This document discusses environmental tensions and compatibilities in the agribusiness supply networks of Kenya's floriculture industry. It begins with background on the study, including the industry's contributions to GDP and debates around its environmental sustainability. It then reviews literature on supply chain management, networks, organization design, industry development, and triple bottom line benefits. The document presents findings that identify environmental issues as the second most important factor for the industry. It concludes by recommending that flower farms apply business efficiency techniques to reduce environmental impacts, engage in research on more sustainable practices, and invest in water recycling systems.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hospital wastes pose a significant impact on health and environment. From this study it can be said that there is an urgent need for raising awareness and education on medical waste issues. Proper waste management strategy is needed to ensure health and environmental safety. by Nimbalkar Girajaram Swamirao, Chavan Rdhul Tulashiram, Pedasangi Sachin Chandrakant and Mr. Ghatage S. A 2018. Hospital Waste Disposal. International Journal on Integrated Education. 1, 1 (Dec. 2018), 88-93 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791/760 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791
Smallholder farmers in Kenya have significantly lower yields than research stations, with common bean yields averaging 500kg/ha for smallholders versus over 1500kg/ha at research stations. A University of Nairobi project developed Rhizobium inocula (Biofix) technology to increase common bean yields for smallholder farmers. However, challenges remain in enhancing smallholder access to agricultural biotechnology due to institutional constraints, including sunk costs, uncertainty, and political influence. Adjusting institutions may help improve smallholder access to low-cost technologies like Rhizobium inocula as well as more complex biotechnologies.
This document discusses measures to reduce power outages for the residential sector. It first reviews existing studies on assessing the costs of power outages and energy conservation strategies. It then outlines the objectives of the work, which are to estimate the adverse effects of power outages on residents and propose energy conservation strategies that reduce outages and costs. To achieve this, the author conducted a consumer survey to estimate outage costs based on residents' perceptions and willingness to pay. A mathematical model was also developed relating energy consumption, costs, and outages. The model shows that energy conservation can maximize benefits by reducing consumption and outages. The document evaluates outage costs using both the survey approach and mathematical modeling.
This document describes a study that aimed to design an integrated solid waste management scheme for Igbinedion University Community. The researchers first conducted a review of the existing solid waste management system through surveys, interviews, and site visits. They analyzed waste generation rates and types, collection processes, treatment and disposal methods. They then evaluated the needs of the community for a more efficient waste management system. The goal was to propose an integrated scheme with lower costs for transportation, construction, and operation/maintenance that could serve as a model for larger populations.
2014 Environmental Performance Index Listiclejgalperin
The 2014 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) tracks the performance of 178 countries across various environmental issues and finds mixed results. About half of the categories measured show no or negative progress, especially issues related to ecosystems like fisheries, forests, and habitat protection. However, there is some hope, as public health issues like access to water and sanitation and measures tied to clear targets, like in Afghanistan, demonstrate improvement. The EPI aims to provide a global assessment of what environmental policies and practices are working and which need improvement.
This document summarizes recent advances in greenhouse technology and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) that could enable a transition to urban agriculture through plant factories. It discusses improvements in greenhouse covering materials, artificial lighting, and environmental control systems. These advances allow for more precise microclimate control and optimization of energy usage. The document also reviews monitoring of environmental conditions using wireless sensor networks and automation of CEA systems. Several opportunities and challenges of implementing integrated CEA and vertical farming for urban agriculture are identified.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hospital wastes pose a significant impact on health and environment. From this study it can be said that there is an urgent need for raising awareness and education on medical waste issues. Proper waste management strategy is needed to ensure health and environmental safety. by Nimbalkar Girajaram Swamirao, Chavan Rdhul Tulashiram, Pedasangi Sachin Chandrakant and Mr. Ghatage S. A 2018. Hospital Waste Disposal. International Journal on Integrated Education. 1, 1 (Dec. 2018), 88-93 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791/760 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791
Smallholder farmers in Kenya have significantly lower yields than research stations, with common bean yields averaging 500kg/ha for smallholders versus over 1500kg/ha at research stations. A University of Nairobi project developed Rhizobium inocula (Biofix) technology to increase common bean yields for smallholder farmers. However, challenges remain in enhancing smallholder access to agricultural biotechnology due to institutional constraints, including sunk costs, uncertainty, and political influence. Adjusting institutions may help improve smallholder access to low-cost technologies like Rhizobium inocula as well as more complex biotechnologies.
This document discusses measures to reduce power outages for the residential sector. It first reviews existing studies on assessing the costs of power outages and energy conservation strategies. It then outlines the objectives of the work, which are to estimate the adverse effects of power outages on residents and propose energy conservation strategies that reduce outages and costs. To achieve this, the author conducted a consumer survey to estimate outage costs based on residents' perceptions and willingness to pay. A mathematical model was also developed relating energy consumption, costs, and outages. The model shows that energy conservation can maximize benefits by reducing consumption and outages. The document evaluates outage costs using both the survey approach and mathematical modeling.
This document describes a study that aimed to design an integrated solid waste management scheme for Igbinedion University Community. The researchers first conducted a review of the existing solid waste management system through surveys, interviews, and site visits. They analyzed waste generation rates and types, collection processes, treatment and disposal methods. They then evaluated the needs of the community for a more efficient waste management system. The goal was to propose an integrated scheme with lower costs for transportation, construction, and operation/maintenance that could serve as a model for larger populations.
2014 Environmental Performance Index Listiclejgalperin
The 2014 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) tracks the performance of 178 countries across various environmental issues and finds mixed results. About half of the categories measured show no or negative progress, especially issues related to ecosystems like fisheries, forests, and habitat protection. However, there is some hope, as public health issues like access to water and sanitation and measures tied to clear targets, like in Afghanistan, demonstrate improvement. The EPI aims to provide a global assessment of what environmental policies and practices are working and which need improvement.
This document summarizes recent advances in greenhouse technology and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) that could enable a transition to urban agriculture through plant factories. It discusses improvements in greenhouse covering materials, artificial lighting, and environmental control systems. These advances allow for more precise microclimate control and optimization of energy usage. The document also reviews monitoring of environmental conditions using wireless sensor networks and automation of CEA systems. Several opportunities and challenges of implementing integrated CEA and vertical farming for urban agriculture are identified.
2.[6 14]community based irrigation water management systemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community-based irrigation water management systems in Deder District, Ethiopia. The study assessed how effectively local communities managed communal irrigation schemes. It found that lack of enforcement of existing rules was the main source of conflict over water, and that corrupt behavior by water user association committee members exacerbated issues. It recommends building capacity and providing incentives for committee members to better achieve irrigation management goals.
Complex agricultural problems and innovative approaches to their solutionsILRI
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
Agricultural problems in India are diverse and complex with historical and emerging challenges. A document discusses several key issues: low agricultural productivity due to small landholdings and lack of information; impediments to domestic/export sales from food safety/infrastructure issues; exploitation from the minimum support price system and market intermediaries; and lack of access to insurance/finances exacerbating risks from unpredictable weather. Potential solutions proposed include sustainable "green revolutions" in organic farming; expanding agricultural research/technology; building farmer capacity and rural infrastructure; developing food processing; modifying pricing policies; and increasing access to insurance/finances through programs and mobile technologies. Comprehensive investments in research, rural development and farmer skills are emphasized to address India
Role of women in Renewable Energy SectorShiva Gorjian
Renewable energy sectors can be classified according to the principal economic activity and the use of technology – heating and electricity. It is also possible to make a distinction between renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and hydro. Progress has been made in recent decades to raise the level of gender equality but women are still much less likely to have access or control over productive and natural
resources and have less access to modern technologies or financial services and receive poorer education, training, and technical advice.
Socio economic analysis of the interventions aimed at improvingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic analysis of water and sanitation interventions in rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan. It employed a cross-sectional study design using interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. Respondents were generally satisfied with the quality and cost of water delivery but a top-down implementation approach was still used. A cost-benefit analysis found the economic benefits of the interventions to be good. The study assessed the demographic characteristics, wealth rankings, existing water/sanitation infrastructure, and roles of stakeholders in the target communities. Overall, the interventions improved access to water but supply was still insufficient and a community-engaged approach was needed.
Evaluating economic impacts of agricultural research ciatCIAT
This document discusses key issues in evaluating the economic impacts of agricultural research through examples and lessons. It covers:
1) Identifying the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened without the research through various estimation approaches.
2) Managing the assessment of multiple objectives like productivity, poverty reduction, environment, and health.
3) Addressing aggregation of impacts at different levels from field to national.
4) The importance of integrating impact assessment with institutional research data management systems.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Water-Energy-Land-Livelihood (WELL) Nexus Report, June 2019Martin Scherfler
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
MLA_Analysis of the potential of Anaerobic Digestion in developing countriesMohamed Lahjibi
1) The document analyzes the potential of anaerobic digestion (AD) in developing countries to produce biogas and fertilizer from biomass resources. However, AD faces several barriers to widespread implementation.
2) Technical, financial, social, political, and environmental barriers prevent the dissemination of AD. Developing countries lack technical knowledge and skills to operate AD plants efficiently. Costs are also high while funding support is low.
3) Overcoming these barriers will require bankability assessments of AD projects, technology transfer from developed countries, microfinancing schemes, and supportive policies and initiatives from governments.
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract This research paper is focused on the study of various environmental aspects and their impacts arising from the Indian manufacturing industries. Our environment is being polluted day by day due to rapid industrialization. Today the delicate ecosystem of our planet is facing a danger of destruction on a scale as never before in the history of mankind. Forests are diminishing at an alarming rate, landmasses are getting eroded, climate in different parts of the world is undergoing a change due to global warming and clean air and water are increasingly becoming rare commodities. So it is high time to be aware and alert about environmental protection which cannot be done without understanding the environmental aspects. Present study tried to explain the significant environmental aspects arising from Indian manufacturing industries by analyzing the data collected through questionnaire survey. It is observed from collected data that emission to air is most significant environmental aspect in Indian manufacturing industries in respect to severity i.e. the effect of this environmental aspect is more harmful for human beings. Noise environmental aspect is having more efficiency, probability and duration, it means this environmental aspect is produced in each and every manufacturing company and affects the environment. Emission to water is second most important environmental aspect with respect to severity, probability and frequency. The degradation of Land Environmental Aspect effects the environment after the emission to water environmental aspect. But acid deposition, use of hazardous substances and production of toxic waste etc. environmental aspects have moderate significance as they have less probability, less frequency and less duration. So, Manufacturing Industries have to make monitoring plan for all these environmental aspects preferably for emission to air, release to water and noise. Key words: Environmental Aspects, Severity, Duration, Probability and Frequency, Degradation of Land, Hazardous Substances.
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY ON AGRI-GREEN PRODUCT PRODUCTION PROCESS: EMERGING NE...IAEME Publication
Nanotechnology is one of the most important tools in modern agriculture, and in the field of
Agri-Green Technology of product Production .where, Agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to
become a driving economic force in the near future. Agri-food themes focus on sustainability and
protection of agriculturally produced foods, including crops for human consumption and animal
feeding. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to
improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide use. Nanotechnology can boost
agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) Nano formulations of agrochemicals for
applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; 2) the application of
nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of
agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the genetic manipulation of plants; 4) plant disease diagnostics;
5) animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and 6) postharvest management. Precision
farming techniques could be used to further improve crop yields but not damage soil and water,
reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, as well as enhance nutrients long-term
incorporation by soil microorganisms. Nanotechnology uses include nanoparticle-mediated gene
or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and
storage, nanofeed additives, and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology promises to
Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 35 editor@iaeme.com
accelerate the development of biomass-to-fuels production technologies. Experts feel that the
potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be
balanced against concerns for the soil, water, and environment and the occupational health of
workers. Raising awareness of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, including feed and food
ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick-detection systems, is one of the keys to influencing
consumer acceptance. On the basis of only a handful of toxicological studies, concerns have arisen
regarding the safety of Nanomaterials, and researchers and companies will need to prove that
these nanotechnologies do not have more of a negative impact on the environment.
What drives adoption of biofuel (jatropha curcas) production in central easte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on factors driving the adoption of Jatropha Curcas production as a biofuel in Central Eastern Malawi. The study uses data from 70 smallholder farmers growing Jatropha in Salima district. The results found that gender of the household head, plot size, and education level of the household head positively influenced adoption of Jatropha production. For extent of adoption, only plot size and education level were significant, while marriage status negatively affected extent of adoption. The study recommends that promotion of Jatropha may be more suitable for large commercial farmers with significant land areas.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
This document discusses the environmental pollution caused by the large number of garment industries located around Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India. The effluents from over 750 dyeing and bleaching units, containing various chemicals, are dumped untreated into the Noyyal River. This highly polluted water flows into the Orathapalayam Dam and has contaminated both surface and ground water in the region, rendering the water unfit for drinking or irrigation. Release of water from the dam in 1997 caused significant damage to crops, soil and animals. The dam itself may also collapse due to structural problems caused by the pollution.
The document summarizes an eco-industrial park project in Naroda Industrial Estate in India. It describes how the Naroda Industries Association conducted a survey of its member companies to identify opportunities for industrial symbiosis through waste exchange and cleaner production. Four initial projects were selected involving the recycling of spent acid, chemical gypsum, iron sludge, and biodegradable waste. The projects aim to reduce costs for companies while improving environmental performance and generating additional income and jobs. Benefits include saving on disposal costs, reducing hazardous waste, and producing new resources like fertilizer and biofuel.
Role of women in energy management at household level in peshawar, pakistanhunypink
This document summarizes a research study on the role of women in energy management at the household level in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study aims to understand women's awareness of energy management, use of renewable energy, response to power outages, and energy management strategies. A survey was conducted with 121 female respondents in Peshawar. The survey found that over half of women are aware of energy savings, peak hours pricing, and scheduled power outages. However, there is still a gap in integrating social and behavioral aspects of energy consumers to move toward more sustainable solutions, especially as women play a large role in household energy use.
The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level
significance given that it can help to minimize negative impact of mining activities on the
environment and to ensure environmental sustainability. This research was carried out
primarily to examine the factors influencing green supply chain management in the mining
industry of Ghana. Data was collected using focus group discussion with the experts from the
mining companies. Analysis of the data showed that the goods purchased by mining companies
have negative effects on the environment. It was also concluded that procurement practices
could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the companies’ operation on the environment
since the procurement departments of the companies have specific policies geared towards
environmentally preferable purchases. The study further established that green procurement
influence supplier selection through environmental regulations by Environmental Protection
Agency of Ghana, suppliers’ environmental emission among others. The study revealed that
the most notable factors influencing green supply chain in the mining companies in Ghana
include lack of knowledge and expertise involving green supply chain, lack of awareness of the
potential economic benefits of green supply chain, lack of political commitment, lack of the
learning capacity to evaluate green supply chain; high cost of environmental programs,
ineffective sanction regime for environmental offenders among others. The study recommends
that mining companies and its allies should organise joint seminars and workshops to sensitize
the staff and suppliers on the benefits of green purchasing and the need to embrace it. The
mining industry and EPA should also link up to train their supply/logistics/procurement
practitioners on the issues of green procurement /supply chain.
2.[6 14]community based irrigation water management systemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community-based irrigation water management systems in Deder District, Ethiopia. The study assessed how effectively local communities managed communal irrigation schemes. It found that lack of enforcement of existing rules was the main source of conflict over water, and that corrupt behavior by water user association committee members exacerbated issues. It recommends building capacity and providing incentives for committee members to better achieve irrigation management goals.
Complex agricultural problems and innovative approaches to their solutionsILRI
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
Agricultural problems in India are diverse and complex with historical and emerging challenges. A document discusses several key issues: low agricultural productivity due to small landholdings and lack of information; impediments to domestic/export sales from food safety/infrastructure issues; exploitation from the minimum support price system and market intermediaries; and lack of access to insurance/finances exacerbating risks from unpredictable weather. Potential solutions proposed include sustainable "green revolutions" in organic farming; expanding agricultural research/technology; building farmer capacity and rural infrastructure; developing food processing; modifying pricing policies; and increasing access to insurance/finances through programs and mobile technologies. Comprehensive investments in research, rural development and farmer skills are emphasized to address India
Role of women in Renewable Energy SectorShiva Gorjian
Renewable energy sectors can be classified according to the principal economic activity and the use of technology – heating and electricity. It is also possible to make a distinction between renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and hydro. Progress has been made in recent decades to raise the level of gender equality but women are still much less likely to have access or control over productive and natural
resources and have less access to modern technologies or financial services and receive poorer education, training, and technical advice.
Socio economic analysis of the interventions aimed at improvingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic analysis of water and sanitation interventions in rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan. It employed a cross-sectional study design using interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. Respondents were generally satisfied with the quality and cost of water delivery but a top-down implementation approach was still used. A cost-benefit analysis found the economic benefits of the interventions to be good. The study assessed the demographic characteristics, wealth rankings, existing water/sanitation infrastructure, and roles of stakeholders in the target communities. Overall, the interventions improved access to water but supply was still insufficient and a community-engaged approach was needed.
Evaluating economic impacts of agricultural research ciatCIAT
This document discusses key issues in evaluating the economic impacts of agricultural research through examples and lessons. It covers:
1) Identifying the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened without the research through various estimation approaches.
2) Managing the assessment of multiple objectives like productivity, poverty reduction, environment, and health.
3) Addressing aggregation of impacts at different levels from field to national.
4) The importance of integrating impact assessment with institutional research data management systems.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Water-Energy-Land-Livelihood (WELL) Nexus Report, June 2019Martin Scherfler
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
MLA_Analysis of the potential of Anaerobic Digestion in developing countriesMohamed Lahjibi
1) The document analyzes the potential of anaerobic digestion (AD) in developing countries to produce biogas and fertilizer from biomass resources. However, AD faces several barriers to widespread implementation.
2) Technical, financial, social, political, and environmental barriers prevent the dissemination of AD. Developing countries lack technical knowledge and skills to operate AD plants efficiently. Costs are also high while funding support is low.
3) Overcoming these barriers will require bankability assessments of AD projects, technology transfer from developed countries, microfinancing schemes, and supportive policies and initiatives from governments.
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract This research paper is focused on the study of various environmental aspects and their impacts arising from the Indian manufacturing industries. Our environment is being polluted day by day due to rapid industrialization. Today the delicate ecosystem of our planet is facing a danger of destruction on a scale as never before in the history of mankind. Forests are diminishing at an alarming rate, landmasses are getting eroded, climate in different parts of the world is undergoing a change due to global warming and clean air and water are increasingly becoming rare commodities. So it is high time to be aware and alert about environmental protection which cannot be done without understanding the environmental aspects. Present study tried to explain the significant environmental aspects arising from Indian manufacturing industries by analyzing the data collected through questionnaire survey. It is observed from collected data that emission to air is most significant environmental aspect in Indian manufacturing industries in respect to severity i.e. the effect of this environmental aspect is more harmful for human beings. Noise environmental aspect is having more efficiency, probability and duration, it means this environmental aspect is produced in each and every manufacturing company and affects the environment. Emission to water is second most important environmental aspect with respect to severity, probability and frequency. The degradation of Land Environmental Aspect effects the environment after the emission to water environmental aspect. But acid deposition, use of hazardous substances and production of toxic waste etc. environmental aspects have moderate significance as they have less probability, less frequency and less duration. So, Manufacturing Industries have to make monitoring plan for all these environmental aspects preferably for emission to air, release to water and noise. Key words: Environmental Aspects, Severity, Duration, Probability and Frequency, Degradation of Land, Hazardous Substances.
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY ON AGRI-GREEN PRODUCT PRODUCTION PROCESS: EMERGING NE...IAEME Publication
Nanotechnology is one of the most important tools in modern agriculture, and in the field of
Agri-Green Technology of product Production .where, Agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to
become a driving economic force in the near future. Agri-food themes focus on sustainability and
protection of agriculturally produced foods, including crops for human consumption and animal
feeding. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to
improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide use. Nanotechnology can boost
agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) Nano formulations of agrochemicals for
applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; 2) the application of
nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of
agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the genetic manipulation of plants; 4) plant disease diagnostics;
5) animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and 6) postharvest management. Precision
farming techniques could be used to further improve crop yields but not damage soil and water,
reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, as well as enhance nutrients long-term
incorporation by soil microorganisms. Nanotechnology uses include nanoparticle-mediated gene
or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and
storage, nanofeed additives, and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology promises to
Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 35 editor@iaeme.com
accelerate the development of biomass-to-fuels production technologies. Experts feel that the
potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be
balanced against concerns for the soil, water, and environment and the occupational health of
workers. Raising awareness of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, including feed and food
ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick-detection systems, is one of the keys to influencing
consumer acceptance. On the basis of only a handful of toxicological studies, concerns have arisen
regarding the safety of Nanomaterials, and researchers and companies will need to prove that
these nanotechnologies do not have more of a negative impact on the environment.
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Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
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the staff and suppliers on the benefits of green purchasing and the need to embrace it. The
mining industry and EPA should also link up to train their supply/logistics/procurement
practitioners on the issues of green procurement /supply chain.
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Nanotechnology Applications in Crop Production and Food SystemsPremier Publishers
Global food insecurities, climate change, and population increments exert enormous pressure on the existing agro-food systems. The aforementioned constraints call for the adoption of novel and result-oriented scientific innovations. Nanotechnology is an emerging and promising innovation with a great potential to significantly and sustainably promote enhanced agricultural productivity and proliferate the efficiency of food systems. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at atomic and molecular levels in the production of specialized microscale-based products or devices. The application of nanotechnology in agriculture encompasses; nutrition management, insect pest and disease control, precision farming, plant breeding, and waste management. On the other hand, nanotechnology is also being applied in all facets of food systems including; production, processing, transportation, and packaging. Despite the wide applicability of nanotechnologies, elevating concerns on their potential health and environmental risks continue to sway among consumers and policymakers. Furthermore, the absence of a defined and complete global regulatory standard and framework for nanotechnology utilization derail its wide adoption and acceptability. The main thrust of this review is to present in summary the numerous nanotechnological applications in agriculture and food industries paying particular attention to the current technological trends, potential benefits, associated risks, and the future outlook.
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This document summarizes a study assessing the implications of producing liquid bioenergy from food crops on food security in Tanzania. The study reviewed literature on the topic which showed inconsistent findings, and conducted interviews with 100 respondents in Dodoma Region, Tanzania. 80% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with plans to produce bioenergy from food crops, worrying it could allocate all productive land to bioenergy, limit food purchases, and incentivize selling all food for bioenergy. To achieve both energy and food security, the government needs to zone areas for each and boost agricultural productivity. The policy should also emphasize local bioenergy processing for rural development benefits. Food insecurity in Tanzania is an ongoing problem, as agricultural productivity is low and traditional
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts of xylopia aethiopica and its combination with antibiotics against clinical bacterial
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.9, 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL TENSIONS AND COMPATIBILITIES IN AGRIBUSINESS
SUPPLY NETWORKS: A CASE OF THE FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY IN KENYA
Dr. Emmanuel Awuor
Faculty, School of Management and Leadership
The Management University of Africa
PO BOX 29677-00100, NAIROBI
Official email: eawuor@mua.ac.ke
Abstract
The paper is part of a wider study on supply networks optimisation in the floriculture industry in Kenya. It is an
analysis of environmental tensions and compatibilities in agribusiness supply networks addressing the floriculture
industry in Kenya. The choice of the floriculture industry is due to the fact that it is currently one of the top
contributors to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The industry has been a subject of debate with regard
to environmental sustainability. The principal research question was to find out the environmental consequences of
the floriculture industry in relation to its supply networks. The study took both a qualitative and quantitative
approach in its methodology. The former involved focused interviews with key stake holders in the floriculture
industry in Kenya while the later involved a quantitative approach using mainly principal component analysis
(PCA). This identified environmental issues as factor two (2) described as country specific benefits. The paper
concludes by making an observation that the floriculture industry needs to apply routine performance measurement
and business efficiency techniques to; water, energy and wastewater management as a measure to reduce negative
environmental impacts. A recommendation is made for a moving from old cooperate social responsibility to the
new sustainability communications. A further recommendation is for the flower farms to engage into research with
the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and other research bodies in Kenya, for water stress tolerant flowers,
increase hydroponics agriculture area and invest in rainwater harvesting and treatment systems and, install water
water recovery/recycling plant.
Key words: Environmental tensions, Environmental compatibilities, supply networks
Introduction
Discussed in this paper is the background of the study, literature review, the research methodology including a
presentation of findings and results. The paper winds up by making a conclusion and recommendations to the
industry players and stakeholders on what needs to be done in order to address the environmental issues affecting
the floriculture industry.
Background of the study
The paper addresses environmental tensions and compatibilities in the agribusiness supply networks. The issues that
need to be considered include: i) extent of environmental pollution caused by the industry; ii) efforts for
environmental conservation by industry players. Further studies may be necessary to show that the floriculture
industry is neither polluting lakes nor encroaching on wetlands. The drying up of Lake Naivasha, which is situated
in one of the most densely populated area with flower farms, has been attributed to the chemical effluents from the
surrounding flower farms. It is to be appreciated that high altitude growing at equatorial latitudes produce quality
flowers and vegetables without fossil fuels (heating and lighting) – Kenyan produce is grown under the sun.
There is need to examine the extent to which Kenyan growers are reducing carbon footprint by using geothermal
and solar techniques for power generation. Carbon footprint stands for certain amount of gaseous emissions that are
relevant to climate change and associated with human production activities (Wiedmann and Minx, 2007). Currently,
there is a debate on how to measure and quantify a carbon footprint. A survey of definitions, Scopus (2009), defines
carbon footprint in terms of how much carbon dioxide emissions can be attributed to a certain product, company or
organization. Carbon trading is already gaining foothold into the country, showing how critical it is to environmental
conservation.
The financial and social benefits should also be seen to trickle down to the communities where the flower farms are
situated. This should be seen in the form of employment creation and improved standards of living. It needs to be
observed that most workers in the flower farms are casual laborers earning at least one United State dollar (USD)
per day (Fedha, 2009); this has had its consequences in low standards of living, proliferation of slums. The fact that
the floriculture industry is at the moment one of the largest single export earner for Kenya as well as a major
employer does necessitate a need for improvement on productivity. If each employee in this sector has four
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.9, 2012
dependants then, the total beneficiaries are 4.8 million people or 13% of the population (Assumption based on
average family size in the cut–flower growing areas in Kenya). These therefore necessitate the fact that Kenya has to
retain its position in the supply chain network by providing end to end as well as within country optimization. This
has to be seen in the backdrop of competition from other countries such as Ethiopia, Uganda, Zimbabwe and South
Africa.
The social condition is characterised by high poverty rates since most workers earn less than one USD per day.
There is also high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS). About 65% of the workers are casual laborers earning about UDD 30 per month. It is also to be noted that
75% of the casuals are women that have single parenthood families (Fedha, 2009). The industry uses many
chemicals such as fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, nematocides etc. Some of these chemicals have potential to
cause serious harm to the ecosystem and human health. Studies / statistics on pesticides use and pesticide related
health effects in the floriculture industry in Kenya are very rare and incomplete (Fedha, 2009).
Most of the flower farms are situated around Lake Naivasha. Lake Naivasha is a Ramsar site. Implying that it is a
protected wetland under the Ramsar convention in which Kenya is a signatory (HCDA, 2008). Therefore, Kenya has
the international obligation to protect such a site from ecological damages. However, pesticides and the degradation
products find their way into the lake. This has had serious consequences on pollution of the lake. There is also need
to develop the road infrastructure in Kenya in order to make the industry more competitive. There is, however,
reasonable investment in cold chain facilities at the airports. Liberalization of trade which has resulted in the
removal of exchange control and other constraints has been instrumental in the success of the industry. The Kenyan
government has tried to give incentives in the form of nil or reduced duties on inputs for the sector.
Some questions of concern in the floriculture industry that exist in Kenya are: who benefits from the industry; is the
industry fighting poverty among the poor in Kenya ; what are the long term effect of the pollutants from the
industry on the environment; what are the long term effects of the industry on reproductive health, cancer related
diseases, child health; where do the elderly workers go, and what health effects may manifest later; and what are the
impacts of urbanisation with poor planning which indeed is a social problem? It is necessary for Kenya to stay
competitive while addressing the possible problems that may be as a result of the mismanagement of the supply
networks end to end and within the country.
Literature Review
The literature in this paper originates from the academic discipline of supply chain management, supply chain
networks, organization structure and design, country industry development and triple bottom line benefits. The
complexities of the floriculture industry which includes: extremely short shelf life; very specific cycles with extreme
peaks; mixing characteristics of service and product dimensions; and the challenge of operating part of ‘first world’
supply network in a developing economy. This creates the need for end to end optimisation of the supply networks
(Awuor, 2012)
The study will be of benefit to supply chain practitioners in the floriculture industry and any other industry with
similar peculiarities. It will also be of benefit to the academia interested in the subject of supply chain management
and indeed contribute to the body of knowledge in the subject. Existing theory that would be used as a basis for this
study is depicted in the Venn diagram in fig. 1.1.
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3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.9, 2012
SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORKS
INFORMATION
COUNTRY INDUSTRY
INTEGRATION DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION DESIGN TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE
AND DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS
Fig. 1.1: Venn diagram illustrating theory covered
(Source: Awuor, 2012)
In order to consolidate further the research problem, a brief literature overview from the following five fields can be
formulated as shown on the Venn diagram on fig. 1.1. These fields are: i) theory relating to supply chain networks;
ii) theory on organisation design and structure; iii) issue to be addressed is theory related to Information
communication technology; iv) country industry development; and v) triple bottom line benefits.
The supply chain network is the facet of the supply chain that translates organizational goals of the company. The
network in this regard refers to the physical movement of the goods from suppliers’ supplier to the company and
ultimately to the customers’ customer (Bolstorff, 2006). The factors considered in setting supply chain network
goals include service level, order fulfillment cycle time, supply chain management costs and inventory days of
supply.
Supply chain networks links to supply chain process which is in reference to the supply chain operations reference
(SCOR) model (plan, source, make, deliver and return). Factors considered in setting supply chain process goals
includes transactional productivity for sales orders, purchase orders, work orders, return authorization,
replenishment orders and forecasts (Bolstorff and Rosenbaum, 2003).
Use of information communication and technology (ICT) software’s such as enterprise resource planning ( ERP),
electronic data interchange (EDI) and warehouse management systems offer the obvious benefits of better, faster,
more accurate information capture and sharing, but there are benefits found also in what it avoids: the human
element (Goldsby et al. 2005).
Organisation structure and design is important from the point of view of the individual firms and the industry at
large. The organisation may refer to elements in a single company or to a bigger part of the complex system itself. It
prioritizes organizational performance by balancing customer requirements for delivery reliability, responsiveness
and flexibility with the internal needs of cost, profitability and asset utilization (Bolstroff, 2006). Organization
structure will also involve determining the influence of power relationships in SCM. According to Bolstroff (2006),
the following questions are important with regard to organization design: does your organization structure address
centralization, globalization, and functional silos; are all relevant functions in place; are all the functions necessary;
is the current flow of inputs and outputs between functions appropriate; and does your organization structure support
your suppliers and customers organization structure?
Environmental tensions
Studies suggest that increasingly there are health challenges associated with the floriculture industry in Kenya
(Awuor, 2012). There are unknown effects of pesticides and other agro-chemicals used in the industry (Shivoga,
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4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.9, 2012
2008). There is also concern that employment is mainly temporal and part time, targeting mainly the youth with
gender bias toward women workers at seventy five percent. but the supervisors are mainly men (Shivonga, 2008).
This suggests that job security is nearly nil. Hence questions on the economic and social benefits of the industry still
lingers.
There are also challenges of environmental concern. The flower farms occupy about 2000 hectares (20 Kilometers
Squared) which are mainly concentrated around Lake Naivasha (KFC, 2008). The lake is currently shrinking mainly
due to excessive abstraction of water for irrigation, industrial and domestic use. The southern shores of the lake are
already blinded with algal bloom. The shrinkage of the lake is also attributable to pollution from pesticides and
fertilizer run off. Cut – flowers are grown in greenhouses and the predominant pesticide used is methyl bromide
(Shivonga, 2008).This chemical is a health risk when inhaled. Workers are exposed to these chemicals through
transplanting, pruning, cutting, packing, spraying / fumigation and dusting. Also, through re-use of pesticide –
saturated green house plastics for domestic purposes such as covering houses. Therefore, there is need for close
collaboration between researchers and the floriculture farms and industry player to develop home – based solutions.
Environmental compatibilities
The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) is the national body mandated with the responsibility
of conducting environmental audits before the flower farm are given a go ahead to establish their activities. The
Kenya Flower Council (KFC) also has a code of regulations to be observed by its members. The silver standard is
laid out in five sections (Awuor, 2012):
i) “Farm management, responsibilities and documentation” requires growers to keep records on health and
safety, worker terms and conditions, employee remuneration, wage deductions, and agrochemical
stocks, application and training. It also requires growers to pay royalties to plant breeders according to
international rules’’;
ii) “General Worker Welfare” covers worker wages, labour conditions and health and safety. The section
stresses the importance of complying with national labour and health and safety legislation
(particularly the Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act). In only a few instances
does the code go beyond the provisions of the law and consequently few responsible flower industry
employers fall foul of the code;
iii) “Agrochemicals” covers crop protection strategies, worker protection, and the use, application, storage,
transport, and disposal of pesticides. Kenyan law contained in “The Factories Act” and “The Pest
Control Products Act” gives some guidance on these issues. However, the code takes most of its
provisions from widely recognized principles of best agricultural practice”;
iv) “Protection of the natural environment” covers use of fertilizers, water management, soil conservation,
disposal of non-hazardous waste, and the protection of wildlife and water sources. Until recently there
has been little legal guidance on protecting the environment. However, in 1999 new legislation was
enacted to cover a wide range of environmental issues. Implementation of the act has yet to take place
and the extent to which it will affect the KFC code has yet to be fully gauged. The Kenyan flower
industry continues to come under considerable criticism from environmentalists worried that pollution
and over-exploitation of natural resources will permanently degrade the natural environment. The
KFCs silver standard code, and more particularly the gold standard, is designed to deflect criticism
from KFC members. During the course of the fieldwork for this study, several KFC members
expressed the apparently genuine opinion that maintaining a sustainable natural environment was
crucial to the long term future of the industry;
v) “Post harvest” covers health and safety, and environmental requirements that are specific to grading,
packing houses and cold stores.
It is however, of much concern that there is no strict compliance with this rules as was noted in March 2010 when
the fish in Lake Naivasha were virtually dieing as result of pollution of the lake (Awuor, 2012). Lake Naivasha has
the highest concentration of flower farms in Kenya. The Lake Naivasha region is the hub of the Kenya’s cut flower
industry. The region is situated around 100 km northwest of Nairobi in the Great Rift Valley at an altitude of
between 1,800 – 2,000m above sea level. The temperature range for the region is between 7.3 – 22.7 degrees Celsius
and annual rainfall ranging from 156.0 mm/month to 1134.0 mm/month distributed throughout the year with peaks
in April/May for the long rains and October/November for the short rains (HCDA, 2008).
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It is estimated that close 70 per cent of the country’s total flower production is concentrated around Lake Naivasha.
Other than the growers, the Lake Naivasha cluster comprises other key actors in the flower industry including
research institutions, breeding farms, quality control and regulatory agencies, input suppliers, credit and finance
institutions, trade promotion agencies and other intermediary organizations. The emergence and growth of Lake
Naivasha cluster has been attributed to a number of factors. Key amongst these includes:
i. Proximity to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), Nairobi: By its location along the Nairobi –
Nakuru highway, approximately one hour from the city center, the Naivasha cluster has easy access to the
airport making transportation easier. Nairobi is considered a major hub in the East African region and
served by major airlines according Kenya an easy access into Europe and other parts of the world;
ii. Availability of fresh water resources for irrigation: Lake Naivasha is the only fresh water lake in the whole
of the Rift Valley region. Flower growing requires a lot of water for irrigation and the presence of Lake
Naivasha attracted many farmers to this region. Besides the lake, there are lots of underground water
resources (aquifers) which the farms drill to use for irrigation;
iii. Large farms for large-scale commercial production: The availability of large, inhabited tracts of land with
suitable soils for flower production around Lake Naivasha was another contributory factor to the
development of the cluster. Historically these large tracts of land were owned (through leasehold) by white
settlers such as Lord Delamere Estates which owns most of the land around Naivasha town. Both the white
settlers and the government therefore leased out the fallow land to the large scale commercial flower
growers; and
iv. The soils and climate are conducive for horticultural production: Both the soils, temperature and annual
rainfall range around Lake Naivasha are favourable for cut flower production.
The case of March 2010 in which a lot of fish died from the lake has gone further to confirm that environmental
audit is not strictly observed. The heavily polluted and shrinking, Lake Naivasha is in dire trouble.
Environmentalists say the cause is clear: flower farms. Some 60 flower farms line the entire lakeside, growing cut
flowers for export largely to the EU. While the flowers industry is Kenya's largest horticultural export (405.5 million
last year) it may have also produced an environmental nightmare.
Interviews with environmentalists revealed that flower farms have taken water from the lake for irrigation and then
dumped pesticide-waste back into the lake. Long-ignored by policymakers, the situation has recently reached a head
due to thousands of fish and other freshwater organisms perishing in the lake. Fishing, once common in the lake, has
since been banned. A preliminary inquiry linked the flower farms to the lake's troubles stating that the fish mortality
was likely caused by low levels of dissolved oxygen. The lake is also shrinking due to a variety of factors: over-
irrigation from the farms, water requirements for nearby Naviasha town, and climate change. However, it is to be
noted that Lake Naivasha is a Ramsar site and Kenya has the international obligation to protect it from
environmental degradation.
Research Methodology
The study thus makes use of a two-phased design. This according to Lee (1999), is a study in which a quantitative
approach is followed by a qualitative approach (or the reverse), and this sequencing implies comparable standards
for methodological rigor. First, there was need to identify the key success factors in the floriculture industry. This
necessitated the qualitative approach. Secondly, there was need to understand the level of significance of the key
success factors and the ultimate contribution to performance of the floriculture industry.
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Model one
Qualitative methods are used to help develop quantitative
measures and instruments
Results
Qualitative Quantitative
Fig. 1.2: Integrating qualitative and quantitative research
(Source: Steckler et al. 1992)
The first phase of the study makes use of the phenomenological approach. Focused interviews were done targeting
members of the civil society, regulatory bodies, and farm and industry players. This initial qualitative study was
beneficial in identifying the emerging issues in developing a conceptual model for simultaneous optimisation of the
supply networks in the floriculture industry in Kenya. The instrument for data collection in the phase two of the
research process is a questionnaire. The questionnaire has mainly closed ended questions to facilitate the processes
of quantitative analysis. Kothari (2005), argues that before administering questionnaires, it is always advisable to
conduct ‘pilot study’ (pilot survey) for testing the questionnaire. This indeed serves as the replica of the main study
and it brings into light the weaknesses (if any) of the questionnaire and also of the survey technique. Questionnaire
piloting thus assisted in making the necessary improvements in the research instrument. Figure 1.3 below gives a
summary of the research design showing how the findings of phase one of the study is fed into the phase two of the
study.
Findings feed onto phase two to
increase validity
PHASE ONE Key PHASE TWO
Qualitative approach success Quantitative approach
factors
Findings Results
CONCLUSION
Fig. 1.3: Framework for this research process
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(Source: Awuor, 2011)
The findings of the qualitative phase of the study feed onto the quantitative phase in order to increase the validity of
the results. The findings and results of the two phases of the study were used in making the conclusions and
recommendations of the study. The recommendations were addressed to both the flower growers and the
government.
Discussion of findings and results
The proposed conceptual model shows that there are four main factors of interest in developing the conceptual
model which were identified from phase one of the study (Awuor, 2012). The factors identified through phase one
of the study are: country specific benefits; end to end benefits; key success factors and constraints. The constraints
form a negative factor in the model and are identified as: access to finance; information integration; and ability to
integrate into the supply networks of large firms. This explains the reason for forcing principal component analysis
to produce four factors with loadings greater than 0.49. Environmental issues emerged as factor 2, described as
country specific benefits.
Table 1.1: Summary of main factors from proposed conceptual model
Factor Description
Factor 1 Key success factors – country development, research and
development, financing, operational cost, customer
responsiveness and information integration.
Factor 2 Country specific benefits- environmental audit, social audit
and financial audit.
Factor 3 End to end benefits- operational cost, financing, country
development, research and development.
Factor 4 Constraints- access to finance information integration,
ability to integrate into supply networks of large firms
(Source: Awuor, 2012)
Principal component analysis only forced for four factors with loadings higher than 0.490 revealed results outlined
in table 1.1. This was in an attempt to raise the factors previously identified through analysis data captured in the
phase one of the study. By performing PCA and having five factors extracted was in attempt to identify the presence
of any significant factors left out in the proposed model.
Table 1.2: PCA with verimax rotation forced to four factors reflecting factor loadings greater than 0.49
Component
1 2 3 4
VAR00001
VAR00002
VAR00003
VAR00004
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Vol 2, No.9, 2012
VAR00032
VAR00033 .560 -.502
VAR00034 .549 -.545
VAR00035 -.522
VAR00036 .546 -.500
VAR00037
VAR00038
VAR00039 .527
VAR00040 .513
VAR00041
VAR00042
VAR00043
VAR00044 .498
VAR00045
VAR00046 .490
VAR00047
VAR00048 .569
VAR00049 .531
VAR00050
VAR00051
(Source: Awuor, 2012)
The result of PCA forced for four factors with loadings greater than 0.490 resulted in four factors being identified
based on information provided by the research instrument on appendix H. For instance VAR0017 to VAR0023
formed a distinct grouping isolated as factor 2 whereas VAR006 to VAR009 and VAR0039 to VAR0040 also
formed a distinct grouping isolated as factor 3.
Conclusion and recommendations
Need for all players in the industry to be members of the Kenya Flower Council to ensure that there is compliance
with the silver code of practice which emphasizes on ( Awuor, 2011): farm management responsibilities and
documentation; general worker welfare; use of agrochemicals; protection of the natural environment and post
harvest treatment. Kenya flower growers have been granted an international label that recognizes good
environmental and social practices. Growers who have a Kenya Flower Council Silver Certification or higher can
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Vol 2, No.9, 2012
now register with Fair Flowers Planters (FFP) that partners with more than 4,000 European flower vendors
(Doughman, 2010);
The industry need to apply routine performance measurement and business efficiency techniques to water, energy
and wastewater management as a measure to reduce negative environmental impacts; moving from old cooperate
social responsibility (CSR) reporting to the new sustainability communications; engage into research with KARI for
water stress tolerant flowers; increase hydroponics agriculture area and invest in rainwater harvesting and treatment
systems and, install water recovery/ recycling plant;
References
Awuor E.O. (2012). A conceptual model for managing supply networks for simultaneous optimisation in a complex
adaptive environment: A case of the floriculture industry in Kenya. Doctoral thesis, Graduate School of Business
Leadership, University of South Africa.
Bolstorff Peter (2003). Effective Supply Chain Strategy. SCE (Supply Chain Excellence) Limited.
Bolstorff P. and Rosenbaum R. (2003). Supply Chain Excellence – A handbook for dramatic improvement using the
SCOR Model. AMACOM
Doughman A. (2010). International label given to flower firms. Daily Nation Newspaper, 27th August 2010.
Fedha P.T. (2009). Environmental and Health Challenges of Floriculture Industry in Kenya. Seminal paper. Faculty
of Health Sciences, Egerton University, Kenya.
Goldsby T and Martichenko R. (2005). Lean Six Sigma Logistics, Strategic development to organizational success.
J. Ross Publishing.
Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) web site: http://www.hcda.org
www. Co2balance.co.ke.
Kothari C.R. (2005). Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques. New Age International Publishers.
Kenya Flower Council web site: http://www.kenyaflowercouncil.org
Lee T.W. (1999). Using qualitative methods in organizational research. Sage publication, Thousand Oaks, London.
Steckler A., Mcleroy K.R., Goodman R.M., Bird S.T., McCormick L. (1992). Towards integrating qualitative and
quantitative methods: An introduction. Health Education Quarterly, Vol.19 (1): 1 – 8.
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