Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that are involved in the immune response. They are composed of two light chains and two heavy chains that give them a flexible structure allowing them to recognize and bind to foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. There are five main classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD - that carry out different functions in the immune system such as neutralizing toxins, marking pathogens for destruction, and activating immune cells.
Common antigen-specific markers of Ig molecule of the same species, are called isotypes. Different antigen-specific markers at the constant regions between different individuals of the same species are called allotypes. Beside these two types of antigenic markers, the unique antigen-specific signature of Ig molecules produced by each B cell clone is called idiotypes. https://www.creativebiolabs.net
Different antigen-specific markers at the constant regions between different individuals of the same species are called
allotypes. Beside these two types of antigenic markers, the unique antigen-specific signature of Ig molecules produced by each B cell clone is called idiotypes.
EIA for Major development projects - Mining projectsJenson Samraj
EIA is a decision making tool for developmental projects (Mining, construction of dams).
It will have environmental implication in changing the variables such as quality of air, ground water, soil in that area.
The purpose of assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts to implement the project
EIA helps us to measure or predict the impact of any developmental projects on the environment. Mining refers to Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Large scale mining pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
Affects environment adversely
Results in deforestation
New Educational Policy 2020 and its ImplicationJenson Samraj
New Education Policy and its Implementation replaces the old educational policy 1986. New education policy 2020 approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of India’s new education system. This policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education. It aims to increase state expenditure on education from around 4-6% as soon as policy.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit, aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground water.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, and residential and household-scale projects, usually financed by the user.[5] However, larger systems for schools, hospitals, and other facilities can run up costs only able to be financed by owners, organizations, and governmental units.
This slide brings us to know about the Amendments of 2006 and 2009 in Environmental Impact Assessment. The draft EIA notification issued by the ministry and forests for amendment 2009. The process of amendment 2006 was well sketched in the presentation. Hope everyone would like this.
Baseline data is a significant part of EIA. As the proverb says "Look before you leap". Every environmental aspect should be considered before initiating each and everything. The baseline should be well-known about an environment.
This is my presentation for the World Wetlands Day celebration. Testified wetland's significance, awareness, and ways to conserve. Finally, conducted a quiz for more interactions.
Common antigen-specific markers of Ig molecule of the same species, are called isotypes. Different antigen-specific markers at the constant regions between different individuals of the same species are called allotypes. Beside these two types of antigenic markers, the unique antigen-specific signature of Ig molecules produced by each B cell clone is called idiotypes. https://www.creativebiolabs.net
Different antigen-specific markers at the constant regions between different individuals of the same species are called
allotypes. Beside these two types of antigenic markers, the unique antigen-specific signature of Ig molecules produced by each B cell clone is called idiotypes.
EIA for Major development projects - Mining projectsJenson Samraj
EIA is a decision making tool for developmental projects (Mining, construction of dams).
It will have environmental implication in changing the variables such as quality of air, ground water, soil in that area.
The purpose of assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts to implement the project
EIA helps us to measure or predict the impact of any developmental projects on the environment. Mining refers to Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Large scale mining pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
Affects environment adversely
Results in deforestation
New Educational Policy 2020 and its ImplicationJenson Samraj
New Education Policy and its Implementation replaces the old educational policy 1986. New education policy 2020 approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of India’s new education system. This policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education. It aims to increase state expenditure on education from around 4-6% as soon as policy.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit, aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground water.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, and residential and household-scale projects, usually financed by the user.[5] However, larger systems for schools, hospitals, and other facilities can run up costs only able to be financed by owners, organizations, and governmental units.
This slide brings us to know about the Amendments of 2006 and 2009 in Environmental Impact Assessment. The draft EIA notification issued by the ministry and forests for amendment 2009. The process of amendment 2006 was well sketched in the presentation. Hope everyone would like this.
Baseline data is a significant part of EIA. As the proverb says "Look before you leap". Every environmental aspect should be considered before initiating each and everything. The baseline should be well-known about an environment.
This is my presentation for the World Wetlands Day celebration. Testified wetland's significance, awareness, and ways to conserve. Finally, conducted a quiz for more interactions.
PAPER PRESENTATION ON REMOVAL OF LEAD IONSJenson Samraj
This presentation describes the removal of lead contents from the waste stream using Water hyacinth. In this way, the elimination of water hyacinth occurs corresponding to the removal of Lead ions.
This is the certificate designed for conducting an awareness program at SPKCEES, Alwarkurichi. If you want in presentation format, I am ready to provide you soon.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
CHEMICALLY DERIVED NANO-PIGMENT FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, SURFACE COATING A...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation describes the properties of Nanopigment. The work which was furnished with lots of information about the antibacterial effects of the nanopigment.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. SENTHIL KUMAR. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON MANIMUTHAR RIVER, DAM AND CANALJenson Samraj
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. AJAY KALLAPIRAN. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. VETRI. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON AAVIN INDUSTRYJenson Samraj
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. MARIAPPAN. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Hi everyone! Today we have celebrated the World water day... So I would like to provide this slide for those who are searching for their speech on world water day. Hopefully, I am glad to publish on this website.
It is my very pleasure to publish a slide on the World forest day. I have seen if there are any slides based on the world forest day. But, I have found only something on it. So hope that you will be benefited.
Project report on AAVIN INDUSTRY - 2019Jenson Samraj
We the Integrated M.Sc students have visited the Aavin Industry, Tirunelveli on 8th March 2019. Here, is our Industrial visit report. Hope that it will be beneficial to you my dear readers!
Everyone can raise a question that how to prevent an Air pollution and so on. So here is our presentation on Control of Air pollution. So using the technique called adsorption sampling is an interesting one to all of the human beings
PAPER PRESENTATION ON REMOVAL OF LEAD IONSJenson Samraj
This presentation describes the removal of lead contents from the waste stream using Water hyacinth. In this way, the elimination of water hyacinth occurs corresponding to the removal of Lead ions.
This is the certificate designed for conducting an awareness program at SPKCEES, Alwarkurichi. If you want in presentation format, I am ready to provide you soon.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
CHEMICALLY DERIVED NANO-PIGMENT FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, SURFACE COATING A...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation describes the properties of Nanopigment. The work which was furnished with lots of information about the antibacterial effects of the nanopigment.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. SENTHIL KUMAR. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON MANIMUTHAR RIVER, DAM AND CANALJenson Samraj
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. AJAY KALLAPIRAN. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. VETRI. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON AAVIN INDUSTRYJenson Samraj
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. MARIAPPAN. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Hi everyone! Today we have celebrated the World water day... So I would like to provide this slide for those who are searching for their speech on world water day. Hopefully, I am glad to publish on this website.
It is my very pleasure to publish a slide on the World forest day. I have seen if there are any slides based on the world forest day. But, I have found only something on it. So hope that you will be benefited.
Project report on AAVIN INDUSTRY - 2019Jenson Samraj
We the Integrated M.Sc students have visited the Aavin Industry, Tirunelveli on 8th March 2019. Here, is our Industrial visit report. Hope that it will be beneficial to you my dear readers!
Everyone can raise a question that how to prevent an Air pollution and so on. So here is our presentation on Control of Air pollution. So using the technique called adsorption sampling is an interesting one to all of the human beings
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
