This document summarizes and compares four research studies that examined the relationship between online communication and intimacy/closeness in relationships. The studies had varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and produced different results. Specifically, one study by Cummings et al. found that face-to-face interactions created more intimacy than email communication. However, other studies examined different forms of CMC like instant messaging and found they can foster intimacy, especially when used frequently between partners. The document argues more research is needed using diverse definitions of CMC to fully understand its impact on relationships.
This document provides an overview of electric traction systems used in railways. It discusses the main types including DC traction which uses direct current from overhead lines or third rails, and AC traction which uses alternating current from overhead lines. The major components of electric traction systems are also outlined, such as traction substations, overhead lines, current collectors, traction transformers, power electronics, traction motors, and tracks. Multi-system trains that can operate under different voltages are also described.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) APA regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and references and is commonly used in the social sciences.
2) APA guidelines cover stylistic elements like writing in third person, using active voice, and being clear, concise, and plain in language.
3) APA papers include title pages, abstracts, references, and follow specific formatting guidelines for citations, headings, tables, figures, and more.
This document compares the heading styles between APA 6th edition and APA 5th edition. It shows that in APA 6th edition, level 1 headings are centered and in boldface uppercase and lowercase letters. Level 2 headings are flush left, boldface, and uppercase and lowercase letters. Lower level headings are indented, with formatting becoming more detailed at each lower level, ending with level 5 headings being indented, italicized, and sentence case.
This paper examines four articles that report on research into online and offline relationships and the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The key issue discussed is that the articles define and study CMC in different ways, leading to contradictory results. The paper analyzes Cummings et al.'s (2002) review of three studies against other research to argue that all forms of CMC, such as email, instant messaging, video chat, etc., should be examined to fully understand the effects of online communication on relationships.
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It discusses the five levels of headings, general formatting guidelines regarding margins, fonts, and paragraph spacing. It also covers how to format citations within the text and structure the reference section. The document aims to help readers learn APA style through examples and explanations of citation formats for different source types, including journal articles, books, websites, and more.
The intention of this resource is to provide you with enough information to produce a high quality reports and literature reviews.
You may need to produce several small reports during the course of your undergraduate study as part of group coursework assignments. This guide along with other provide support.
This document provides an overview of electric traction systems used in railways. It discusses the main types including DC traction which uses direct current from overhead lines or third rails, and AC traction which uses alternating current from overhead lines. The major components of electric traction systems are also outlined, such as traction substations, overhead lines, current collectors, traction transformers, power electronics, traction motors, and tracks. Multi-system trains that can operate under different voltages are also described.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) APA regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and references and is commonly used in the social sciences.
2) APA guidelines cover stylistic elements like writing in third person, using active voice, and being clear, concise, and plain in language.
3) APA papers include title pages, abstracts, references, and follow specific formatting guidelines for citations, headings, tables, figures, and more.
This document compares the heading styles between APA 6th edition and APA 5th edition. It shows that in APA 6th edition, level 1 headings are centered and in boldface uppercase and lowercase letters. Level 2 headings are flush left, boldface, and uppercase and lowercase letters. Lower level headings are indented, with formatting becoming more detailed at each lower level, ending with level 5 headings being indented, italicized, and sentence case.
This paper examines four articles that report on research into online and offline relationships and the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The key issue discussed is that the articles define and study CMC in different ways, leading to contradictory results. The paper analyzes Cummings et al.'s (2002) review of three studies against other research to argue that all forms of CMC, such as email, instant messaging, video chat, etc., should be examined to fully understand the effects of online communication on relationships.
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It discusses the five levels of headings, general formatting guidelines regarding margins, fonts, and paragraph spacing. It also covers how to format citations within the text and structure the reference section. The document aims to help readers learn APA style through examples and explanations of citation formats for different source types, including journal articles, books, websites, and more.
The intention of this resource is to provide you with enough information to produce a high quality reports and literature reviews.
You may need to produce several small reports during the course of your undergraduate study as part of group coursework assignments. This guide along with other provide support.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and MikeEly930
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page,
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized.
The author’s
name and
institution
should be
double-
spaced and
centered.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title,
and it is used to
help readers
identify the
titles for
published
articles (even if
your paper is
not intended for
publication, your
paper should
still have a
running head).
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
them.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxgertrudebellgrove
This document summarizes four research articles that studied online communication and relationships but had varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC). One article found that face-to-face interactions created closer relationships than email communication alone. However, other studies defined CMC more broadly and found it could foster intimacy. To fully understand CMC's effects, all forms of online communication need examination rather than a single modality like email.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and MoseStaton39
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page,
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized.
The author’s
name and
institution
should be
double-
spaced and
centered.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title,
and it is used to
help readers
identify the
titles for
published
articles (even if
your paper is
not intended for
publication, your
paper should
still have a
running head).
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
them.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxaryan532920
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page,
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized.
The author’s
name and
institution
should be
double-
spaced and
centered.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title,
and it is used to
help readers
identify the
titles for
published
articles (even if
your paper is
not intended for
publication, your
paper should
still have a
running head).
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
them.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxAASTHA76
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page,
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized.
The author’s
name and
institution
should be
double-
spaced and
centered.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title,
and it is used to
help readers
identify the
titles for
published
articles (even if
your paper is
not intended for
publication, your
paper should
still have a
running head).
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
them.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC,.
Varying definitions of online communication and ssuserfa5723
This document summarizes four research articles that studied online communication and relationships but had varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC). One article found that face-to-face interactions created closer relationships than email communication alone. However, other studies defined CMC more broadly and found it could foster intimacy. To fully understand CMC's effects, all forms of online communication need examination rather than focusing on a single mode like email.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and TheMoseStaton39
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page,
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized.
The author’s
name and
institution
should be
double-
spaced and
centered.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title,
and it is used to
help readers
identify the
titles for
published
articles (even if
your paper is
not intended for
publication, your
paper should
still have a
running head).
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
them.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-
face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined as “e ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxpoulterbarbara
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Marquette University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Marquette University, Madison, WI, 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
the words
"Running head."
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page and
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized. A
title should
never exceed
12 words.
The author’s name
and the institution
where the research
took place should be
centered and double-
spaced. Use the same
name here as you use
on other papers (e.g.,
do not use "Elizabeth
L. Angeli" on one
paper and "E. L.
Angeli" on another.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title.
It is used to
help readers
identify the
titles of articles,
especially when
those articles
are published in
larger works.
Even if your
paper is not
intended for
publication,
your paper
should still have
a running head.
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
also be able
to stand on
its own.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles. It identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation, as well as any changes in affiliation. It
also contains acknowledgments and any financial support received, and
provides contact information. For more information, see the APA manual,
2.03, page 24-25. Note: An author note is optional for students writing
class papers, theses, and disserations.
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
them. A good
title should
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on r.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxgertrudebellgrove
This document summarizes and analyzes four research articles that studied the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC) like email and instant messaging on online and offline relationships. It finds that the articles had varying definitions of CMC and measured different forms of online communication, leading to contradictory results about whether CMC fosters intimacy and closeness in relationships. The document examines limitations in the studies, such as only measuring email communication or professional relationships, and concludes more research is needed using a broader definition of CMC to fully understand its effects on relationships.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxadkinspaige22
This document summarizes and analyzes four research articles that studied the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC) like email and instant messaging on online and offline relationships. It finds that the articles had varying definitions of CMC and examined different CMC platforms, leading to contradictory results about whether CMC fosters intimacy and closeness in relationships as well as face-to-face interaction. The document argues more research is needed that examines multiple forms of CMC to better understand their effects on relationships.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxmadlynplamondon
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Marquette University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Marquette University, Madison, WI, 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
the words
"Running head."
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page and
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized. A
title should
never exceed
12 words.
The author’s name
and the institution
where the research
took place should be
centered and double-
spaced. Use the same
name here as you use
on other papers (e.g.,
do not use "Elizabeth
L. Angeli" on one
paper and "E. L.
Angeli" on another.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title.
It is used to
help readers
identify the
titles of articles,
especially when
those articles
are published in
larger works.
Even if your
paper is not
intended for
publication,
your paper
should still have
a running head.
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
also be able
to stand on
its own.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles. It identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation, as well as any changes in affiliation. It
also contains acknowledgments and any financial support received, and
provides contact information. For more information, see the APA manual,
2.03, page 24-25. Note: An author note is optional for students writing
class papers, theses, and disserations.
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
them. A good
title should
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on r.
- Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies on online and offline relationships that used varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Some defined CMC as email only, while others included additional forms of online communication like instant messaging.
- The studies had contradictory findings on whether CMC or face-to-face communication was more effective for creating intimacy and closeness in relationships. One study found email was less effective than face-to-face or phone, while another found CMC facilitated more intimate self-disclosure than offline relationships.
- This paper examines these contradictory findings and argues that researchers should study multiple forms of both online and offline communication to better understand how CMC influences relationships.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxMARRY7
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
Purdue University
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
characters,
including spaces
and
punctuation.
The running
head’s title
should be in
capital letters.
The running
head should be
flush left, and
page numbers
should be flush
right. On the
title page, the
running head
should include
the words
“Running head.”
For pages
following the
title page,
repeat the
running head in
all caps without
“Running head.”
The title
should be
centered on
the page,
typed in 12-
point Times
New Roman
Font. It
should not be
bolded,
underlined, or
italicized.
The author’s
name and
institution
should be
double-
spaced and
centered.
The running
head is a
shortened
version of the
paper’s full title,
and it is used to
help readers
identify the
titles for
published
articles (even if
your paper is
not intended for
publication, your
paper should
still have a
running head).
The title
should
summarize
the paper’s
main idea and
identify the
variables
under
discussion
and the
relationship
between
them.
Green text boxes
contain explanations
of APA style
guidelines.
Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in APA
style.
Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, defined and used as “email,” in creating
feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore,
offer different results. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research in relation to
three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order
to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships.
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VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
3
Online Communication Definitions Effect on Relationship Research
Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships,
focusing on the levels of intimacy, ...
Running Head Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Thei.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research 1
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research
7
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research
Yinglee M Chan
Module 2 – Assignment 3
Argosy University - Online
There are many pieces of research which have been carried out on different facets of internet relationship; they mainly focus on closeness, frequency, intimacy and different modalities of communication on the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). From these researches, there are contradicting results which come up meaning that only some aspects of CMC were investigated, in this case, email only. Looking at Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) for instance, there is the suggestion that face to face communication is more effective than the computer-mediated communication, especially email. This is because face to face communications creates feelings of intimacy or closeness while there are other studies which suggest opposite of this. To get a good understanding of how computer-mediated communication affects both internet and no-internet communication then there is needed to look at all forms of communication. To carry out this, I will examine Cummings et al.'s research against other CMC research to show that there is need of further research to have a better understanding of how online communication can affect relationships.
Literature Review
According to Cummings et al.'s (2002) article, the three studies which were carried out in online relationships, it was concluded that CMC and especially email was less effective in creating and maintaining a close relationships as compared to face to face communication. According to different reviewed studies which were conducted, it was found that the only relationship which was strong and lasted was by face to face, followed by phone and then email communication.
Another study the HomeNet project which was reviewed by Cummings and which compared the internet and non-internet communication in maintaining relationships showed that partners interacted less in the internet communication as compared to non-internet communication. This shows that in internet communication there is less creation of feeling between the partners involved as compared to non-internet communication where the partners are close and thus creating feelings between them. There was a general conclusion from the study that email communication is inferior and cannot be used in personal communication.
Creation and maintenance of any relationship, intimacy is necessary because it defines ad shows the innermost being of the other person. Self-disclosing between the partners who are in the relationship is very important regardless of the mode of communication in the relationship. There are contradicting results in the review of Cummings and other studies on the issue ...
Journal of social and personal relationships 2004-chan-305-20Raluca Vas
The document compares the qualities of offline and online friendships at different stages of relationship development. It finds that offline friendships have higher levels of interdependence, depth, understanding and other qualities compared to online friendships. However, the differences between offline and online friendships diminish as the duration of the relationships increase. Additionally, contrary to evidence for offline relationships, qualities of cross-sex online friendships were found to be higher than same-sex online friendships. The study suggests that structural and normative constraints that influence offline relationships may be different for online relationships.
The paper analyzes the relationship between people's social networks and personal behaviors using data from over 10 million people. It finds that people who chat with each other are more likely to share interests and characteristics like age, gender, and location. Those who spend more time chatting show stronger correlations in interests. Similar findings hold for people connected through shared friends. The paper uses mathematical models to establish these correlations between social connections and personal attributes and behaviors.
Project Part 1ITT-TechShawn EngbretsonThe Effect o.docxwkyra78
Project Part 1
ITT-Tech
Shawn Engbretson
The Effect of Internet Usage on Marriage
Introduction
The rapid growth of internet usage over the last two decades has been influencing many aspects of our life and most noticeably the ways in which people communicate with each other. Therefore, it is appropriate to ask whether the growth of internet usage influences individuals’ marital decisions in modern society. This study will concentrate on the effect of the growing internet usage on marriage.
Over the last two decades, the internet has become truly widespread, and there is no doubt that this new means of communication influence and profoundly changed many substantial aspects of our lives. Email usage became standard, online dating sites multiplies, social networks’ popularity has been spectacularly growing, all giving evidence of the of the noteworthy role that online communication plays in our lives nowadays and of the very different opportunities we have now as compared to the situation some twenty years ago.
The young people are the most likely to exploit fully these opportunities, and there are several ways in which the means of online communication may make their life both easier and richer as compared to the generation of their parents. Easier from the point of view that search for a life partner does not have to be only in the real world, but might be countered on the internet. There are enough examples of happy couples that met for the first time on a social network, a discussion forum or other web platform, or who found each other directly through the services of an online dating site.
This shows just how these successfully formed partnerships have changed our lives in a way or another. The study, the effect of internet usage on marriage, would also help shed some light on the effect of the increasing internet usage on the divorce rate. There are certainly many aspects of marriage that internet usage can influence, but this study will concentrate mostly on the beginning of the marital process. It will particularly try to establish if the reduction of search costs, given by the fact that through the internet, more potential partners can be reached in a significantly shorter time, leads people to marry sooner or later.
I chose this study as way of trying to complement the already growing numbers of studies done on this topic both from a sociological an economic point of view. It will primarily be positioned within the economic stream of literature and by doing so; present an econometric approach that makes it possible to ascertain the effect of an increasing internet usage on individuals’ marital decisions. To be able to achieve this using IT as leverage to provide answers to the various questions that arise sums up all the reasons as to why I settled for this topic.
Literature Review
The propagation of the internet and the consequent enrichment of the means of communication bring one of the biggest changes ever t ...
The document discusses electronic communication and social networking among college students. It begins by introducing how technology has advanced communication and the importance of staying connected for college students. While tools like email, texting, and social media make communication easy, face-to-face interaction is still important for relationship development due to nonverbal cues. The document then examines research on how electronic communication impacts relationships and how social networking sites like Facebook enhance connections while still requiring in-person contact to truly develop relationships.
This document summarizes research on how college students use computer-mediated communication (CMC) and how it affects interpersonal communication. It discusses two relevant theories: 1) Coordinated Management of Meaning theory, which explains how people construct meaning in social interactions, and 2) Computer Mediated Communication theory, which describes communication using computers/networks. Studies discussed found that CMC provides anonymity that can encourage harsh/offensive language online and decrease face-to-face social skills. While CMC eliminates geographical barriers, it also decreases human interaction and interpersonal communication skills.
This study examines how Facebook users manage their privacy and personal information disclosure based on Communication Privacy Management theory. A survey and content analysis were conducted to understand the relationship between perceptions of Facebook privacy and efforts to stay updated on privacy settings. The introduction provides background on social networking sites and how they have changed communication. Hypotheses are presented that Facebook users who use the site daily will be more concerned about privacy and more likely to hide or restrict information from coworkers than family.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Varying Definitions of Online Communication and MikeEly930
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
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VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxgertrudebellgrove
This document summarizes four research articles that studied online communication and relationships but had varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC). One article found that face-to-face interactions created closer relationships than email communication alone. However, other studies defined CMC more broadly and found it could foster intimacy. To fully understand CMC's effects, all forms of online communication need examination rather than a single modality like email.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and MoseStaton39
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
head cannot
exceed 50
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
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Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxaryan532920
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxAASTHA76
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC,.
Varying definitions of online communication and ssuserfa5723
This document summarizes four research articles that studied online communication and relationships but had varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC). One article found that face-to-face interactions created closer relationships than email communication alone. However, other studies defined CMC more broadly and found it could foster intimacy. To fully understand CMC's effects, all forms of online communication need examination rather than focusing on a single mode like email.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and TheMoseStaton39
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains
acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and
dissertations..
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-
face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined as “e ...
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxpoulterbarbara
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Marquette University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Marquette University, Madison, WI, 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
The running
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also be able
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its own.
Green text boxes
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles. It identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation, as well as any changes in affiliation. It
also contains acknowledgments and any financial support received, and
provides contact information. For more information, see the APA manual,
2.03, page 24-25. Note: An author note is optional for students writing
class papers, theses, and disserations.
An author note should appear as follows:
First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation
Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any)
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances
Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
them. A good
title should
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on r.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxgertrudebellgrove
This document summarizes and analyzes four research articles that studied the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC) like email and instant messaging on online and offline relationships. It finds that the articles had varying definitions of CMC and measured different forms of online communication, leading to contradictory results about whether CMC fosters intimacy and closeness in relationships. The document examines limitations in the studies, such as only measuring email communication or professional relationships, and concludes more research is needed using a broader definition of CMC to fully understand its effects on relationships.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxadkinspaige22
This document summarizes and analyzes four research articles that studied the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC) like email and instant messaging on online and offline relationships. It finds that the articles had varying definitions of CMC and examined different CMC platforms, leading to contradictory results about whether CMC fosters intimacy and closeness in relationships as well as face-to-face interaction. The document argues more research is needed that examines multiple forms of CMC to better understand their effects on relationships.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and The.docxmadlynplamondon
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Marquette University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Marquette University, Madison, WI, 55555.
Contact: [email protected]
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles. It identifies each author’s
department and institution affiliation, as well as any changes in affiliation. It
also contains acknowledgments and any financial support received, and
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VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on r.
- Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies on online and offline relationships that used varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Some defined CMC as email only, while others included additional forms of online communication like instant messaging.
- The studies had contradictory findings on whether CMC or face-to-face communication was more effective for creating intimacy and closeness in relationships. One study found email was less effective than face-to-face or phone, while another found CMC facilitated more intimate self-disclosure than offline relationships.
- This paper examines these contradictory findings and argues that researchers should study multiple forms of both online and offline communication to better understand how CMC influences relationships.
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and .docxMARRY7
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
Purdue University
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, defined and used as “email,” in creating
feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore,
offer different results. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research in relation to
three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order
to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships.
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VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
3
Online Communication Definitions Effect on Relationship Research
Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships,
focusing on the levels of intimacy, ...
Running Head Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Thei.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research 1
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research
7
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research
Yinglee M Chan
Module 2 – Assignment 3
Argosy University - Online
There are many pieces of research which have been carried out on different facets of internet relationship; they mainly focus on closeness, frequency, intimacy and different modalities of communication on the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). From these researches, there are contradicting results which come up meaning that only some aspects of CMC were investigated, in this case, email only. Looking at Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) for instance, there is the suggestion that face to face communication is more effective than the computer-mediated communication, especially email. This is because face to face communications creates feelings of intimacy or closeness while there are other studies which suggest opposite of this. To get a good understanding of how computer-mediated communication affects both internet and no-internet communication then there is needed to look at all forms of communication. To carry out this, I will examine Cummings et al.'s research against other CMC research to show that there is need of further research to have a better understanding of how online communication can affect relationships.
Literature Review
According to Cummings et al.'s (2002) article, the three studies which were carried out in online relationships, it was concluded that CMC and especially email was less effective in creating and maintaining a close relationships as compared to face to face communication. According to different reviewed studies which were conducted, it was found that the only relationship which was strong and lasted was by face to face, followed by phone and then email communication.
Another study the HomeNet project which was reviewed by Cummings and which compared the internet and non-internet communication in maintaining relationships showed that partners interacted less in the internet communication as compared to non-internet communication. This shows that in internet communication there is less creation of feeling between the partners involved as compared to non-internet communication where the partners are close and thus creating feelings between them. There was a general conclusion from the study that email communication is inferior and cannot be used in personal communication.
Creation and maintenance of any relationship, intimacy is necessary because it defines ad shows the innermost being of the other person. Self-disclosing between the partners who are in the relationship is very important regardless of the mode of communication in the relationship. There are contradicting results in the review of Cummings and other studies on the issue ...
Journal of social and personal relationships 2004-chan-305-20Raluca Vas
The document compares the qualities of offline and online friendships at different stages of relationship development. It finds that offline friendships have higher levels of interdependence, depth, understanding and other qualities compared to online friendships. However, the differences between offline and online friendships diminish as the duration of the relationships increase. Additionally, contrary to evidence for offline relationships, qualities of cross-sex online friendships were found to be higher than same-sex online friendships. The study suggests that structural and normative constraints that influence offline relationships may be different for online relationships.
The paper analyzes the relationship between people's social networks and personal behaviors using data from over 10 million people. It finds that people who chat with each other are more likely to share interests and characteristics like age, gender, and location. Those who spend more time chatting show stronger correlations in interests. Similar findings hold for people connected through shared friends. The paper uses mathematical models to establish these correlations between social connections and personal attributes and behaviors.
Project Part 1ITT-TechShawn EngbretsonThe Effect o.docxwkyra78
Project Part 1
ITT-Tech
Shawn Engbretson
The Effect of Internet Usage on Marriage
Introduction
The rapid growth of internet usage over the last two decades has been influencing many aspects of our life and most noticeably the ways in which people communicate with each other. Therefore, it is appropriate to ask whether the growth of internet usage influences individuals’ marital decisions in modern society. This study will concentrate on the effect of the growing internet usage on marriage.
Over the last two decades, the internet has become truly widespread, and there is no doubt that this new means of communication influence and profoundly changed many substantial aspects of our lives. Email usage became standard, online dating sites multiplies, social networks’ popularity has been spectacularly growing, all giving evidence of the of the noteworthy role that online communication plays in our lives nowadays and of the very different opportunities we have now as compared to the situation some twenty years ago.
The young people are the most likely to exploit fully these opportunities, and there are several ways in which the means of online communication may make their life both easier and richer as compared to the generation of their parents. Easier from the point of view that search for a life partner does not have to be only in the real world, but might be countered on the internet. There are enough examples of happy couples that met for the first time on a social network, a discussion forum or other web platform, or who found each other directly through the services of an online dating site.
This shows just how these successfully formed partnerships have changed our lives in a way or another. The study, the effect of internet usage on marriage, would also help shed some light on the effect of the increasing internet usage on the divorce rate. There are certainly many aspects of marriage that internet usage can influence, but this study will concentrate mostly on the beginning of the marital process. It will particularly try to establish if the reduction of search costs, given by the fact that through the internet, more potential partners can be reached in a significantly shorter time, leads people to marry sooner or later.
I chose this study as way of trying to complement the already growing numbers of studies done on this topic both from a sociological an economic point of view. It will primarily be positioned within the economic stream of literature and by doing so; present an econometric approach that makes it possible to ascertain the effect of an increasing internet usage on individuals’ marital decisions. To be able to achieve this using IT as leverage to provide answers to the various questions that arise sums up all the reasons as to why I settled for this topic.
Literature Review
The propagation of the internet and the consequent enrichment of the means of communication bring one of the biggest changes ever t ...
The document discusses electronic communication and social networking among college students. It begins by introducing how technology has advanced communication and the importance of staying connected for college students. While tools like email, texting, and social media make communication easy, face-to-face interaction is still important for relationship development due to nonverbal cues. The document then examines research on how electronic communication impacts relationships and how social networking sites like Facebook enhance connections while still requiring in-person contact to truly develop relationships.
This document summarizes research on how college students use computer-mediated communication (CMC) and how it affects interpersonal communication. It discusses two relevant theories: 1) Coordinated Management of Meaning theory, which explains how people construct meaning in social interactions, and 2) Computer Mediated Communication theory, which describes communication using computers/networks. Studies discussed found that CMC provides anonymity that can encourage harsh/offensive language online and decrease face-to-face social skills. While CMC eliminates geographical barriers, it also decreases human interaction and interpersonal communication skills.
This study examines how Facebook users manage their privacy and personal information disclosure based on Communication Privacy Management theory. A survey and content analysis were conducted to understand the relationship between perceptions of Facebook privacy and efforts to stay updated on privacy settings. The introduction provides background on social networking sites and how they have changed communication. Hypotheses are presented that Facebook users who use the site daily will be more concerned about privacy and more likely to hide or restrict information from coworkers than family.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Elizabeth L. Angeli
State University
Author Note
Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.
Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555.
Contact: author@boiler.edu
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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s
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acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact
information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25.
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Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail)
2. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted
on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to
computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, defined and used as “email,” in creating
feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore,
offer different results. This paper examines Cummings, Butler, and Kraut’s (2002)
research in relation to three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC
should be studied in order to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline
relationships.
Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communication
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3. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 3
Varying Definitions of Online Communication and
Their Effects on Relationship Research
Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships,
focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and
the frequency of use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). However,
contradictory results are suggested within this research because only certain aspects of
CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002)
suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in
creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. To
understand how both online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected
by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s
research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to
better understand how online communication affects relationships.
Literature Review
In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on
online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective
than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three
reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships
mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s
use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et
al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone
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4. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 4
communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal
relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002).
Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the
HomeNet project (see Appendix A for more information on the HomeNet project). In
this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis (1999) compared
the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with partners. They
found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet partner (5.2 times
per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7.2 times per month) (as cited in
Cummings et al., 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is only two times
less per month. However, in additional self-report surveys, participants responded
feeling more distant, or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their non-
Internet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is an
inferior mode of personal relationship communication.
Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it is
defined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i.e., self-
disclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the
reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings
et al.’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection
between intimacy and relationships through CMC.
Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of Instant
Messenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM
instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional
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5. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 5
environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al., 2004). Their results suggest that a
positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstrating
that participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC
modality.
Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet
relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived
intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, or intimacy, was measured in terms of
shared secrets through the discussion of personal problems. Participants reported a
significantly higher level of self-disclosure in their Internet relationship as compared to
their primary relationship. In contrast, the participants’ primary relationships were
reported as highly self-disclosed in the past, but the current level of disclosure was
perceived to be lower (Underwood & Findlay, 2004). This result suggests participants
turned to the Internet in order to fulfill the need for intimacy in their lives.
In further support of this finding, Tidwell and Walther (2002) hypothesized CMC
participants employ deeper self-disclosures than FtF participants in order to overcome the
limitations of CMC, e.g., the reliance on nonverbal cues. It was found that CMC partners
engaged in more frequent intimate questions and disclosures than FtF partners in order to
overcome the barriers of CMC. In their 2002 study, Tidwell and Walther measured the
perception of a relationship’s intimacy by the partner of each participant in both the CMC
and FtF conditions. The researchers found that the participants’ partners stated their
CMC partner was more effective in employing more intimate exchanges than their FtF
6. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 6
partner, and both participants and their partners rated their CMC relationship as more
intimate than their FtF relationship.
Discussion
In 2002, Cummings et al. stated that the evidence from their research conflicted
with other data examining the effectiveness of online social relationships. This statement
is supported by the aforementioned discussion of other research. There may be a few
possible theoretical explanations for these discrepancies.
Limitations of These Studies
The discrepancies identified may result from a number of limitations found in the
materials reviewed by Cummings et al. These limitations can result from technological
constraints, demographic factors, or issues of modality. Each of these limitations will be
examined in further detail below.
Technological limitations. First, one reviewed study by Cummings et al. (2002)
examined only email correspondence for their CMC modality. Therefore, the study is
limited to only one mode of communication among other alternatives, e.g., IM as studied
by Hu et al. (2004). Because of its many personalized features, IM provides more
personal CMC. For example, it is in real time without delay, voice-chat and video
features are available for many IM programs, and text boxes can be personalized with the
user’s picture, favorite colors and text, and a wide variety of emoticons, e.g., :). These
options allow for both an increase in self-expression and the ability to overcompensate
for the barriers of CMC through customizable features, as stated in Tidwell and Walther
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limitations,
it is
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limitations
of articles
under
examination
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urce/560/16
/
7. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 7
(2002). Self-disclosure and intimacy may result from IM’s individualized features,
which are not as personalized in email correspondence.
Demographic limitations. In addition to the limitations of email, Cummings et
al. (2002) reviewed studies that focused on international bank employees and college
students (see Appendix B for demographic information). It is possible the participants’
CMC through email was used primarily for business, professional, and school matters
and not for relationship creation or maintenance. In this case, personal self-disclosure
and intimacy levels are expected to be lower for non-relationship interactions, as this
communication is primarily between boss and employee or student and professor.
Intimacy is not required, or even desired, for these professional relationships.
Modality limitations. Instead of professional correspondence, however,
Cummings et al.’s (2002) review of the HomeNet project focused on already established
relationships and CMC’s effect on relationship maintenance. The HomeNet researchers’
sole dependence on email communication as CMC may have contributed to the lower
levels of intimacy and closeness among Internet relationships as compared to non-
Internet relationships (as cited in Cummings et al., 2002). The barriers of non-personal
communication in email could be a factor in this project, and this could lead to less
intimacy among these Internet partners. If alternate modalities of CMC were studied in
both already established and professional relationships, perhaps these results would have
resembled those of the previously mentioned research.
8. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 8
Conclusions and Future Study
In order to gain a complete understanding of CMC’s true effect on both online
and offline relationships, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines all aspects of
CMC. This includes, but is not limited to, email, IM, voice-chat, video-chat, online
journals and diaries, online social groups with message boards, and chat rooms. The
effects on relationships of each modality may be different, and this is demonstrated by
the discrepancies in intimacy between email and IM correspondence. As each mode of
communication becomes more prevalent in individuals’ lives, it is important to examine
the impact of all modes of CMC on online and offline relationship formation,
maintenance, and even termination.
The
conclusion
restates
the
problem
the paper
addresses
and can
offer areas
for further
research.
See the
OWL
resource on
conclu-
sions:
http://owl.
english.pur
due.edu/ow
l/resource/
724/04/
9. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 9
References
Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social
relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM:
Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on
disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one
another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.
Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary
relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140.
Start the reference list on a new page, center the title “References,” and
alphabetize the entries. Do not underline or italicize the title. Double-space all
entries. Every source mentioned in the paper should have an entry.
10. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 10
Appendix A
The HomeNet Project
Started at Carnegie Mellon University in 1995, the HomeNet research project has
involved a number of studies intended to look at home Internet usage. Researchers began
this project because the Internet was originally designed as a tool for scientific and
corporate use. Home usage of the Internet was an unexpected phenomenon worthy of
extended study.
Each of HomeNet’s studies has explored a different facet of home Internet usage,
such as chatting, playing games, or reading the news. Within the past few years, the
explosion of social networking has also proven to be an area deserving of additional
research. Refer to Table A1 for a more detailed description of HomeNet studies.
Table A1
Description of HomeNet Studies by Year
Year
of
Study
Contents
of
Study
1995-‐1996
93 families in Pittsburgh involved in school
or community organizations
1997-‐1999
25 families with home businesses
1998-‐1999
151 Pittsburgh households
2000-‐2002
National survey
Begin each
appendix
on a new
page., with
the word
appendix in
the top
center. Use
an
identifying
capital
letter (e.g.,
Appendix
A,
Appendix B,
etc.) if you
have more
than one
appendix. If
you are
referring to
more than
one
appendix in
your text,
use the
plural
appendices
(APA only).
The first
paragraph
of the
appendix
should flush
with the
left margin.
Additional
paragraphs
should be
indented.
Label tables
and figures
in the
appendix as
you would
in the text
of your
manuscript,
using the
letter A
before the
number to
clarify that
the table or
figure
belongs to
the
appendix.
11. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 11
Appendix B
Demographic Information for Cummings et al. (2002)’s Review
If an
appendix
consists
entirely of
a table or
figure, the
title of the
table or
figure
should
serve as
the title of
the
appendix.