp.) and (c)
cropland with scattered trees
Janne et al., 2013
1
5
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
17. Smallholder cocoa in Ivory Coast-V4C (6)
Disease + pest?
Soil fertility?
Major challenges
LDSF and soil spectroscopy to
identify constraints & target
interventions in cocoa production
1
6
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
18. Trees for food security –ACIAR
Rwanda
Ethiopia
Characterize land health constraints and assessing Agroforestry intervention outcomes
1
7
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
19. Mitigating Climate Change in Agriculture-MICCA (8)
East African Dairy Development
(EADD- Kenya)
Conservation agriculture
(CARE- Tanzania)
Characterize (baseline) and assess impacts of climate smart agriculture practices
1
8
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
20. Measurement and Monitoring Soil Carbon Stock (11)
Can we measure soil carbon cost effectively?
1
9
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
21. Land Health Surveillance
Consistent field
protocol
Soil spectroscopy
Coupling with
remote sensingPrevalence, Risk factors, Digital
mapping
Sentinel sites
Randomized sampling schemes
2
0
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
22. Measurement and Monitoring Soil Carbon Stock (11)
Why measure
carbon?
1
What will the
protocol deliver?
2
3
How much will it
cost?
4 Sampling
5 Field work
6 Lab work
7 Data analysis
8 Presenting results
2
1
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
23. Sample size
determination
Sample allocation Moisture content
Soil Carbon stock
Error
Measurement and Monitoring Soil Carbon Stock (11)
Web and excel based tool
…. and reporting
DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE WISDOM
2
2
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
24. A management that leads to a DECREASE in bulk density will UNDER
ESTIMATES SOC stocks & vice versa
C conc.(%) Depth(cm)
Bulk density
(g/cm) SOC stock (Mg/ha) Error
1.5 150 1.2 270
1.5 150 1 225 -16.67%
Monitoring SOC stocks
(Ellert and Bettany, 1995)
Bulk density as confounding
variable in comparing SOC stocks
Think mass not depth
Why cumulative soil mass?
2
3
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
25. 0
2000
4000
6000
10 50 100 150 200 250
Cost(USD)
Number of samples
NIR spectroscopy
Thermal oxidation
Sample preparation
Soil sampling
0
3
6
9
12
15
Costpersample(USD)
NIR spectroscopy Thermal oxidation
Sample preparation Soil sampling
Cost –error analysis
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0 500 1000 1500
Cost(USD)
Number of samples
Thermal oxidation
NIR spectroscopy
Comparisons of costs of measuring SOC using a commercial lab and NIR
Cost
IR is cheaper (~ 56%) than dry combustion
method for large number of samples
Throughput
Combustion ~ 30-60 samples/day
NIR ~ 350 samples/day
MIR ~ 1000/day
Cost –error analysis
2
4
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
26. Cost –error analysis
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Half95%confidenceinterval(tCha-1)
Number of samples
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Half95%confidenceinterval(tCha-1)
Cost of carbon measurement (USD)
Cost –error analysis
Costs of measurement often exceed the benefits – soil spectroscopy address
this challenge
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Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
27. Activity Sources of uncertainty
Sampling
Sampling design (random, stratified random)
Sample size
SOC measurement
Natural variability (spatial)
Sample preparation (e.g. contamination, subsampling)
Lab method used (instrument resolution)
Human error
Field data collection (e.g. soil mass, volume)
SOC prediction
using IR
Imported uncertainties (from reference data)
Model (assumption)
Instrument and human errors
Mapping SOC
Covariates used
Image pre -processing (geometric and radiometric corrections)
Scale/resolution (e.g. farm vs landscape)
Model (assumption, strength)
Sources of uncertainty
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Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
28. Common causes of measurement uncertainty
• the instruments used,
• the item being measured,
• the environment,
• the operator,
• other sources
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CASE 1
High precision (repeatable)
High accuracy
Random error (less biased)
CASE 2
High precision (repeatable)
Low accuracy
Systematic error (biased)
CASE 3
Low precision (not repeatable)
High accuracy
Random error (less biased)
CASE 4
Low precision (not repeatable)
Low accuracy
Systematic error (biased)
Accuracy versus precision
Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
29. Things to be careful!
Proper labelingAvoid contamination
Lets do it right
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Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
30. Data archiving/publishing
Datasaving – dataverse: http://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/
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Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
31. • More research on cost-effective measurement tools
• Web services are needed that allow optimised soil information to be
automatically exchanged via the internet
• Proximal soil sensing
• Reduce uncertainties in measurements- error propagates
• Develop national capacities, networking and partnership
• Baselines are established for important soil properties across Africa
• Soil spectroscopy filling the data gaps- at National, Regional & Global
levels
• Enable decision makers have clear understanding of soil status and trends
• Spectroscopy is proved good- adoption and application
• Cross sentinel/regional sites analysis
Finally…
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Ermias Betemariam, Erick Towett | Hands-on soil infrared spectroscopy training course | Nairobi | May 2014 |
climate variability and extreme weather events are likely to impose significant new constraints on global agriculture, adding to the difficulty of expanding agricultural production to meet increasing demand (Walthall et al., 2012).
Our land health work is rapidly taking off at every level of scale.
At the global to continental level, we are moving from the Africa Soil Information Service into an Africa Agricultural Monitoring System, and there are new opportunities in CRP5 on Water, Land and Ecosystems to expand into a set of 9 major river basins across the tropics.
At the regional scale, Jianchu has been looking at the Tibetian Plateaux-Mekong transect, and we have proposed a surveillance system for the Great Green Wall Project. AfSIS is now moving to support national soil health surveillance systems.
At the project level, the land health surveillance methods are supporting intervention targeting and impact assessment in an increasing number of projects, including SLM in Cameroon, food security in Malawi, rangeland carbon in East and West Africa, the smallholder cocoa project in Cote D’Ivoire, and as you saw on the field trip, climate change adaptation and mitigation projects in Kenya and Tanzania. The framework is becoming a standard inclusion in new ICRAF land management projects.
We won a grant to incorporate a field-scale soil monitoring component in the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study, which has been helping a number of Governments establish household panel surveys and agricultural monitoring over several decades. We will be piloting a soil fertility monitoring component in two African countries.
A quick reminder of our conceptual framework and tools, we work by a set of surveillance science principles, which are similar to those used in public health surveillance – which emphasize quantifying health problems and associated risk factors in populations.
We implement those science principles through a set of tools, which encompass use of randomized, landscape level sampling schemes. The use of consistent field sampling protocols so we collect data on land health indicators in the same way everywhere. The use of soil spectroscopy methods to provide high throughput low cost analysis of key soil health metrics, centred on soil functional properties. Coupling of the field and lab observations with remote sensing data, to provide consistent data on the population distributions and prevalence of land health problems, associated risk factors and digital mapping of indicators.