ADAMS SADIAT HALIMAT (20HSM033).pptx
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The document discusses the role of the immune system in the epidemiology and control of tuberculosis. It provides background on tuberculosis, including that it mainly affects the lungs. It then covers the epidemiology of tuberculosis, including exposure risks such as living with an active case or immigration from endemic areas, and susceptibility risks such as being HIV positive or a drug user. It also discusses the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection and describes the clinical manifestations of active tuberculosis disease. Finally, it outlines recommendations for tuberculosis control, including proper ventilation, covering coughs and sneezes, taking prescribed medicines, and reporting side effects.
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- 1. THE ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS BY ADAMS SADIAT HALIMAT 20HSM033
- 2. Epidemiology is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. Tuberculosis is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs.
- 3. 19th century peak incidence in western Europe and North America 1882 - M. tuberculosis identificated by Koch 1920 - „sanatorium regimen“, collapse therapy, thoracoplasty 1960 - chemotherapy Introduction
- 4. • acid (alcohol, alkalis) fasteness • slow rate of growth • sensitive to heat and UV irradiation • nonmotile • nonsporulating
- 5. 1. Ischaemic heart disease 7.2 12.2 2. Cerebrovascular disease 5.7 9.7 3. Lower respiratory infections 4.2 7.1 4. COPD 3.0 5.1 5. Diarrhoeal diseases 2.2 3.7 6. HIV/AIDS 2.0 3.5 7. Tuberculosis 1.5 2.5 8. Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 1.3 2.3 9. Road traffic accidents 1.3 2.2 10. Prematurity and low birth weight 1.2 2.0
- 6. Epidemiology
- 7. Exposure • Living in the household of a tuberculosis case • Immigration from an endemic area (Asia, Latin America) • Exposure in congregate living facilities (jails, shelters, health care facilities) • Older age • Residence in higher incidence location (inner cities) Susceptibility • HIV+ & PPD > 5 mm • Drug users • Close contacts of person known or suspected to have TB, sharing the same household or other enclosed enviroment & PPD > 5 mm • Documented recent converters (PPD increase > 10 mm within 2 years for those under age 35 or > 15 mm - 35 years old and over) • Medical risk factors (+PPD > 10 mm): – silicosis – weight of 10% or more below ideal body weight – chronic renal failure – diabetes mellitus – prolonged corticosteroid therapy – Persons from areas with high TB prevalence < 35 years old + PPD > 10 mm – Any skin test reactor less than 15 years old (PPD > 10 mm) Epidemiology
- 8. Group Annual risk of TB HIV 3-10% 2-5% 2-4% PPD Converters Abnormal CXR Diabetes mellitus 0,3% No risk factor 0,01-0,1% Epidemiology
- 9. • in patients without specific immunity • phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages • primary lesion (Ghon focus) - mid or lower lung zones • marked tendency to central liquefaction and cellular breakdown • spread through lymphatic to regional lymph nodes - marked reaction • spread into blood stream - possible settling throughout body Pathogenesis
- 10. lipoarabinomannan complement receptor phagosome •inhibition of Ca2+ signals •blockage of recruitment and assembly of fusion mediating proteins transport to lymph nodes dissemination by blood stream Primary infection AM lysosome mannose receptor
- 11. • Cough • Sputum (mucoid, mucopurulent) • Haemoptysis • Chest pain (pleural involvement, mediastinal lymph nodes enlargement) Clinical manifestation
- 12. • Fever (active, progressive disease, inverse temperature chart) • Night sweats • Loss of appetite, weight loss • Other symptoms: amenorhea, stool disturbances, hoarseness, arrhytmias, erythema nodosum, phlyctenular conjuctivitis… Clinical manifestation
- 13. 1. Ensure proper ventilation of the patients 2. Cover the mouth while sneezing or coughing 3. Taking prescribed medicines – keep regular follow up with the doctor 4. Report any side effects of the medicines
- 14. The study demonstrated role of immune system in epidemiology and tuberculosis infection control, Tuberculosis remains one of the most deadly infectious diseases and has claimed millions of lives for many years. While significant progress has been made towards controlling the global burden of TB over the past decade, more efforts are still needed. Emerging issues such as multi drug-resistance threatens to revert the progress made regarding TB care and control
- 15. THANK YOU