Biotechnology encompasses various applications, including therapeutic drug production, genetic engineering, and diagnostics for diseases. It has led to advancements such as GM crops like Bt cotton, which are resistant to pests, and medical breakthroughs including recombinant insulin and gene therapy. Ethical issues arise from genetic modifications and biopatents, raising concerns about biopiracy and the rights of indigenous peoples regarding their traditional resources.

1. Applications
of
biotechnolog
y
Made by –
karamveer kaur

2. What is
biotechnology
• Biotechnology is used for therapeutic
• , diagnostic
• , scientific investigations for forensic
studies,
• production of vaccines,
• antibiotics and various drugs.
• enzymes and proteins
• Using recombinant DNA technology,
many safe and therapeutic drugs
have been produced.

3. Applications of biotechnology

4. BT COTTON
• BACCILUS THURGIGENSIS [BACTERIA]IS THE SOURECE OF GENE
IT IS GM PLANTWHICH HAS RESISTANCE FROM BALL WORM
• WHICH PRODUCE PROTEIN CRYSTALDURING PARTICULAR PHASE OF LIFE
• IT IS INSECTICIDAL TOXIN
HAS CRY GENE IN IIT
• WHEN INSECT EAT PLANT TOXIN ENTER INTO HIS BODY
• ITS PRESENT IN INACTIVE FORM
• IT ACTIVATED BY THE ALKALINE PH OF MIDGUT AND BY GUT ENZYMES
• ACTIVATED TOXIN BINDS TO MIDGUT WALL
• CREATE PORE IN ITCAUSE SWELIMG AND LYSIS
• WHICH LERADS TO DEATH
THIS GENE INSERT INTO PLANT

5. BT COTTON
• IT IS EFFECTIVE BIOPESTICIDE
• RESUCE USE OF PESTICIDES
• EX BT COTTON,BT CORN,GOLDEN RICE,TOMATO,POTATO
• MOST BT GENE ARE SPECIES SPECIFIC
• CRY 1Ac AND IIAbCONTROL COTTON BALLWORM
• CRY Iab CONTROL CORN BORER

6. NEMATODE CONTROL
• MELOIDOGYNRE INCOGNITA
• INFECT TOMBACCO ROOTS
NEMATODE
• CELLULAR DEFENCE SYSTEM
• WHICH SILICING OF SPECIFIC MRNA DUE TO
COMPLEMENTRY dsRNA
RNA INTERFERENCE
• IT IS VECTOR
• NEMATODE SPECIFIC GENE INSERT INTO HOST PLANT
• IT PRODUCE SENCE AND ANTISENCE RNA IN HOST
• THERS ARE COMLEMENTRY AND FORM DUBLE STRAND RNA
• WHICH DO SLICING OF MRNA
• SP PARASIT NOT DEVELOP HIS PROTEIN AND NOT SURVIVED
AGROBACTERIUM

8. ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE
• IT MADE IMENSE IMPACT ON HEALTH CARE PRODUCE
• THERAPATIC DRUG
• 1.RECOMBINANT THERAPIES DO NOT PRODUCE UNWANTED RESPONCE LIKE
ANIMAL SOURCE DRUGDOR PRODUCTS EX INSULINE,
• IT RROVIDE BETER TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND FOR TREATMENT EX GENE
THREAPY ,ELISA
• DNA VACCINES ,HEPSTITUS VACCINE,
• EDIBLE VACCINE –PROTEIN CODING GENE ISOLATE FROM PATHOGENS ANDPUT
INTO PLANTS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODY

9. INSULIN
• INSULIN IS ENZYME PRODUCE PANCREASE IT CONTROL SUGAR LEVER IN
BLOOD .WHEN IT NOT PRODUCE IN SUIFFICIENT AMOUNT THE PEOPLE
ENCOUNTER TO DIABTIESE
• GENETICALLY PREPARED INSULINLEADS TO SUFFICIENT AVAILABILITY
FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ADULT DIABTES
• EARLIER IT EXYTRACT FROM PANCREAS OF CATTLE OR PIG.IT CAUSE
ALLERGY IN SOME PATIENTS.
• IN MAMMELS IT SYNTHEISED BY PROHORMONR[ NEED TO PROCESS
BEFORE IT BECOMR MATUREAND FUNCTIONAL HORMONE .WHICH HAVE
EXTRA POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN ]

10. STRUCTURE OF INSULIN
IT CONTAIN TWO SHORT POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS I.e. Chain A[21 amino acids] and B.[31 amino
acids],a long chain c LINK BY DISULPHIDE BRIDGE
In maturation chain c removed
Chain c is not present in mature insulin it is called humulin .its its work faster and in
more efficient manner
These sequence put into E Coli .these two chains synthesised seprately ,extracted and
combined by disulphide bonds to form geneticaly engenetred insulin
Eli lily 1979 prepared two DNA sequences comlementary to chain a and b of insulin

11. Gene threapy
• It is collection of methods that helps to correct gene defect ,diagnose in
childhood or embryo
• Correction done by shift or alter gene into individual or embryo to take over
function and compensate for non functional gene
• Gene are shift into cells or tissues
• First gene threapy given to four yeargirl which suffer from adenosine
deaminase ADA DEFICIENCY by M BLEASE AND WF ANDRESCO IN 1990S
• Some childrenit cured by bone merrow transplantation and enzyme
replacement threapy but it not completely cureable
• IT USED TO TREAT HEAMOPHILLIA,CYSTIC FIBROSIS,PARKINSON DISEASE

12. ADA DEFICIENCY
• IT CAUSED BY DELETION OF GENE FOR ADENOSINE DEAMINASE.it is important for the
normal functioning of immune system
THE GENE ACTIVATE TO PRODUCE FUNCTIONAL LYMPHOCYTES AND ACTIVATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
BUT THESE CELLS ARE IMMORTAL AND NEED TO TRANSFER AGAIN AND AGAIN
BUT IT WORK BETTER IF GENE INSERT AT EMBRYONIC STAGE
FUNCTIONAL ADA GENE INSERT INTO LYMPHOCYTES WITH THE HELP OF RETROVIRUS
THESE LYMPHOCYTES SHIFT INTO PATIENTS BONE MERROW
BONE MERROW TRANSPLANTATION
EXTRACT LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENT BODY AND CULTURE OUTSIDE

13. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
• IT HELP TO DIAGNOSE SAND CURE DISAEASES AT EARLY STAGE
• 1 PCR –IT DETECT DISEASE BY AMPLIFICATION OF NUCELIC ACID.
• IT DETECT PATHOGEN EVEN IN LOW CONCENTRATION
• DETECT HIV IN AIDS PATIENT,MUTATION IN CANCERAND OTHER GENETIC DISORDERS
• RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY-MODERN DIAGNOSE TECH.WORK AS FOLLOWING
• 1.A SINGLE STRAND DNA OR RNA TAGGED WITH RADIOACTIVEMOLECULE AS PROBE .
• IT ALLOW TO HYBRDIZED TO ITS COMPLEMENTRY DNA IN CLONE CELLS
• THESE CELLS DETECTED BY AUTORADIOGRAPHY
• IF THER IS MUTATION OCCUR THE CLONE WILL NOT APPEAR ON PHOTOGENIC FILM
BECAUSE PROBE DONT HAVE COMPLEMENTRY OF MUTATED GENE

14. ELISA-ENZYME LINKED AMMIUNOSORBENT ASSAY
• IT IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF ANTIGEN ANTIBODY INTERECTION.INFECTION OF PATHOGENDETECTED BY
YHE PRECENCE OF ANTIGEN [ PROTEIN,GLYCOPROTEIN]OR BY ANTIBODIESSYNTHESISED AGAINST PATHOGEN
• IT ISRAPID,QUICK,AND REQIRE A BLOOD SAMPLEOF PATIENT
• PROCEDURTE-THIS ANTIGEN ANTIBODY MIXTURE
• 1.ANTIBODY ATTACHED ON POLYSTYRENE PLATE TO ATTRACT BACTERIA OR PATHOGEN
• 2.MICROTITER COATEFD WITH ANTIGEN FILLED WITH THIS ANTIGN ANTIBODY MIXTURE AND FREE ANTIBODIES
WASHED OUT
• 3A SECOND ANTIBODY SPECIFIC TO PRIMARY ANTIBOIDY ASDED WHICH CONJUGATE WITH ENZYME
• FREE ENZME LINKED ANTIBODY WASHED
• FINALY SUBSTRATE ADDRD WHICH CONVERTED BY ENZYME TO FORM COLOURED PRODUCT .
• IT MEASURED BT SPECTROMETERY

15. TRANSGENIC ELEMENTS
• These animals are animals that have their DNA manipulated
and express an extra [foreign] gene ex –trasgenic mise,rat,
rabbits,pigs,sheeps
• FirstTG cow develop in 1997,rosie it produce human protein
rich milk
• This milk contain human a-lactalbumin which is more
nutritional for babies
• Why we develop transgenic animals
• 1o study normal physiological development to check ,regulate
gene expression
• Study of diseases can be done by studding of gene
• Production of biological products.
• Chemical safety testing

16. Ethical issues
• Gm modification can have unpredictable result results when
such organism introduce in ecosystem.
• Usage of living organism for public service also create problem
with parents granted for the same.
• People not accept these alteration they think that is against
nature.
• Govt setup organisation to solve these issues

17. Biopatent
• It is right granted by govt to an inventor for the production of biological entities for ex – gm
microbes,plants,animals and products derived from them.
• public is concerned that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technology that
make use of the genetic material ,plants and other sources that has long develop by farmers and
indiginious peoples at specific region or country
• Ex-rice is being used thousand of years in Asian countries of which 20,0000 verities are in India alone
• Basmati rice famous for aroma whose 27vrities cultivated in India
• In 1997 American company got patient right through Us patent and trademark office and allow to cell
new verities of basmati in us and abroad
• While it derive from Indian framer variety
• Bio piracy – refer to the use of bio resource by multinational companies without proper authorization
from countries and people concerned without any payment