This document describes a study that uses fuzzy logic to assess the confidence that can be placed in visual examination results for evaluating sulphate attack on cement-based materials. The study considers three input parameters - the type of cation in sulphate solutions, the quality of concrete, and quality of visual observation. It defines membership functions to represent each parameter and develops rules to relate the inputs to an output of confidence level. The fuzzy inference system is applied to various combinations of input parameter values to determine the resulting confidence output. The results show that high confidence in the output relies on high confidence values for all three input parameters. Varying the individual input parameters demonstrates the effect of uncertainty in each on the resulting confidence level.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
Get bulletproof defense without having to overspend. Installing ballistic resistant window film for your Austin property is a great cost-friendly way to update your security. This case study explains how ballistic resistant window films work and their effectiveness. Learn more here: https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/austin-winder-film/austin-ballistic-resistant-window-film/
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
Get bulletproof defense without having to overspend. Installing ballistic resistant window film for your Austin property is a great cost-friendly way to update your security. This case study explains how ballistic resistant window films work and their effectiveness. Learn more here: https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/austin-winder-film/austin-ballistic-resistant-window-film/
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
An investigation into non destructive testing techniques a specific case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigate applications of ultrasonic phased array technique over magnetic particle inspection, gamma rays radiographic and conventional ultrasonic testing applied during manufacturing of Low Pressure Heater (LPH) at a company X located in India. The existing non destructive testing techniques that are being used for detection of defects are compared with the alternative techniques. Most of the non destructive testing techniques are surely cost effective but time consuming this makes the overall stay time, production time and overall cost indulged in process high. By applying ultrasonic phased array technique the maintenance scheduling and incurred cost of maintenance and also the overall operational cost can be reduced remarkably. Keywords: Non destructive testing, maintenance, ultrasonic phased array, radiography.
Corrosion behaviourof-sol-gel-derived-nano-alumina-filmVibhath k
In this paper, the effect of nano-alumina coating on the corrosion behavior of IS 2062 low carbon steel was investigated.The coating was achieved by sol-gel dip coating method.
Study on soundness of reinforced concrete structures by ndt approacheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Importance of the neutral category in fuzzy clustering of sentimentsijfls
Social media is said to have an impact on the public discourse and communication in the society. It is increasingly
being used in the political context. Social networks sites such as Facebook, Twitter and other
microblogging services provide an opportunity for public to give opinions about some issues of interest.
Twitter is an ideal platform for users to spread not only information in general but also political opinions,
whereas Facebook provides the capability for direct dialogs. A lot of studies have shown that a need exists
for stakeholders to collect, monitor, analyze, summarize and visualize these social media views. Some authors
have tended to categorize these comments as either positive or negative ignoring the neutral category.
In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of the neutral category in the clustering of sentiments
from the social media. We then demonstrate the use of fuzzy clustering for this kind of task.
This paper investigates fuzzy triangle and similarity of fuzzy triangles. Five rules to determine similarity of
fuzzy triangles are studied. Extension principle and concept of same and inverse points in fuzzy geometry
are used to analyze the proposed concepts.
The Fuzzy set Theory has been applied in many fields such as Management, Engineering etc. In this paper a new operation on Hexagonal Fuzzy number is defined where the methods of addition, subtraction, and multiplication has been modified with some conditions. The main aim of this paper is to introduce a new operation for addition, subtraction and multiplication of Hexagonal Fuzzy number on the basis of alpha cut sets of fuzzy numbers
A new analysis of failure modes and effects by fuzzy todim with using fuzzy t...ijfls
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is awidely used engineering technique for designing, identifying
and eliminating theknown and/or potential failures, problems, and errors and so on from system to other
parts. The evaluating of FMEA parameters is challenging point because it’s importantfor managers to
know the real risk in their systems. In this study,we used fuzzy TODIM for evaluating the potential failure
modes in our system respect to factors of FMEA,which is known as; Severity(S); Occurrence (O); and
detect ability (D).The final result was combined with fuzzy time function which helps to predict systems in
future and solving problems in our system and it could help to avoid potential future failure modes in our
systems.
Doubt intuitionistic fuzzy deals in bckbci algebrasijfls
In this paper, we introduce the concept of doubt intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebras and doubt intuitionistic fuzzy ideals in BCK/BCI-algebras. We show that an intuitionistic fuzzy subset of BCK/BCI-algebras is an
intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra and an intuitionistic fuzzy ideal if and only if the complement of this intuitionistic fuzzy subset is a doubt intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra and a doubt intuitionistic fuzzy ideal. And at the same time we have established some common properties related to them.
This paper suggests an effective method for facial recognition using fuzzy theory and Shannon entropy.
Combination of fuzzy theory and Shannon entropy eliminates the complication of other methods. Shannon
entropy calculates the ratio of an element between faces, and fuzzy theory calculates the membership of the
entropy with 1. More details will be mentioned in Section 3. The learning performance is better than others
as it is very simple, and only need two data per learning. By using factors that don’t usually change during
the life, the method will have a high accuracy.
A Counterexample to the Forward Recursion in Fuzzy Critical Path Analysis Und...ijfls
Fuzzy logic is an alternate approach for quantifying uncertainty relating to activity duration. The fuzzy
version of the backward recursion has been shown to produce results that incorrectly amplify the level of
uncertainty. However, the fuzzy version of the forward recursion has been widely proposed as an
approach for determining the fuzzy set of critical path lengths. In this paper, the direct application of the
extension principle leads to a proposition that must be satisfied in fuzzy critical path analysis. Using a
counterexample it is demonstrated that the fuzzy forward recursion when discrete fuzzy sets are used to
represent activity durations produces results that are not consistent with the theory presented. The
problem is shown to be the application of the fuzzy maximum. Several methods presented in the literature
are described and shown to provide results that are consistent with the extension principle.
The Coupled Effect of Nano Silica and Superplasticizer on Concrete Fresh and ...IJMER
The The effect of individual and combined additions of both nano silica (NS) and
polycarboxylate-ether superplasticizer (SP) admixtures on concrete mixes were studied. Twenty concrete
mixes were prepared, keeping the water/cement ratio constant at w/c = 0.40, with different amounts of
SP admixture, and NS. the superplasticizer was studied in the range of (0 – 0.88)% (over cement weight),
nano silica additions were tested at (0 – 3.00)% range (over cement weight). Early, and late
compressive strengths, as well as results of fresh concrete (slump) test of formulations were evaluated by
means of design of experiments, in order to identify the primary factors and their interactions on the
measured properties. The most desirable NS and SP % were determined. The results showed that
regardless of the used NS percentage, the higher compressive strength results were reached at, or
around SP observed saturation dosage (0.66% by weight cement). The statistical approach applied here
enabled to develop relations, which could adequately describe the dependency of both the compressive
strength, and slump on the composition of NS, and SP concretes. These relations were presented as
contour plots, which from a practical point of view could serve as a basis for mix design
An investigation into non destructive testing techniques a specific case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigate applications of ultrasonic phased array technique over magnetic particle inspection, gamma rays radiographic and conventional ultrasonic testing applied during manufacturing of Low Pressure Heater (LPH) at a company X located in India. The existing non destructive testing techniques that are being used for detection of defects are compared with the alternative techniques. Most of the non destructive testing techniques are surely cost effective but time consuming this makes the overall stay time, production time and overall cost indulged in process high. By applying ultrasonic phased array technique the maintenance scheduling and incurred cost of maintenance and also the overall operational cost can be reduced remarkably. Keywords: Non destructive testing, maintenance, ultrasonic phased array, radiography.
Corrosion behaviourof-sol-gel-derived-nano-alumina-filmVibhath k
In this paper, the effect of nano-alumina coating on the corrosion behavior of IS 2062 low carbon steel was investigated.The coating was achieved by sol-gel dip coating method.
Study on soundness of reinforced concrete structures by ndt approacheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Importance of the neutral category in fuzzy clustering of sentimentsijfls
Social media is said to have an impact on the public discourse and communication in the society. It is increasingly
being used in the political context. Social networks sites such as Facebook, Twitter and other
microblogging services provide an opportunity for public to give opinions about some issues of interest.
Twitter is an ideal platform for users to spread not only information in general but also political opinions,
whereas Facebook provides the capability for direct dialogs. A lot of studies have shown that a need exists
for stakeholders to collect, monitor, analyze, summarize and visualize these social media views. Some authors
have tended to categorize these comments as either positive or negative ignoring the neutral category.
In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of the neutral category in the clustering of sentiments
from the social media. We then demonstrate the use of fuzzy clustering for this kind of task.
This paper investigates fuzzy triangle and similarity of fuzzy triangles. Five rules to determine similarity of
fuzzy triangles are studied. Extension principle and concept of same and inverse points in fuzzy geometry
are used to analyze the proposed concepts.
The Fuzzy set Theory has been applied in many fields such as Management, Engineering etc. In this paper a new operation on Hexagonal Fuzzy number is defined where the methods of addition, subtraction, and multiplication has been modified with some conditions. The main aim of this paper is to introduce a new operation for addition, subtraction and multiplication of Hexagonal Fuzzy number on the basis of alpha cut sets of fuzzy numbers
A new analysis of failure modes and effects by fuzzy todim with using fuzzy t...ijfls
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is awidely used engineering technique for designing, identifying
and eliminating theknown and/or potential failures, problems, and errors and so on from system to other
parts. The evaluating of FMEA parameters is challenging point because it’s importantfor managers to
know the real risk in their systems. In this study,we used fuzzy TODIM for evaluating the potential failure
modes in our system respect to factors of FMEA,which is known as; Severity(S); Occurrence (O); and
detect ability (D).The final result was combined with fuzzy time function which helps to predict systems in
future and solving problems in our system and it could help to avoid potential future failure modes in our
systems.
Doubt intuitionistic fuzzy deals in bckbci algebrasijfls
In this paper, we introduce the concept of doubt intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebras and doubt intuitionistic fuzzy ideals in BCK/BCI-algebras. We show that an intuitionistic fuzzy subset of BCK/BCI-algebras is an
intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra and an intuitionistic fuzzy ideal if and only if the complement of this intuitionistic fuzzy subset is a doubt intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra and a doubt intuitionistic fuzzy ideal. And at the same time we have established some common properties related to them.
This paper suggests an effective method for facial recognition using fuzzy theory and Shannon entropy.
Combination of fuzzy theory and Shannon entropy eliminates the complication of other methods. Shannon
entropy calculates the ratio of an element between faces, and fuzzy theory calculates the membership of the
entropy with 1. More details will be mentioned in Section 3. The learning performance is better than others
as it is very simple, and only need two data per learning. By using factors that don’t usually change during
the life, the method will have a high accuracy.
A Counterexample to the Forward Recursion in Fuzzy Critical Path Analysis Und...ijfls
Fuzzy logic is an alternate approach for quantifying uncertainty relating to activity duration. The fuzzy
version of the backward recursion has been shown to produce results that incorrectly amplify the level of
uncertainty. However, the fuzzy version of the forward recursion has been widely proposed as an
approach for determining the fuzzy set of critical path lengths. In this paper, the direct application of the
extension principle leads to a proposition that must be satisfied in fuzzy critical path analysis. Using a
counterexample it is demonstrated that the fuzzy forward recursion when discrete fuzzy sets are used to
represent activity durations produces results that are not consistent with the theory presented. The
problem is shown to be the application of the fuzzy maximum. Several methods presented in the literature
are described and shown to provide results that are consistent with the extension principle.
The Coupled Effect of Nano Silica and Superplasticizer on Concrete Fresh and ...IJMER
The The effect of individual and combined additions of both nano silica (NS) and
polycarboxylate-ether superplasticizer (SP) admixtures on concrete mixes were studied. Twenty concrete
mixes were prepared, keeping the water/cement ratio constant at w/c = 0.40, with different amounts of
SP admixture, and NS. the superplasticizer was studied in the range of (0 – 0.88)% (over cement weight),
nano silica additions were tested at (0 – 3.00)% range (over cement weight). Early, and late
compressive strengths, as well as results of fresh concrete (slump) test of formulations were evaluated by
means of design of experiments, in order to identify the primary factors and their interactions on the
measured properties. The most desirable NS and SP % were determined. The results showed that
regardless of the used NS percentage, the higher compressive strength results were reached at, or
around SP observed saturation dosage (0.66% by weight cement). The statistical approach applied here
enabled to develop relations, which could adequately describe the dependency of both the compressive
strength, and slump on the composition of NS, and SP concretes. These relations were presented as
contour plots, which from a practical point of view could serve as a basis for mix design
HVOF Sprayed WC-Cocr Coating on Mild Steel: Microstructure and Wear Evaluationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Like all civil engineering projects, landfill construction projects have fundamental requirements
related to strength, safety and economic concerns. There are precautions that must be taken in the planning
period of a sanitary landfill project, at every step of the construction and after the completion of waste
deposition at the site. The objective is to provide long term stability, environmental protection, ensure
regulatory compliance and achieve cost effective utilization of manpower, equipment and space. This paper
discusses the criteria for site selection, possible soil problems and their effects on safety and necessary
precautions. Studies have shown that the major possible soil deformation modes are landfall, overturn, sliding,
lateral deformation and outflow.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Perspective of E-Waste in Concrete: A review
Assessing the Ageing Impact on Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete
Efficient Methodology for Design of Industrial Blast Resistant Electrical Substations and Control Buildings
Modeling and Simulation of Wood and Fly Ash Behaviour as Partial Replacement for Cement on Flexural Strength of Self Compacting Concrete
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC TO VISUAL EXAMINATION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF SULPHATE ATTACK ON CEMENT BASED MATERIALS
1. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
DOI : 10.5121/ijfls.2013.3204 49
APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC TO VISUAL
EXAMINATION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF
SULPHATE ATTACK ON CEMENT BASED
MATERIALS
Alok Verma1
, Mukesh Shukla2
and Anil Kumar Sahu1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA
alokverma_dce@hotmail.com
2
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, U.P., INDIA
ABSTRACT
Sulphate attack on cement based materials has been widely taken up in research studies focusing on
aggressive environmental conditions. Visual observations are considered as an important first step to
assess the performance of the materials under the severity of the involved conditions. Correlations of visual
observations (supported by other tests, during controlled laboratory experiments) and conditions in the
field are essential to assess the performance of materials in the field. Due to uncertainties in the
determination of various performance related parameters in the field, a rigid reliance on the results of
visual examination conducted in the laboratory is not possible. This paper considers some aspects related
to visual observations concerning the performance assessment of cement based materials under sulphate
attack conditions in the field. Through a theoretical study it explores the use of fuzzy logic in analysing how
much reasonable confidence should be placed on visual observations as well as in determining relative
importance of various parameters.
KEYWORDS
Visual observations, Visual ratings, Concrete, Sulphate attack, Deterioration, Fuzzy logic
1. INTRODUCTION
Sulphate attack, constituting a major risk of chemical aggression for concrete and other building
materials, has been taken up vigorously in the research studies [1]. It is reported that sulphate
attack is difficult to measure because it is the result of a complex set of chemical processes and
there is still a lot of controversy about the mechanism of such attack [2]. Samples of cement based
building materials, such as mortar and concrete, are exposed to artificially created sulphate
environments and are tested in laboratories [3]. While the results of these short-term accelerated
tests help to give due indication of the likely performance of such materials in field conditions,
these methods are criticized on many counts. They are perceived to change the attack mechanism
and make it differ from the one which exists in the field under consideration [3]. Sometimes,
laboratory tests may not simulate the conditions in the field correctly [4]. Visual examination of
specimens is very important in such tests to correlate laboratory and field conditions [4-15].
Usually cubical samples of concrete or cement mortar of various specifications are kept in
different types of aggressive acidic or alkaline solutions in laboratory for some time. These
aggressive solutions model aggressive environmental conditions in which actual structures made
of concrete or cement mortar, exist. Effects of such aggressive solutions on these laboratory
samples are observed visually. These effects may be in the form of Appearance of fine cracks on
2. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
50
the surface of specimen [16], formation of subsurface cracks [17], spalling of surface material
[6,18,19], crazing [20], blistering of surface [18,21], expansion in length [18], loosening of
material [19], corner cracking combined with transverse surface cracks [6], swelling of corners
[22], a complete breakdown of samples [16], appearance of soft pulpy mass of mortar [4,16],
debonding of matrix from aggregate particles [19], extreme distress [6], onion peeling type
degradation of samples [23], change in colour [19], erosion of faces [18,21], softening of external
layer of mortar specimen [16], loss of cohesion of mortar [7], formation of gypsum crystals
[19,21,24], formation of efflorescence on the surface [19,21] and formation of mushy layer on the
surface [25]. If sufficient data is available, durability state of a material in the field can be
assessed by comparing the visual effects and the results of laboratory experiments to those
observed in the field. In this direction, some visual ratings have been proposed under various
conditions of laboratory tests. Visual rating of samples is given in order to find the most suitable
and easiest way of detecting and quantifying damages occurring due to various effects [35]. These
visual ratings categorise visual effects and link these effects to relative extent of damage in an
aggressive environmental condition. Many visual ratings have been provided considering
different grades of cement based materials and conditions of exposure to sulphate environments
[2,6,8,9,12,13,16,17,20,34,36-49]. A ten point grading of various stages of damage for limestone
cement mortars proposed in a study [31], is shown in Table 1.
Visual rating Recorded effects from visual examination
0 No visible deterioration
1 Some deterioration at corners
2 Deterioration at corners
3 Deterioration at corners and some cracking along the edges
4 Deterioration at corners and cracking along the edges
5 Cracking and expansion
6 Bulging of surfaces
7 Extensive cracking and expansion
8 Extensive spalling
9 Complete damage
Table 1. Ten Point Grading
Without doubting the importance of visual examination in the assessment of sulphate attack, it
has been reported that sole visual inspection can be misleading in some situations [26]. Therefore,
visual observations are sometimes supported by advanced tests also [1,3,5,8,16,17,27-31,33,34].
Results of these tests and visual examination are correlated and calibrated with effects seen in
actual structures.
2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Visual examination is an important tool for the assessment of the effects of an aggressive
environment on cement based materials and for interpreting the visual effects seen in the field.
Still, the findings of the examination may not be treated as fully conclusive and final in view of
many uncertainties. Though theoretically the use of visual ratings to assess the conditions and
performance of materials should be an easy task, it is not so due to variations of conditions in
respect of material composition & characteristics, site, exposure and other related aspects. Time
variations of these factors in these combinations would make the exact correspondence of
conditions and effects very difficult to be indicated. It has been reported that there is no
universally accepted criterion for measuring failure of laboratory specimens exposed to sulphate
[2-4,18]. Though it is simple to make visual observations in laboratory experiments of sulphate
3. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
51
attack, it is difficult to rigidly correlate and apply the qualitative conclusions to field conditions
[23,24]. In this connection, importance of longer term exposure is found necessary to obtain more
realistic indications of durability for extended service life [44-47]. Importance of application of
Fuzzy Logic system along with in interpreting results of laboratory visual examination in field
conditions has been emphasized, in view of uncertainties of effects, varying conditions of tests in
laboratory as well as in the field and nomenclature of visual effects [50]. Experiences from tests,
already undertaken in the past, would be helpful in this respect [51-64].
Many factors are involved in the modelling of the sulphate aggressive environmental conditions
and in the correlations between the laboratory and field conditions. It is important to have
knowledge of relative importance of these factors as well as to determine how much confidence
may be placed on the results of visual observations, made in the laboratory, in the assessment of
durability of structures in the field environment. This study considers these issues with the help of
fuzzy logic.
3. DETAILS OF STUDY
Fuzzy set theory was developed by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 to deal with the imprecision and
uncertainty often present in real-world applications [65]. It was subsequently further developed
by Mamdani and several other researchers. Fuzzy system is a logical system, an extension of
multi-valued logic, which is synonymous with the theory of fuzzy sets. The theory of fuzzy sets
relates to the classes of objects with unsharp boundaries in which membership is a matter of
degree. Similar types of conditions exist in the cases of visual examination of deterioration effects
in the field and in the interpretation of field conditions such as sulphate exposure etc.
In this study, it was intended to find out the accuracy of results obtained after visual examination
conducted for sulphate attack on cement based materials. The accuracy is taken to be in terms of
confidence which may be placed in the output (i.e., results of visual examination) when
uncertainties exist in some parameters which may affect the determination of effects using some
visual ratings. Three input parameters which may have uncertainties in their evaluation are
considered. These are: Type of cation in the sulphate solution present in the ground water, quality
of concrete and quality of visual observation. The quality of visual observation may be dependent
on the expertise of an individual at the helm of affairs for assessing the effects of aggressive
exposure on the cement based material. The output called, confidence, is treated to be an indicator
of the confidence which can be placed on the correctness of the results. Mamdani type inference
system in Matlab was used in this study. Three stages of accuracy of prediction in all the three
input values & the output value were considered. Rules for deducing conclusions were written
linking various stages of all the input and output parameters. The confidence in the output was
increased by one degree if any two or more than two of the three input values were upgraded to a
higher grade of accuracy. These input and output parameters, their stages and rules are provided
in the fuzzy inference system, given below, which was used in the study. It is to be appreciated
that various inputs are considered in terms of our confidence in knowing their values accurately.
For example, the term ‘severe’ may not always mean that the exposure is severe. As it is the third
stage of the input parameter, it only shows that the exposure is known with certainty. Names of
different stages connected with their input names were written only for the sake of easy
identification. Otherwise, in a case of confusion three stages of all parameters may be considered
as stage 1, 2 and 3, with 1, 2 and 3 showing less accuracy, average accuracy and good accuracy.
In a way, this study tried to determine the accuracy of output (called, confidence) depending on
the accuracy in the determination of three input parameters. Considering that a first idea at a time
instant may influence visual observations, a triangular pattern of membership functions was
chosen for it. Membership function for quality of concrete was chosen in the form of a gauss
variation because of this form of variation for the strength of concrete in practice. The trapezoidal
4. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
52
pattern was chosen for the output. For exposure conditions, it was taken to be trapezoidal
considering it to be in-between the triangular and Gaussian types of variation. For any parameter
a value ‘0’ meant complete uncertainty and ‘1’ a very good accuracy. Figure 1 shows the
interlinking of input, rules and the output.
Figure 1. Interlinking of Inputs, Rules and Output in the Fuzzy System
Fuzzy Inference System used in the study is given below.
Name='visual5-2'
Type='mamdani'
Version=2.0
NumInputs=3
NumOutputs=1
NumRules=18
AndMethod='min'
OrMethod='max'
ImpMethod='min'
AggMethod='max'
DefuzzMethod='centroid'
[Input1]
Name='visual_observation'
Range=[0 1]
NumMFs=3
MF1='obs_type_1':'trimf',[-0.5 0 0.368]
MF2='obs_type_2':'trimf',[0 0.5 1]
MF3='obs_type_3':'trimf',[0.705 1 1.5]
[Input2]
Name='type_of_cation_and_exposure'
6. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
54
Figure 2. Membership Functions Showing Different Stages of the Input and Output Parameters
7. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
55
Considering the eighteen rules which were created for determining the output variable, different
extent of uncertainty namely, 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, were considered for each input
parameter in combination with other values of other parameters. A particular result, obtained
from ruleview of Matlab, is shown in Figure 3. Confidence values for inputs and output
confidence value are noted at the top of this figure.
Figure 3. A Particular Result for Confidence in Result
A surface view diagram of relationship of confidence with the input parameters is shown in
Figure 4. In such a diagram, only two input parameters may be considered with the output at a
time.
8. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
56
Figure 4. Relationship of Parameters
In the above relationship shown, more than one input value had a variation. Still, it can be readily
seen from the surface view diagram in Figure 4 that all the input factors should have high
confidence values for getting a good output confidence value. To see the effect of individual
variations in input values on the output value, each input value was varied, one by one, to 75%,
50%, 25% and 0% from its maximum value of 1. Here, exact values were not taken and
intentionally values close to particular percentage values were taken to emphasise the fuzziness of
input parameters. Table 2 shows the input values taken. Varied values of inputs have been shown
bold and underlined. Output values were determined using the fuzzy tool box of Matlab 5.3.
Value of Input 1 Value of Input 2 Value of Input 3 Value of output
0.958 0.982 0.959 0.761
0.741 0.982 0.959 0.728
0.500 0.982 0.959 0.766
0.253 0.982 0.959 0.718
0.030 0.982 0.959 0.521
0.958 0.982 0.959 0.761
0.958 0.747 0.959 0.525
0.958 0.506 0.959 0.500
0.958 0.259 0.959 0.491
0.958 0.026 0.959 0.187 (Minimum)
0.958 0.982 0.959 0.761
0.958 0.982 0.747 0.572
0.958 0.982 0.518 0.505
0.958 0.982 0.276 0.500
0.958 0.982 0.0235 0.500
Table 2. Input and Output Values
9. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
57
Variations in output value are shown in Figure 5. It shows the effect of type of variation chosen
for an input parameter. The case of variation in sulphate exposure, which is considered in terms of
a trapezoidal shape, gives the minimum values out of these variations. This happens to be the
parameter which may not be ‘visible’ unless some information pertaining to this aspect is readily
available or some tests are carried out in the determination of exposure. At the same time, as is
clear from Table 8, lesser confidence about this input parameter would be more detrimental to the
output confidence. This aspect of determination of relative importance of various factors, in
durability studies concerning cement based materials with the help of fuzzy logic seems very
useful in the field of maintenance of constructed facilities.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 2 3 4 5
VALUEOFOUTPUT
CASE NUMBER
VARIATION OF CONFIDENCE FOR CHANGE IN ONE INPUT
PARAMETER AT A TIME
Output ( input 1) Output ( input 2) Output ( input 3)
Figure 5. Variation of confidence for Change in One Input at a Time
In addition to the above, a definite variation in the accuracy of input parameters (ranging from 0
to 1, with a step size of 0.1, applied to all the three input parameters one by one) was taken and
variation in the output confidence was calculated with the help of Matlab. A relationship of
variations among the input and output parameters is given in Figure 6.
y = 0.013x + 0.312
R² = 0.862
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
VALUEFORINPUTANDOUTPUT
CASE NUMBER
VARIATION OF CONFIDENCE WITH INPUT PARAMETERS
input 1 input2 input3 output confidence Linear (output confidence)
Figure 6. Relationship of Variations Among Input and Output Parameters
The value of output confidence increases with increases taking place in input values one by one.
In the middle region of the output curve, there is a flat portion (from case number 10 to 18) where
10. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.3, No2, April 2013
58
the output value varied in a very narrow range, from 0.4856 to 0.501. This flat portion applied for
input values set [0.4, 0.4, 0.4] to [0.7, 0.7, 0.6]. This indicated that for getting a high value of
output confidence it is important to have all input confidence values crossing a threshold value.
The lower threshold of this range seems to be defined by a value of 0.4 for all input values while
the upper threshold of this range is defined by a value of 0.7 happening atleast for two input
values. After this range, the output confidence improves and achieves the highest value of 0.8008
when all the input parameters were assigned a value of 1. Consideration of the fact that a value of
1.0 for output confidence is not achieved even when this value of 1.0 is allotted to all the input
values may indicate that there may be definitely a fuzzy nature in output confidence even when
definite values are taken for the input, depending on the nature of membership functions and the
fuzzy rules considered for interpreting various conditions.
4. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions may be drawn from this study involving the use of fuzzy logic
considerations to visual observations in assessing the performance of cement based materials
under sulphate attack.
1. To have a high confidence in output all the input factors should have high confidence
values. It means that knowledge about input factors should be good to have a good result.
2. Relative importance of various input factors may be determined with the help of fuzzy
logic considerations. For example, minimum values of output confidence were achieved
in the case of variation of input value for sulphate exposure, which was considered in
terms of a trapezoidal shape. Shape of membership function chosen for the input
parameter plays an important role in such determination. This aspect of determination of
relative importance of various factors, in durability studies concerning cement based
materials with the help of fuzzy logic seems very useful in the field of maintenance of
constructed facilities.
3. The study reveals that for getting a high value of output confidence it is important to have
all input confidence values crossing a threshold value. It may be concluded that output
confidence can not be improved if even a single input parameter happens to be showing a
low value of confidence attached to it.
4. Consideration of the fact that a value of 1.0 for output confidence is not achieved even
when this value of 1.0 is allotted to all the input values may indicate that there may be
definitely a fuzzy nature in output confidence even when definite values are taken for the
input, depending on the nature of membership functions and the fuzzy rules considered
for interpreting various conditions.
5. Various ratings followed in laboratory studies have some differences based on chosen
parameters. A broad rating system based on extensive data, acquired in the past
experiments, should be created with clearly marked effects and necessary explanations.
This may be followed by the research community to help a clear interpretation and
comparison of results.
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AUTHORS
Alok Verma is an Associate Professor in Civil Engineering at Delhi Technological
University, Delhi (India). His research interests include durability of cement based materials,
mathematical analysis of random phenomena and effect of earthquakes on structures.
Mukesh Shukla, a Ph.D in Structural Engineering, is Director of a prestigious engineering
institute at Ujjain, in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. His research interests include
durability of concrete and ferrocement structures.
A. K. Sahu is a Professor in Civil Engineering at Delhi Technological University, Delhi
(India). His research interests include durability of concrete and masonry structure