1. Noname manuscript No.(will be inserted by the editor)
Antimatter Missing? Not Really
Half of everything is antimatter - even you
Douglas Leadenham
Received: date / Accepted: date
Abstract For years particle astrophysicists have wondered why we see matter but no
naturally occurring antimatter. The universe began as radiation-dominated, a primor-
dial reball from which particles appeared as matter-antimatter pairs. In theory these
are perfectly symmetrical, and can annihilate each other perfectly, so that in theory
there should never have been any matter formed, only radiation left over to cool as
the universe expanded. Yet we are here, made of matter, asking these questions. In the
model presented here, the rst stable particles from symmetry breaking in the radia-
tion dominated universe to a universe with both radiation and massive particles are
described as not quite symmetrical. Although Dirac monopoles have not been observed,
they are permitted in theory, so we make the assumption that anything mathematically
allowed is worth considering. This scenario proposes to answer the missing antimatter
question and may even explain the origin of super-massive black holes at the center of
every galaxy or massive star.
Keywords Antimatter · Quarks · Electrons
PACS 98.80.Bp
1Introduction
The redshift article
1 showed at what tension the rst observed stable particles ap-
peared. They are electrons and up- and down-quarks. These are modeled as composite
particles that result when Dirac monopoles or dyons connect with their opposite mag-
netic charges. This happened by an equivalent temperature of about 250 million K,
but the cosmic microwave radiation began at about 3000 K. Figure 1 gives a hint, as
D. Leadenham
675 Sharon Park Drive, No. 247, Menlo Park, CA 94025
Tel.: 650-233-9859
E-mail: douglasleadenham@gmail.com
1 Can Gravitational Redshift and Cosmic Expansion Redshift Be Separated? Douglas Lead-
enham, March 30, 2016

2. 2 Douglas Leadenham
Fig. 1 Rough insight into the universe at 3000 K
if one could look in from outside, which is not possible since there is no outside. It
is from the Elder Scrolls, by Bethesda Software©2006. The primordial reball made
the rst stable particles at 323,000 years of age, when the universe was more like a
very hot metal, with all energy states lled, degenerate in other words. By the time the
universe became transparent to radiation at 379,000 years, it was a hot gas of mostly
hydrogen and helium atoms radiating as a black body of about 3000 K.
2Stable particles in diagram and matrix form
Stable particles of matter are made of electrons, of course, and atomic nuclei. Nuclei
are made of protons and neutrons, which in turn are made of up-quarks and down-

3. Antimatter 3
Table 1 Stable particles at electro-weak symmetry breaking
electron diagram down-quark diagram up-quark diagram
−e/6 S N −e/6
N −e/6 −e/6 S
−e/6 S N −e/6
−e/6 S N −e/6
N +e/6 +e/6 S
−e/6 S N −e/6
+e/6 S N +e/6
N +e/6 −e/6 S
+e/6 S N +e/6
electron in matrix notation down-quark in matrix notation up-quark in matrix notation
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
+NS−
6 matter dyons, 0 anti-matter dyons 4 matter dyons, 2 anti-matter dyons 1 matter dyon, 5 anti-matter dyons
Table 2 Dyon composition of some atoms
hydrogen, H deuterium, D helium-3, He3 helium-4, He4 uranium-238, U238
e, duu e, duu, ddu 2e, 2duu, ddu 2e, 2duu, 2ddu 92e, 92duu, 146ddu
e matter units = 6 e matter units = 6 e matter units = 12 e matter units = 12 e matter units = 6*92
d matter units = 4 d matter units = 12 d matter units = 16 d matter units = 24 d matter units = 4*384
d anti-matter = 2 d anti-matter = 6 d anti-matter = 8 d anti-matter = 12 d anti-matter = 2*384
u matter units = 2 u matter units = 3 u matter units = 5 u matter units = 6 u matter units = 1*330
u anti-matter = 10 u anti-matter = 15 u anti-matter = 25 u anti-matter = 30 u anti-matter = 5*330
total matter = 12 total matter = 21 total matter = 33 total matter = 42 total matter = 2418
total anti-matter = 12 total anti-matter = 21 total anti-matter = 33 total anti-matter = 42 total anti-matter = 2418
quarks. Table 1 shows these in both diagram and matrix forms. What sets this model
apart from textbook models is that these particles are composite, and that has never
been shown by experiment. The components are pairs of Dirac monopoles attached at
opposite magnetic charges.
Chapters 3 and 5 of 21st
Century Physics2 provides the diagrams shown in Tables
1-6.
Dirac monopoles or dyons have both electric and magnetic charges. The magnetic
charge dominates, as it is 54 million times stronger than the electric, so the dyons
pair up north-to-south irrespective of their electric charges. Of the three, only the
electron is pure matter. The quarks are mixtures of both matter, shown in magenta,
with anti-matter, shown in green. There is apparently an interaction between the two
forms that, short of annihilation, causes them to form close associations, respectively
as (udu), (dud) in the proton and neutron.
Note that quarks are partly antimatter, with the up-quark
5
6 anti-matter. This has
the profound result that all matter in the universe is partly anti-matter. Anti-matter
is present everywhere, but kept safe for life in the stable proton that has never been
observed to decay.
Table 2 shows the matter/anti-matter composition of the basic substances of the
early universe along with the most complex atom of the naturally occurring elements,
uranium. All naturally occurring electrically neutral atoms are composed of equal parts
matter and anti-matter. This is a new idea.
2 Douglas Leadenham, Topics in 21st Century Physics - The Universe as Presently Under-
stood, DJLeBooks, 2016

4. 4 Douglas Leadenham
Table 3 Known particles that last only briey
positron diagram anti-down-quark diagram anti-up-quark diagram
+e/6 S N +e/6
N +e/6 +e/6 S
+e/6 S N +e/6
+e/6 S N +e/6
N −e/6 −e/6 S
+e/6 S N +e/6
−e/6 S N −e/6
N −e/6 +e/6 S
−e/6 S N −e/6
positron in matrix notation anti-down-quark in matrix notation anti-up-quark in matrix notation
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
−NS+
0 matter dyons, 6 anti-matter dyons 2 matter dyons, 4 anti-matter dyons 5 matter dyons, 1 anti-matter dyon
Table 4 Dyon composition of antihydrogen
antihydrogen
e+, duu
e+ anti-matter units = 6
d matter units = 2
d anti-matter = 4
u matter units = 10
u anti-matter = 2
total matter = 12
total anti-matter = 12
3Other observed anti-particles
Tables 3 and 4 illustrate the lowest energy anti-particles. The positron, rst proposed
by Paul Dirac in 1928, was the rst to be discovered in 1929. A positron can form a
metastable orbital state with an electron that lasts only 1.244 × 10−10
s in vacuum
for the singlet state, and 1.386 × 10−7
s in vacuum for the triplet state. In labo-
ratory experiments their lifetimes are 125 picoseconds and 142 nanoseconds respec-
tively.[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium]
Antiprotons formed from anti-up- and anti-down-quarks for years were the pre-
eminent particles of study at the Tevatron. Antiprotons can form antihydrogen if
the antiprotons can be slowed enough to capture positrons, but this is technically
dicult. In June 2011 the ALPHA collaboration trapped 309 antihydrogen atoms,
up to 3 simultaneously, for up to 1,000 seconds, with the objective of doing spec-
troscopy.[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihydrogen] Spectroscopy, enabling precise measure-
ments, would reveal any asymmetry between the masses of the proton and antiproton.
As shown above, the proton is
2
3 anti-matter and
1
3 normal matter, while the antipro-
ton is
2
3 matter and
1
3 anti-matter. It is worth mentioning also that the ratio of matter
to anti-matter in electrically neutral antihydrogen is 1-to-1. Please see Table 4 for
the numbers. Anti-matter asymmetry is expected because perfectly symmetric pairs of
dyons condensing from the primordial radiation eld would annihilate symmetrically,
leaving no normal matter left to make the matter we observe.
4Hypothetical unobserved particles composed of mixed matter dyons
Tables 5 and 6 show particles that could form with the opposite electric charge to the
ones in normal matter. These have not been observed at all. Why they have not been

5. Antimatter 5
Table 5 Possible dyon pairings that have not been seen, mirror diagrams
mirror positron diagram mirror anti-down-quark diagram mirror anti-up-quark diagram
−e/6 S N −e/6
N −e/6 −e/6 S
−e/6 S N −e/6
−e/6 S N −e/6
N +e/6 +e/6 S
−e/6 S N −e/6
+e/6 S N +e/6
N +e/6 −e/6 S
+e/6 S N +e/6
mirror positron in matrix notation mirror anti-down-quark in matrix notation mirror anti-up-quark in matrix notation
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
+NS−
6 mixed matter dyons 6 mixed matter dyons 6 mixed matter dyons
Table 6 Mirror diagrams of observed particles
mirror electron diagram mirror down-quark diagram mirror up-quark diagram
+e/6 S N +e/6
N +e/6 +e/6 S
+e/6 S N +e/6
+e/6 S N +e/6
N −e/6 −e/6 S
+e/6 S N +e/6
−e/6 S N −e/6
N −e/6 +e/6 S
−e/6 S N −e/6
mirror electron in matrix notation down-quark in matrix notation up-quark in matrix notation
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
+NS+
−NS−
−NS−
−NS−
−NS+
6 mixed matter dyons 6 mixed matter dyons 6 mixed matter dyons
is either because they are not allowed at the fundamental level or that they are formed
at very high energy and became enclosed and sequestered in nascent black holes. If
they are the prime constituent of black holes, that would explain the black holes that
dominate the formation of galaxies. Chapter 3 of the cited book explains how this
makes sense in galaxy formation. Black holes and connected dark matter strings are
necessary to make galaxies form quickly after the rst 400,000 years of the universe's
existence. The hot gas of hydrogen and helium would have been homogeneous then,
and the Jeans instability would not begin without massive sites allowing gravity to
collect the matter into primordial galaxies.
We see potential asymmetry in up- and down-quarks as compared to their anti-
matter opposites, if their energy states are at all dierent. Hints of such mass-energy
dierences have been detected in the case of very high energy top- anti-top-quark pairs
in Tevatron and LHC data, from Fermilab and CERN respectively. These results are
statistically signicant enough that it is certain that an asymmetry exists, but no an-
nouncement will be made until a 5σ result is conrmed. At least we now know enough
that discussions can proceed with no accusations of crank speculation.
Tables 5 and 6 show these possible particles as mirror diagrams. We know that
parity is not conserved in electro-weak interactions, so the mirror label is suitable
for asymmetric counterpart particles. The idea behind this is that electric charge is
thought to be a twist along a hidden dimension. Reecting a twist in a mirror changes
its direction and thus the sign change. Reecting a magnetic dipole in the mirror does
not change its properties, so the analogy is consistent.