This document discusses sustainable antibiotic-free broiler meat production. It begins with a history of antibiotic use in poultry farming and the development of antibiotic resistance. Regulations in India regarding antibiotic use are outlined. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters that could be used include probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes, and phytogenic feed additives. These alternatives can improve growth performance, gut health, and immune function. While consumer demand exists for antibiotic-free meat, producing it profitably remains challenging. Strict regulations and awareness programs are needed to combat antibiotic resistance and facilitate a transition to sustainable antibiotic-free broiler production.

1. SUSTAINABLE ANTIBIOTIC-FREE BROILER MEAT
PRODUCTION
MILIND P. NANDE
MILIND P. NANDE
Assistant Professor
Krantisinha Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal
1

2. C
O
N
T
E
N
T
S
Introduction
History of use of Antibiotics
Development of Antibody Resistance
Regulation in India
Economical and Clinical Importance of Broiler
2
C
O
N
T
E
N
T
S
Prospects of Antibiotic-Free Broiler Meat Production
General approach about production of Antibiotic-free Broiler
Alternatives to Antibiotic Growthpromoters
Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
3

4. Therapeutic
Prophylactic
USE
Prophylactic
Growth promoter

5. 52%
33%
15%
Human use
Animal therapeutic
Feed additive antibiotics
Mehdi et al. (2018)

6. Tiseo et al., 2020

7. History of use of antibiotics
1940s: Pharmaceutical By-products Tetracycline use in
Poultry Feed
1960-1990: AGP, Became Standard Practice in Agriculture.
1999: EU Banned use of Avoparcin , Verginimysin
7
2000: WHO recommended that antibiotics used in human
medicine should not be use in Animal.
2002: McDonalds and KFC
2003: FDA of the dangers associated with use of medical
antibiotics in food animals
2007: US banned fluoroquinolones
2012: AVMA develop fact sheet to veterinarians

8. Fig 1. Trends in antibiotic consumption in India
Laxminarayan and Chaudhury (2016)

9. Company Brand
Name
Antibiotic
present
Information on label
Venky’s Bamylate Bacitracin For increased weight gain
and improved feed
AGPs in Indian Poultry Market
Examples of feed premix with AGPs for broilers
9
and improved feed
efficiency
Tylomix Tylosin A growth promoter. In
broilers it provides
uniformity in growth
V-FUR
200
Furazolidone V-Fur 200 is an ideal growth
promoter for adult birds

10. Company Brand
Name
Antibiotic
present
Information on label
Biomir
Venture
LLP
LINCO-
MIR
Lincomycin Helps to increase the growth,
body weight with Colistin
sulpate economical FCR in
broiler
CO-MIR Doxycycline, Helps to increase the growth,
10
CO-MIR Doxycycline,
Colistin
sulphate
Helps to increase the growth,
body weight in broiler
improves feed consumption
efficiency. Act as best
performance booster.
CON-
MIR
Lincomycin,
Neomycin
Helps to increase the growth,
body weight with economical
FCR in broilers

11. Company Brand
Name
Antibiotic
present
Information on label
Vetline India Furavet Furazolidone An essential growth
promoter. Ensures better
growth, weight gain and feed
conversion
Progrovet Doxycycline Better feed conversion hence
11
Progrovet Doxycycline
Colistin
sulphate
Better feed conversion hence
increased weight gain in
broilers
Ayugen
Pharma
Pvt.Ltd.
Lincomax Lincomycin
Metranidazole
colistin
sulphate
Improves weight gain and
F.C.R. in broilers Helps in
improving growth and
performance

12. Development of Antibody Resistance
12

13. Penicillin (including Amphicillin)
Tetracycline (Including Chlortetracycline and
Oxytetracycline)
Sulphonamide (Sulphamethoxine, Sulphamethazine
and Sulphamethoxazole)
Fluroquonolone (Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin)
DRUG MOSTLY DETECTED IN MEAT
Fluroquonolone (Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin)
Neomycin
Gentamycin
Streptomycin
Arsenicals

14. Delhi NRC
(Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad and
Faridabad)
To Generate Public awareness
about food safety in India
14
CSE Study Report-2014
Faridabad)
Study on 70 Chicken Samples

15. Punjab, Haryana, UP and Rajasthan
Sample collected from Litter and Agriculture soil for
detection of antibody resistance K. pnumoniae
15
CSE report (2017)

16. India
Food Safety and Standards Authority of
India (FSSAI)
Suggested, Veterinary supervision during use of antibiotics, different
Tolerance limit of antibiotics for only for sea foods
(Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulations, 2011.23
16
https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Compendium_Contaminants_Regulations_20_08_2020.pdf
http://115.112.238.112/eic/pdf/Exporters%20Guide%20Raw%20Chilled%20&%20Frozen%20Meat.pdf
Suggested, Veterinary supervision during use of antibiotics, different
slaughter house for poultry and livestock, Supply licence antibiotics for
treating its use, Strictly Ban on use of AGPs in poultry. (2015)
Tolerance limit for 43 antibiotics has been set for antibiotics and other
pharmacologically active substances (70) in poultry meat and meat
products by FSSAI. (2017) amendment 2020

17. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India:
Medicine should be labeled with the withdrawal period.
To encourage state to promote judicious use of antibiotics
(NLM 2013)
17
For Export follow EIC rule There are no regulations for
domestic consumption of chicken.
Ban use of Colistin in feed supplement of Poultry (2019)

18. Economic and Clinical Importance of Antibiotic-Free Broiler
Meat Production
14% Livestock GDP
One of Fastest annual growing industry from last
2 decade
Deliberate use Antibiotics
Non therapeutic use of Antibiotics cause
increase incidence of antimicrobial resistance.
Some pathogenic bacteria such as Psudomonas
aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi are resistance
to commonly used antibiotics

19. Prospects of Antibiotic-Free Broiler Meat Production
• Poultry farmers purchase of medicines
without a prescription.
• Consumer demand Safe, Hygienic and
Antibiotic Residue Free Broiler Meat.
Antibiotic Residue Free Broiler Meat.
• A Challenge of Alternative to Antibiotic.

20. Sr.
No
Strategy Action Plan
01 Apply Minimum 14 days
Interval for New Flock Entry.
Reduce Frequency of Pathogen
02 Maintain Dry Litter Reduce Ammonia Level, and Stocking
Time, Improve Ventilation
General Approach for Production of Antibiotic-free Broiler
20
Time, Improve Ventilation
03 Disposal of Dead Bird Regularly Minimize Bacterial Load and Prevent
Cannibalism
04 Use Coarse Grain to Finest Upgrade the Role of Gizzard and
Digestion
05 Use Probiotics Supplement in
Early Stage of Broiler Feed
Establish Healthy Gut Microorganisms
and Increase Growth Performance
06 Apply Good Sanitation Program
for Drinking Water
Reduce Contamination of Bacteria and
Remove Biofilm from the Pipeline,
Regulator and Nipple Drinker

21. Sr. No Strategy Action Plan
07 The Addition of Ingredients like
Wheat, Barley, and Oats
Minimize Gut Damage and
Subsequent Enteritis
08 Add Exogenous Enzymes Exploit Extraction and Digestion
of Nutrients and Minimize the
Viscosity of Digesta.
21
Viscosity of Digesta.
09 Add Essential Oil Extract to Feed Maintain Bacteria at Safe Levels
and Improve Intestinal Health
10 Maintain Good management
Practice
Minimize stress
11 Follow Good Bio-security
Practices
Reduce the Opportunity for
Disease
Haque et,al.(2020)

22. Alternatives to Antibiotic Growthpromoters
• Probiotics and Prebiotics
• Organic Acids (Acidifiers)
• Amino Acids and Enzymes
• Amino Acids and Enzymes
• Phytogenic Feed Additives

23. Probiotics and Prebiotics
 Probiotics are live bacteria, fungi or yeast that
cause beneficial effect on health, if it is
administered in adequate doses.
 Supplement the Gastrointestinal flora.
23
 Probiotics can replace antibiotics by replacing
Microbiom.
 Probiotics stimulate Intestinal Enzymes
Production.
Reduce Parasitic Infection

24. Microorganism used as Probiotics:
– Lactibacillus acidofilus
– Lactiobacillus casai
– Bifidobacterium bifidum
– Aspergillus oryzae
24
Characteristirics of Good Probiotics:
– G+, acid resistance, bile resistance and
30* 109 CFU/gm
– No Pathogenic No Harmful to Host
– High Servival Rate and Multiply Fast
– Adhesive Capacity must be Fast and Firm

25. 25
Haque (2020)

26. The Effect of Probiotics on Weight Gain in Animal Production
A. Lactobacillus spp. increases weight gain in broiler chicks
Species Day Weight Day Weight
Broiler chicks 0 94.2 0 88.5
60 1623.1 60 1878.3
B. Weight gain associated with
increase in Firmicutes and
Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio
(see below)
Black = control
Red= One dose
Green= Two doses

27. Prebiotics
 Non-digestible Feed Ingredient/Supplement’ that beneficially
affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth of non-
pathogenic organisms in the gut/colon.
27
 Mannan Oligosaccharides (MOS)
 Fructo Oligosaccharides (FOS)
 Fermentable Properties Stimulate the Growth and Activity.
 Prebiotics alter Caecal Proteobacteria

28. Mechanism of action:-
28

29. 29
Saiyad et al. (2015)

30. Sr. No.
1.
2.
Ingredients Beneficial effects Reference
Prebiotic and Probiotic
products (Pre + Pro)
Pre + Pro diets exhibited higher BW
gain from d 28 to 41
Wang et al., (2016)
Probiotics (Protexin) and
Prebiotics (active MOS,
mannanoligosaccharides)
Probiotic Improved Feed intake ,
weight gain in the starter and
finisher, MOS improved weight gain
and feed conversion ratio (FCR)
Raheman et al., (2020)
30
3.
4.
and feed conversion ratio (FCR)
Bacillus spp.
reduce disease and mortality,
improve feed efficiency up to 5%,
enhance health.
Ramalukan et al.,
(2020)
Probiotic supplementation Modification of the intestinal
microbiota, Enhancement of growth
performance,decrease in ammonia
and urea excretion
Jha et al., (2020)

31. Commercially available products
31

32. Organic Acid
 Conservation agent
 Organic acids are Short Chain Fatty Acids &
other carboxylic acids
32
Organic Acids Included in Feeds to:
Lower the pH of the Feed & Gut (Specially Upper GIT)
• Inhibiting the Growth of Pathogenic Intestinal
Microflora
• Reduces the Microflora Competing for the Host
Nutrient
• Increase in Nutrients Utilization
• Results in better Growth and Performance

33. Anti-Microbial action organic acids
Organic acid penetrates the cell
Inside the cell the acid dissociates
according to internal pH: HCOOH----
HCOO- (anion) +H+ (proton)
33
The H+ (proton) decreases pH in the cell.
The bacteria use energy to remove the
protons and dies
Results in better Growth

34. 34
Gazalah,(2011)

35. Sr
No
Ingredients Beneficial effects Reference
1 Blend of organic acid and
clove essential oil
modulation of broiler gut microbiota
composition and enhance immunity
through the administration.
Gole et al.,
(2020)
2 Synergistic organic acid the addition of organic acids may protect
broiler chickens from severe intestinal
lesions and oxidative stress and may help
Sun et al.,
(2020)
35
lesions and oxidative stress and may help
reduce abdominal fat mass deposition.
3 1g/kg blends of formic
acid, propionic acid,
calcium propionate, and
ortho-phosphoric acid
Enhance immunity and growth
performance
Samanta et
al., (2008)
4 2g/kg blends of propinonic
acid and formic acid
Enhance growth performance Gunal et al.,
(2006)

36. Enzymes
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) like β-glucans
(barley), arabinoxylans (wheat) or pentosans (rye)
Phytate depress the utilization of vegetable phosphorus.
Exogenous enzymes like xylanases, beta-glucanases,
proteases and phytase help to:
36
(i) Increase in the rate of digestibility of diet
- Less substrate (undigested starch and protein)
available in the anterior small intestine to provide
substrate for the endogenous microflora
- Reduction in the microbial population of intestine
(Clostridium perfringens)
(ii) Better utilization of nutrients
(iii) Better growth performance
- Birds have extracted more nutrients from the diet.

37. Application of Enzymes in Poultry Feed
Enzyme Substrates Target feedstuff Expected benefits
Beta- Glucanase Beta-Glucan Barley, oats and
rye based diets
Reproduction of
sticky droppings,
improved feed
utilization
37
utilization
Amylase Starch High starch cereal Increased
availability of
cereals
Lipase Fat Animal and
vegetable fats
Improved
digestibility of fat
and enhanced
energy retention
as a result

38. 38
Kumar et al. (2013)

39. Sr.
No.
Content Beneficial effects Reference
01 Lycium
barbarum polysa
ccharides (LBP)
inclusion of LBP in the broiler
diets increased
overall amylase, lipase, and
protease activities (P < 0.05).
Long et al. (2020)
39
protease activities (P < 0.05).
improve growth performance,
digestive enzyme activities,
antioxidant capacity, and immune
function of broilers.

40. Phytogenic feed additives
The compounds of plant origin in
corporate into animal feed to
improvement of digestibility, nutrient
absorption and elimination of
40
absorption and elimination of
pathogens residents in the animal gut
plants, herbs, and spices
boosting the immune system, and
reducing stress

41. Sr
No
ingredients Beneficial effects Reference
1 Garlic (Allium sativum) Notable beneficial effects have been
seen on growth, feed efficiency,
stimulation of immune system and
lowering blood cholesterol levels in
poultry birds
Khan, (2012)
41
poultry birds
2 ground ginger root
(Zingiber officinale)
Weight gain by ginger levels in three
weeks
Abdallah,
(2013)
3 Shatawari High Drumstick weight, cost per kg live
weight gain higher, Net profit per bird
higher than control group
Dhale et al.,
(2014)

42. Consumer Demand
42
Global explorer (2018)

43. Availability of Products
43

44. Conclusions
India is in beginning of stage of antibiotic-free
broiler production. Although consumer are
becoming more interested in antibiotic free broiler
meet. It is tough task to produce antibiotic free
meat while making farming profitable.
44
meat while making farming profitable.
Fighting against antimicrobial
resistance, awareness-building programs
must be follow on large scale.

45. Conclusions
It is scientifically proved that, Prebiotics, Probiotics, Enzymes,
Herbal Products, have good potential for alternative of
antibiotic growth promoters.
45
A strict regulation must be followed regarding use
of antibiotics as growth promoter by the
government.

46. 46