The document discusses key concepts in multicomponent distillation including:
- Key components are chosen to indicate separation and are always distributed between products.
- The Fenske equation is used to determine minimum number of stages assuming constant relative volatility, while the Underwood method determines minimum reflux ratio.
- The Gilliland correlation estimates actual number of stages given operating reflux from minimum values.
Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics, 6th ed [solution]Pankaj Nishant
This document contains solutions to math problems involving concepts of thermodynamics, including calculations of work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy, and phase changes. Problem 1 calculates the work done in lifting a mass and the resulting internal energy change. Problem 2 determines the heat transferred and final temperature when water gains a small amount of heat. Problem 3 is a series of thermodynamic steps where the initial and final internal energies must sum to zero.
This document contains Antoine coefficients for various compounds. The Antoine coefficients relate the log of vapor pressure (P) of a compound to temperature (T) using the formula log(P) = A-B/(T+C). The table lists over 100 compounds along with their Antoine coefficients (A, B, C values) and temperature ranges of applicability.
1. Proses pemisahan pada industri pupuk urea memerlukan minimal 3 tahap proses, yaitu leaching, kristalisasi, dan drying.
2. Jenis proses pemisahan yang diperlukan adalah leaching untuk memisahkan urea dari campuran larutan, kristalisasi untuk memisahkan urea dalam bentuk kristal, dan drying untuk mengeringkan urea hasil kristalisasi.
The document summarizes the solution to a heat transfer problem involving a slab of rubber initially at 20°C placed between steel plates at 140°C. It is calculated that:
1) The heating time for the rubber's midplane to reach 132°C is 10.81 seconds.
2) The temperature 0.65cm from the metal after this time is 117.8°C.
3) The time required for the temperature at this point to reach 132°C is 2.7 seconds.
FULL COURSE:
https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/flash-distillation-in-chemical-process-engineering/
Introduction:
Binary Distillation is one of the most important Mass Transfer Operations used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas, Liquid-Liquid and the Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Distillation Columns, Flashes, Batch Distillator, Tray Columns and Packed column, etc...
We will cover:
REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics (Equilibrium VLE Diagrams, Volatility, Raoult's Law, Azeotropes, etc..)
Distillation Theory - Concepts and Principles
Application of Distillation in the Industry
Equipment for Flashing Systems such as Flash Drums
Design & Operation of Flash Drums
Material and Energy Balances for flash systems
Adiabatic and Isothermal Operation
Animations and Software Simulation for Flash Distillation Systems (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
Theory + Solved Problem Approach:
All theory is taught and backed with exercises, solved problems, and proposed problems for homework/individual study.
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand mass transfer mechanism and processes behind Flash Distillation.
You will be able to continue with Batch Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Continuous Distillation and further courses such as Multi-Component Distillation, Reactive Distillation and Azeotropic Distillation.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating.
There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
This document discusses various methods for estimating capital costs for chemical engineering projects. It describes different types of cost estimates ranging from order-of-magnitude to detailed estimates. It also covers adjusting costs based on changes in equipment capacity and time. Methods like Lang factors, module cost approach, and total plant cost estimates are outlined. Factors like materials, pressure, and temperature that influence capital costs are also addressed.
The document discusses key concepts in multicomponent distillation including:
- Key components are chosen to indicate separation and are always distributed between products.
- The Fenske equation is used to determine minimum number of stages assuming constant relative volatility, while the Underwood method determines minimum reflux ratio.
- The Gilliland correlation estimates actual number of stages given operating reflux from minimum values.
Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics, 6th ed [solution]Pankaj Nishant
This document contains solutions to math problems involving concepts of thermodynamics, including calculations of work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy, and phase changes. Problem 1 calculates the work done in lifting a mass and the resulting internal energy change. Problem 2 determines the heat transferred and final temperature when water gains a small amount of heat. Problem 3 is a series of thermodynamic steps where the initial and final internal energies must sum to zero.
This document contains Antoine coefficients for various compounds. The Antoine coefficients relate the log of vapor pressure (P) of a compound to temperature (T) using the formula log(P) = A-B/(T+C). The table lists over 100 compounds along with their Antoine coefficients (A, B, C values) and temperature ranges of applicability.
1. Proses pemisahan pada industri pupuk urea memerlukan minimal 3 tahap proses, yaitu leaching, kristalisasi, dan drying.
2. Jenis proses pemisahan yang diperlukan adalah leaching untuk memisahkan urea dari campuran larutan, kristalisasi untuk memisahkan urea dalam bentuk kristal, dan drying untuk mengeringkan urea hasil kristalisasi.
The document summarizes the solution to a heat transfer problem involving a slab of rubber initially at 20°C placed between steel plates at 140°C. It is calculated that:
1) The heating time for the rubber's midplane to reach 132°C is 10.81 seconds.
2) The temperature 0.65cm from the metal after this time is 117.8°C.
3) The time required for the temperature at this point to reach 132°C is 2.7 seconds.
FULL COURSE:
https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/flash-distillation-in-chemical-process-engineering/
Introduction:
Binary Distillation is one of the most important Mass Transfer Operations used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas, Liquid-Liquid and the Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Distillation Columns, Flashes, Batch Distillator, Tray Columns and Packed column, etc...
We will cover:
REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics (Equilibrium VLE Diagrams, Volatility, Raoult's Law, Azeotropes, etc..)
Distillation Theory - Concepts and Principles
Application of Distillation in the Industry
Equipment for Flashing Systems such as Flash Drums
Design & Operation of Flash Drums
Material and Energy Balances for flash systems
Adiabatic and Isothermal Operation
Animations and Software Simulation for Flash Distillation Systems (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
Theory + Solved Problem Approach:
All theory is taught and backed with exercises, solved problems, and proposed problems for homework/individual study.
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand mass transfer mechanism and processes behind Flash Distillation.
You will be able to continue with Batch Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Continuous Distillation and further courses such as Multi-Component Distillation, Reactive Distillation and Azeotropic Distillation.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating.
There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
This document discusses various methods for estimating capital costs for chemical engineering projects. It describes different types of cost estimates ranging from order-of-magnitude to detailed estimates. It also covers adjusting costs based on changes in equipment capacity and time. Methods like Lang factors, module cost approach, and total plant cost estimates are outlined. Factors like materials, pressure, and temperature that influence capital costs are also addressed.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure acting on a plane surface using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
2. The experiment involved setting the apparatus at an angle, balancing it by adding weights, and measuring the water level as more weights were added.
3. Calculations were done to find theoretical and practical hydrostatic pressures using equations for the area, height, resultant force, and center of pressure. The results showed some difference between theoretical and practical pressures.
The document provides information about the dimensions and material properties of an electric furnace. The furnace has firebrick walls that are 2m thick with a thermal conductivity of 1.12 W/mK. It also has a quartz observation window that is 5x5x0.6 cm with a thermal conductivity of 0.07 W/mK. Given the inner surface temperature is 1100°C and outer is 121°C, the heat loss from the furnace per unit time is calculated to be 150.523W.
This document outlines the design of a process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of 99.5% dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol. Key aspects of the design include using 259.6 kmol/hr of 99% methanol feed, a single reactor with catalyst operating at 250°C and 80% conversion, and two distillation columns to separate DME and methanol. Economic analysis shows a negative net present value over 10 years, indicating the design is not financially viable based on the assumptions.
1. The document contains worked examples of calculating flow rates and head losses in pipe systems with one or more pipes connected in parallel.
2. In Example 1, the ratio of flow rates in two parallel pipes of identical diameter is calculated to be the inverse ratio of their lengths.
3. Example 4 involves calculating the maximum length of the first portion of a pipe connecting two reservoirs given the change in pressure head and system parameters. The energy equation and head loss equations for each pipe section are used.
Hydraulic analysis of complex piping systems (updated)Mohsin Siddique
1. Given: Pipe characteristics (D, L, e), fluid properties (ν), flow conditions (Q or V)
2. Calculate Reynold's number (Re) using the given flow parameters
3. Determine friction factor (f) from Moody diagram or equations based on Re and relative roughness (e/D)
4. Use Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate head loss (hf) or solve for unknown parameter (Q or V)
This document contains 18 multiple choice questions from a chapter on thermodynamics in a Class 11 Chemistry textbook. The questions cover topics like state functions, adiabatic conditions, standard enthalpies, enthalpy of formation, entropy changes, and calculating heat, work, internal energy and enthalpy changes. The answers provide explanations for each question and calculate values needed to determine the correct answer choice.
This document provides examples of calculating fugacity coefficients and activity coefficients for mixtures using various equations of state and activity coefficient models. It gives the equations and steps to estimate fugacity coefficients for species in mixtures using the Redlich-Kwong and virial equations of state, as well as fugacity coefficients for pure components using correlations. It also demonstrates calculating activity coefficients for solutions using the Van Laar, regular solution, and UNIFAC models by given the necessary parameters and mole fractions.
The document describes a proposed heat exchanger design project to recover waste heat from laundry processes. Dirty wash water at 67°C is currently dumped, while clean water is heated to 70°C using an electric water heater. It is proposed to install a heat exchanger to preheat the water and reduce electricity costs. The heat exchanger design must be optimized to maximize annual savings over a 10-year period considering capital costs, operating costs, and a 10% interest rate. Several heat exchanger concepts will be analyzed and the optimal design selected.
This is completed downloadable version of Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro and Daisie D. Boettner
Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran
Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran
Link to download Full chapter + answers sample:
https://goo.gl/s1EjyD
Click link bellow to view sample chapter of Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran Solution Manual
https://getbooksolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Solution-manual-Fundamentals-of-Engineering-Thermodynamics-8th-Edition-by-Moran.pdf
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by Moran, Shapiro, Boettner and Bailey solution manul continues its tradition of setting the standard for teaching students how to be effective problem solvers. Now in its eighth edition, this market-leading text emphasizes the authors collective teaching expertise as well as the signature methodologies that have taught entire generations of engineers worldwide. Integrated throughout the text are real-world applications that emphasize the relevance of thermodynamics principles to some of the most critical problems and issues of today, including a wealth of coverage of topics related to energy and the environment, biomedical/bioengineering, and emerging technologies.
02 - Group 3 - P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation DiagramsShakeel Vakkil
This document contains mass balance data for multiple process units including a desulfurization unit, hydrogenolysis reactor, partial oxidation reactor, and water gas shift reactor. It provides molecular weights, flow rates, percentages, and other data for input and output streams of each unit. The key components include N2, H2S, CH4S, CH4, C2H6, CO, H2O, CO2, and H2. Mass balances are shown to calculate output based on inputs and process conditions like temperature, pressure, and density.
This document provides examples and exercises related to deriving rate laws from reaction mechanisms using steady-state and rate-determining step approximations. It includes examples of applying these approximations to mechanisms with elementary steps and intermediates to obtain overall rate expressions in terms of the initial reactants and rate constants. It also asks the reader to derive rate laws and relaxation times for several reaction mechanisms following these same approaches.
The document describes heat exchangers and experiments conducted using a shell and tube heat exchanger and a plate heat exchanger. It discusses three types of fluid flow - parallel, counter, and cross-flow. Experiments were conducted with both exchangers under parallel and counter-flow configurations. Temperature and flow rate data was collected and used to calculate effectiveness, heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature difference. The results showed that the counter-flow configuration had higher effectiveness compared to parallel flow in both exchangers.
This document summarizes key concepts in advanced thermodynamics including:
- Pressure-temperature and pressure-volume diagrams for pure fluids and the phase change curves and points they depict.
- Equations of state relating pressure, volume, and temperature for homogeneous fluids in equilibrium.
- Properties and examples of ideal gas behavior and the virial equation of state for real gases.
- Calculation of work, heat, internal energy, and enthalpy changes for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases including isothermal, adiabatic, constant pressure, and throttling processes.
The document summarizes the design of an absorption column to remove SO2 from an air stream using water. It involves selecting water as the solvent, 1.5 inch Raschig rings as the packing material, calculating the minimum water flow rate of 116,641 kg/h, determining the flooding velocity, diameter of 1.106 m, and height of 3.88 m for the packed column. The column will treat 40,000 ft3/h of air containing 20% SO2 and recover 96% of the SO2 using 30% excess water than the minimum flow rate.
This document provides a mid-term review covering three topics: 1) energy analysis of closed systems, 2) mass and energy analysis of control volumes, and 3) the second law of thermodynamics. For the first topic, it provides examples of energy balance calculations for constant pressure processes in closed systems. For the second topic, it discusses the energy balance equation for control volumes and provides examples of its application to turbines, compressors, and throttling valves. For the third topic, it defines thermal efficiency and the coefficient of performance and discusses heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.
6th ed solution manual---fundamentals-of-heat-and-mass-transferRonald Tenesaca
This document contains 10 problems related to heat transfer by conduction. Each problem provides known information such as materials, dimensions, temperatures, and heat transfer rates. The problems then ask the reader to find unknown values like heat fluxes, surface temperatures, or thicknesses using Fourier's Law of heat conduction and assumptions of one-dimensional and steady-state heat transfer. The problems cover a variety of applications including insulation, walls, windows, refrigeration, and cooking.
1. The document contains worked examples calculating hydrostatic forces and pressures on submerged objects of various shapes, including a ball plugging a hole, portholes on a ship, gates, and a steel pipe.
2. Key concepts covered include calculating hydrostatic pressure as a function of depth, determining buoyant forces, calculating net forces and moments, and sizing structural elements based on allowable stresses.
3. Formulas used include those for pressure, buoyancy, force, moment, stress, and thickness required for a given safety factor.
The document describes a spherical furnace with an inner radius of 1m and outer radius of 1.2m. The wall has a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/mK. The inner temperature is 1100°C and outer is 80°C. It asks to calculate the total heat loss over 24 hours and the heat flux and temperature at a radius of 1.1m. It then describes a 1m thick slab initially at 150°C that is exposed to 250°C fluid on one side with an insulated rear side. It asks to construct a temperature profile table using finite differences over 4000 seconds.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure acting on a plane surface using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
2. The experiment involved setting the apparatus at an angle, balancing it by adding weights, and measuring the water level as more weights were added.
3. Calculations were done to find theoretical and practical hydrostatic pressures using equations for the area, height, resultant force, and center of pressure. The results showed some difference between theoretical and practical pressures.
The document provides information about the dimensions and material properties of an electric furnace. The furnace has firebrick walls that are 2m thick with a thermal conductivity of 1.12 W/mK. It also has a quartz observation window that is 5x5x0.6 cm with a thermal conductivity of 0.07 W/mK. Given the inner surface temperature is 1100°C and outer is 121°C, the heat loss from the furnace per unit time is calculated to be 150.523W.
This document outlines the design of a process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of 99.5% dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol. Key aspects of the design include using 259.6 kmol/hr of 99% methanol feed, a single reactor with catalyst operating at 250°C and 80% conversion, and two distillation columns to separate DME and methanol. Economic analysis shows a negative net present value over 10 years, indicating the design is not financially viable based on the assumptions.
1. The document contains worked examples of calculating flow rates and head losses in pipe systems with one or more pipes connected in parallel.
2. In Example 1, the ratio of flow rates in two parallel pipes of identical diameter is calculated to be the inverse ratio of their lengths.
3. Example 4 involves calculating the maximum length of the first portion of a pipe connecting two reservoirs given the change in pressure head and system parameters. The energy equation and head loss equations for each pipe section are used.
Hydraulic analysis of complex piping systems (updated)Mohsin Siddique
1. Given: Pipe characteristics (D, L, e), fluid properties (ν), flow conditions (Q or V)
2. Calculate Reynold's number (Re) using the given flow parameters
3. Determine friction factor (f) from Moody diagram or equations based on Re and relative roughness (e/D)
4. Use Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate head loss (hf) or solve for unknown parameter (Q or V)
This document contains 18 multiple choice questions from a chapter on thermodynamics in a Class 11 Chemistry textbook. The questions cover topics like state functions, adiabatic conditions, standard enthalpies, enthalpy of formation, entropy changes, and calculating heat, work, internal energy and enthalpy changes. The answers provide explanations for each question and calculate values needed to determine the correct answer choice.
This document provides examples of calculating fugacity coefficients and activity coefficients for mixtures using various equations of state and activity coefficient models. It gives the equations and steps to estimate fugacity coefficients for species in mixtures using the Redlich-Kwong and virial equations of state, as well as fugacity coefficients for pure components using correlations. It also demonstrates calculating activity coefficients for solutions using the Van Laar, regular solution, and UNIFAC models by given the necessary parameters and mole fractions.
The document describes a proposed heat exchanger design project to recover waste heat from laundry processes. Dirty wash water at 67°C is currently dumped, while clean water is heated to 70°C using an electric water heater. It is proposed to install a heat exchanger to preheat the water and reduce electricity costs. The heat exchanger design must be optimized to maximize annual savings over a 10-year period considering capital costs, operating costs, and a 10% interest rate. Several heat exchanger concepts will be analyzed and the optimal design selected.
This is completed downloadable version of Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro and Daisie D. Boettner
Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran
Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran
Link to download Full chapter + answers sample:
https://goo.gl/s1EjyD
Click link bellow to view sample chapter of Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran Solution Manual
https://getbooksolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Solution-manual-Fundamentals-of-Engineering-Thermodynamics-8th-Edition-by-Moran.pdf
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by Moran, Shapiro, Boettner and Bailey solution manul continues its tradition of setting the standard for teaching students how to be effective problem solvers. Now in its eighth edition, this market-leading text emphasizes the authors collective teaching expertise as well as the signature methodologies that have taught entire generations of engineers worldwide. Integrated throughout the text are real-world applications that emphasize the relevance of thermodynamics principles to some of the most critical problems and issues of today, including a wealth of coverage of topics related to energy and the environment, biomedical/bioengineering, and emerging technologies.
02 - Group 3 - P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation DiagramsShakeel Vakkil
This document contains mass balance data for multiple process units including a desulfurization unit, hydrogenolysis reactor, partial oxidation reactor, and water gas shift reactor. It provides molecular weights, flow rates, percentages, and other data for input and output streams of each unit. The key components include N2, H2S, CH4S, CH4, C2H6, CO, H2O, CO2, and H2. Mass balances are shown to calculate output based on inputs and process conditions like temperature, pressure, and density.
This document provides examples and exercises related to deriving rate laws from reaction mechanisms using steady-state and rate-determining step approximations. It includes examples of applying these approximations to mechanisms with elementary steps and intermediates to obtain overall rate expressions in terms of the initial reactants and rate constants. It also asks the reader to derive rate laws and relaxation times for several reaction mechanisms following these same approaches.
The document describes heat exchangers and experiments conducted using a shell and tube heat exchanger and a plate heat exchanger. It discusses three types of fluid flow - parallel, counter, and cross-flow. Experiments were conducted with both exchangers under parallel and counter-flow configurations. Temperature and flow rate data was collected and used to calculate effectiveness, heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature difference. The results showed that the counter-flow configuration had higher effectiveness compared to parallel flow in both exchangers.
This document summarizes key concepts in advanced thermodynamics including:
- Pressure-temperature and pressure-volume diagrams for pure fluids and the phase change curves and points they depict.
- Equations of state relating pressure, volume, and temperature for homogeneous fluids in equilibrium.
- Properties and examples of ideal gas behavior and the virial equation of state for real gases.
- Calculation of work, heat, internal energy, and enthalpy changes for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases including isothermal, adiabatic, constant pressure, and throttling processes.
The document summarizes the design of an absorption column to remove SO2 from an air stream using water. It involves selecting water as the solvent, 1.5 inch Raschig rings as the packing material, calculating the minimum water flow rate of 116,641 kg/h, determining the flooding velocity, diameter of 1.106 m, and height of 3.88 m for the packed column. The column will treat 40,000 ft3/h of air containing 20% SO2 and recover 96% of the SO2 using 30% excess water than the minimum flow rate.
This document provides a mid-term review covering three topics: 1) energy analysis of closed systems, 2) mass and energy analysis of control volumes, and 3) the second law of thermodynamics. For the first topic, it provides examples of energy balance calculations for constant pressure processes in closed systems. For the second topic, it discusses the energy balance equation for control volumes and provides examples of its application to turbines, compressors, and throttling valves. For the third topic, it defines thermal efficiency and the coefficient of performance and discusses heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.
6th ed solution manual---fundamentals-of-heat-and-mass-transferRonald Tenesaca
This document contains 10 problems related to heat transfer by conduction. Each problem provides known information such as materials, dimensions, temperatures, and heat transfer rates. The problems then ask the reader to find unknown values like heat fluxes, surface temperatures, or thicknesses using Fourier's Law of heat conduction and assumptions of one-dimensional and steady-state heat transfer. The problems cover a variety of applications including insulation, walls, windows, refrigeration, and cooking.
1. The document contains worked examples calculating hydrostatic forces and pressures on submerged objects of various shapes, including a ball plugging a hole, portholes on a ship, gates, and a steel pipe.
2. Key concepts covered include calculating hydrostatic pressure as a function of depth, determining buoyant forces, calculating net forces and moments, and sizing structural elements based on allowable stresses.
3. Formulas used include those for pressure, buoyancy, force, moment, stress, and thickness required for a given safety factor.
The document describes a spherical furnace with an inner radius of 1m and outer radius of 1.2m. The wall has a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/mK. The inner temperature is 1100°C and outer is 80°C. It asks to calculate the total heat loss over 24 hours and the heat flux and temperature at a radius of 1.1m. It then describes a 1m thick slab initially at 150°C that is exposed to 250°C fluid on one side with an insulated rear side. It asks to construct a temperature profile table using finite differences over 4000 seconds.
1. Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and
critical-point properties
Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various
common gases
Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids,
and foods
Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table
Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table
Table A–6 Superheated water
Table A–7 Compressed liquid water
Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor
Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water
Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water
Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—
Temperature table
Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—
Pressure table
Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a
Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized
compressibility chart
Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high
altitude
Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air
Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2
Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
Table A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide,
CO2
Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon
monoxide, CO
Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2
Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O
Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic
oxygen, O
Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH
Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function
of formation, and absolute entropy at
25°C, 1 atm
Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and
hydrocarbons
Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium
constant Kp
Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart
Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart
Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total
pressure
Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic
compressible-flow functions
for an ideal gas with k 1.4
Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock
functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal
gas with k 1.4
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS
(SI UNITS)
907
APPENDIX
1
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2. TABLE A –1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Gas
Critical-point properties
Molar mass, constant, Temperature, Pressure, Volume,
Substance Formula M kg/kmol R kJ/kg·K* K MPa m3/kmol
Air — 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883
Ammonia NH3 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749
Benzene C6H6 78.115 0.1064 562 4.92 0.2603
Bromine Br2 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355
n-Butane C4H10 58.124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943
Carbon monoxide CO 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 153.82 0.05405 556.4 4.56 0.2759
Chlorine Cl2 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242
Chloroform CHCl3 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CCl2F2 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2179
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CHCl2F 102.92 0.08078 451.7 5.17 0.1973
Ethane C2H6 30.070 0.2765 305.5 4.48 0.1480
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673
Ethylene C2H4 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242
Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578
n-Hexane C6H14 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677
Hydrogen (normal) H2 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649
Krypton Kr 83.80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924
Methane CH4 16.043 0.5182 191.1 4.64 0.0993
Methyl alcohol CH3OH 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180
Methyl chloride CH3Cl 50.488 0.1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430
Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899
Nitrous oxide N2O 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961
Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780
Propane C3H8 44.097 0.1885 370 4.26 0.1998
Propylene C3H6 42.081 0.1976 365 4.62 0.1810
Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.1217
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) CF3CH2F 102.03 0.08149 374.2 4.059 0.1993
Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) CCl3F 137.37 0.06052 471.2 4.38 0.2478
Water H2O 18.015 0.4615 647.1 22.06 0.0560
Xenon Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186
*The unit kJ/kg·K is equivalent to kPa·m3/kg·K. The gas constant is calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol·K and M is the molar
mass.
Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
908
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS
cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 908