Anthr 1: Third Assignment Due: Friday 11/22/2019 by 11:00 p.m.
This assignment is worth 30 points No late papers will be accepted.
Assignment Overview
The topic for this research paper is deceptively simple: When and how did we become “human?
This assignment is a Position Paper in which you are to take a position on the topic (based on your personal understanding of the material presented in this class) and support your position by reviewing, discussing and citing reputable research sources.
A. Your first paragraph must explain your definition of what it means to be “human”, ending with a thesis statement that encapsulates your plan to support your position.
B. IMPORTANT: This assignment covers only from the past 2.5 million years ago to today.
a. DO NOT include discussion of species prior to 2.5 million years ago.
b. DO NOT include discussion of the development of bipedalism for this assignment.
C. Present and analyze the current scientific research regarding this topic.
D. Your paper must end with a clear and concise conclusion that recaps your argument and restates your thesis.
So … how do I do this?
1. Introduce and define the scope and focus of your paper in a concise thesis statement that appears at the end of your first paragraph. A thesis statement tells the reader what the paper is about.
2. Support your position as stated in your thesis. Ways to support your position include discussing physical aspects of hominin evolution over the past 2 million years (what changed, what species, what impact?), genetic aspects of hominin evolution over the past 2 million years (what derived, what species, what impact?) and/or cultural aspects of hominin development (what changed, what species, what impact: changes in stone tools, social group behaviors or interactions, symbolic representations, etc.). What is your supporting evidence for your position on when did hominins become “human” in the last 2 million years?
3. Read and refer to at least three different sources (more sources are recommended). DO NOT use Wikipedia or similar crowd-contributed websites as sources of information for this paper. Talk with the college reference librarian for help in finding appropriate research for your paper. You may use links in the class power points to research further sources for your paper (NOT the power points themselves).
4. Recap and conclude. Your conclusion must include a restatement of your thesis and clearly reference your analysis and position on this topic.
5. Submit your completed assignment by clicking on the Turn-It-In link at the bottom of the Assignment page on the course website.
IMPORTANT:
Submit your paper as a Word doc or .docx or as .rtf or .pdf file. Canvas does not accept work submitted in .pages or as Google Docs, Google Drive shared documents or as ZIP files. I cannot grade your paper if I cannot open it!
Requirements for this Assignment
A. Type your name, the topic (Third ...
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxsamuel699872
This document provides a grading rubric for a social psychology research project. It outlines five categories for grading: introduction/thesis statement, focus and sequencing in the body, conclusion, quantity and quality of sources, and APA style. Each category is graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. The rubric provides detailed descriptions of the criteria for each score in each category. For example, for the introduction, a score of 5 indicates a strong introduction with a clear thesis statement that is highly relevant to social psychology, while a 1 indicates the topic is not adequately conveyed or a social psychology topic. The rubric will be used to grade students' social psychology group research projects out of a total of
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxrosemariebrayshaw
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18
CATEGORY
5
4
3
2
1
Introduction, thesis statement & social psych relevance
Strong introduction of topic’s key question(s), terms. Clearly delineates subtopics to be reviewed. Specific thesis statement. Relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic and key question(s) adequately. Clearly delineates most of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Mostly relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic, but not key question(s). Describes some of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Some relevance to social psych.
Problems in two of the following areas: the articulation of the topic, the key questions, subtopics or the thesis statement. Minor relevance to social psych.
Does not adequately convey topic. Does not describe subtopics to be reviewed. Lacks adequate thesis statement. Not a social psychology topic.
Focus & sequencing in the body of the paper
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Strong organization and integration of material within subtopics. Strong transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Borrowed material is clearly explained.
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic and logically organized within subtopics. Clear, varied transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Some of the borrowed material is not adequately/clearly explained.
Most material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Material may not be organized within subtopics. Attempts to provide variety of transitions. Some problems with borrowed material not being adequately/clearly explained leading to some gaps or confusion.
Only some of the material is logically organized into topic, subtopics. Some of the material is related to the main topic/thesis. Some transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Many theories, terms, concepts & studies are left unexplained
Little evidence material is logically organized into topic, subtopics or related to topic. Many transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Significant portions of borrowed material are not clearly/adequately explained, leading to reader confusion.
Conclusion
Strong review of key conclusions. Strong integration with thesis statement. Insightful discussion of impact of the researched material on topic
Good review of key conclusions. Good integration with thesis statement. Good discussion impact of researched material on topic.
Review of key conclusions. Some integration with thesis statement. Discusses impact of researched material on topic
Some review of key conclusions. Minor integration with thesis statement. Little discussion of impact of researched material on topic.
Does not summarize evidence with respect to thesis statement.
Does not discuss the impact of researched material on topic.
Assessment Rubric for Social Psych Group Research Project PG2
CATEGORY
A (5)
B (4)
C (3)
D (2)
F (1)
Quantity of sources
Document cites 5 academic sources.
Document cites 4 academic sou.
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations going to be u.docxnettletondevon
The document provides guidelines for writing an informative research paper that presents both sides of a controversial topic in a neutral manner without including personal opinions. It outlines the key components of the paper, including an introduction that hooks the reader and presents the thesis, body paragraphs that objectively present evidence and perspectives from both sides of the issue, and a conclusion that summarizes the paper without taking a stance. It also defines primary and secondary sources and discusses the importance of avoiding plagiarism.
M2-assaignmentBased on the feedback you received on your submiss.docxsmile790243
M2-assaignment
Based on the feedback you received on your submission from last week, submit a revised draft of your paper with this additional information:
1. Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources.
2. A very detailed outline of what you would like to cover in the intro/lit review of your paper. Write it as an outline and think about what you want each paragraph or section to cover. Paste your references into each section where the information from that article applies to the topic. Below is an example of the outline although the references have not been pasted in yet:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men)
i. Research question (E.g. What factors predict depression in men? For example, age, marital status, family history, stressors).
ii. Why is it important/implications (E.g. xx% of men are depressed; less likely to seek treatment; if we can identify who is at risk, may be able to direct them to treatment sooner)
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles).
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
4. Be sure to also submit all your ten references (the five from last week and the five new ones you added) in an APA-style reference page. Be sure to also include an APA-style title page with your submission. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages long. Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
M3-assaignment
In your final paper for this course, you w ...
throughout your time as a CAS student, you have been exposed to vaTakishaPeck109
throughout your time as a CAS student, you have been exposed to various developmental theories and practices that align with them. One way that we can connect theoretical understandings with developmentally appropriate practices is through the spaces we create for children and adolescents at-risk.
Develop a classroom or community center/plot of land floorplan where there is intentionality behind every inch of the space. Label each area with its purpose and what area of development it is meant to foster. Be specific, go beyond saying, "Cognitive, Social-emotional, Language, or Physical development". You should have a minimum of 4 pages:
1. A cover page (1 points) where you list your name, student ID, dat, "HW3" and then tell me about the space you are designing and for what age group and population.
· Ages can range from 4 year old's to 18 year old's
· Populations can range from a low-income classroom in an urban, suburban, or rural area to a targeted population (e.g., LGBTQIA+, sexual assault survivors, individuals with learning differences, undocumented youth, etc.)
· Overarching goal of the space you are creating
2. The visual (3 points) representation of the space you created with each area labeled
· You can do this with colored pencils and paper (take a picture or scan it) or on your ipad/tablets and computers using any software/program available to you.
· You can label using letters or numbers or short label names/descriptors
3. The index (4 points) for each area with
· a full name of the area & its goals
· the developmental aspect it is targeting
· through what processes specifically it is targeting that area of development
· Finally, how is it serving a buffer or protective factor for children and adolescents at risk
4. Reflection (2 points) on the process and how realistic your design would be in a school or organization with low resources.
· What 3 areas would you cut and what 2 areas would you absolutely fight to keep if budget was a barrier?
*** You do not need to be an artistic genius to do well on this assignment. It is most important to demonstrate your intentionality in curating spaces for children and adolescents at-risk. Importantly, it needs to be clear that you thought through different processes that impact development.
***There are no file format restrictions given that this is more than a writing assignment.
Research Paper Project Guidelines
This project is an exercise in the social scientific study of public administration,
Students are expected to perform the following tasks:
(a) Choose a substantive, empirical issue pertaining to the topic of the class. The
topic may certainly have normative implications, but it should be
fundamentally an empirical issue. The paper should not be an advocacy
document.
(b) Examine a substantial portion of the social scientific or scholarly literature
analyzing that issue.
(c) Select one or more explanations or perspectives from t ...
1) Students have an obligation to present authentic evidence to readers and properly cite sources. Common knowledge may not need citation, but new ideas, research findings, and unique ideas should be cited.
2) Direct quotations, ideas directly taken from sources, and facts/statistics must be clearly cited using a standard format like APA or MLA.
3) When evaluating websites for research, check the author's credentials, the accuracy and objectivity of the information, how current it is, and whether enough information is provided. Evaluate authors by searching for their other publications.
FOR EACH SET OF RESPONSES I HAVE THE REQUIRED INSTRUCTIONS.. pleshantayjewison
FOR EACH SET OF RESPONSES I HAVE THE REQUIRED INSTRUCTIONS.. please be sure there are 8 peer responses.. each set has their own instructions
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your peers. In responses, provide feedback on how peers’ key skills and qualifications will help get the job to which they are applying. Additionally, provide at least one suggestion on how your peers might emphasize their relevant skills to ensure that they are called in for an interview.
BRANDI’S POST:
Program of study
Bachelor of Arts Degree in Early Childhood Education
The position for which you are applying
Elementary School Teacher
How your field of study has prepared you for this position
My field of study has prepared me to be a teacher by teaching me the necessary skills for educating children. Through the courses that I have taken through this program of study, I have acquired the skills for curriculum planning, inclusion, and collaboration with parents and staff members
A connection you made while volunteering that does not really fit on your resume but will work in your Cover Letter
I volunteered in a second-grade classroom in 2001, while I was in high school, as a teacher’s assistant that gave me great insight into the workings of a classroom environment. This allowed me to see a teacher in action throughout an instructional day and give me the experience of working with children.
MAXINE’S POST:
Program of study:
Bachelors of Arts in Education
The position for which you are applying
Special Education School Teacher
How your field of study has prepared you for this position:
In my field yes and no. Yes because I have learned so much in correct terminology and what our children need in a teacher. No because as a teacher I now Know that I will always be learning new ways to understand our students.
A connection you made while volunteering that does not really fit on your resume but will work in your Cover Letter:
As I moved to Texas I was able to see how families are everything. I was involved in all 3 of my children's learning and afterschool activities as a cares volunteer, substitute teacher, coach or team mom. Being able to see what the teachers are all about helped me to understand as a parent what I needed to do to help my children at home. Now that I am proceeding in the teaching field I learned so many techniques and values from other teachers and coaches.
Respond to Peers:
Review your classmates’ posts, and respond to at least two of your peers by Day 7. When responding to your classmates, please provide feedback on their examples of good and poor critical thinking skills. Discuss additional ways one can think more critically. Each participation post should be a minimum of 75 words.
BRANDON’S POST:
·
Explain at least five elements of critical thinking that you found in the reading material
.
Like I stated in week 1, “Whether you realize it, or not critical thinking is involved in every decision made throug ...
CASE STUDY PRESENTATIONPaper Submission RequirementsPapers s.docxwendolynhalbert
CASE STUDY PRESENTATION:
Paper Submission Requirements:
Papers should be typed, double-spaced, with 12-pt font and 1-inch
margins, and should conform to APA (American Psychological Association) Style, 6th Edition. Proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation are expected
This activity is designed for students to comprehensively
understand how to complete an interview, write up findings, and present information to the class.
Each student will be required to interview a child and/or parent between the ages of 2-18 years
of age. After completing interview, the student is required to write up a biopsychosocial report
based on interview (minimum of 5 pages) and create a 10-15 minutes powerpoint presentation
regarding client.
Case Study assignment is worth 30 points and is
due on February 3,2018.
Each student needs to submit the Biopsychosocial report, Powerpoint presentation, and
Informed Consent signed on the scheduled due date.
1. Biopsychosocial – should consist of the following sections in report: presenting problem, history of
problem, developmental/medical history, family history, educational/social history, special
considerations, mental status and client’s strengths, clinical findings, diagnostic impressions, and
tentative treatment recommendations.
(15 points)
2. Powerpoint presentation – should consist of the following sections for the presentation: demographic
information, presenting problem, developmental/medical, family history, educational/social history,
diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, medication (if applicable), diversity issues, and ethical issues. (15 points)
Must include and will be graded on below.
Biopsychosocial
Report (15 pts)
Discussed presenting and history of problem
Developmental/Medical History reported
Family History is discussed
Educational/Social History reported
Special Considerations discussed
Mental Status and Client’s strengths reported
Clinical Findings is appropriate to history of problem
Diagnoses is appropriate to history of problem
Treatment recommendation is appropriate for diagnosis
Written clearly and concisely
No or few errors in grammar
No or few errors in punctuation
Provided adequate demographic information about the client
Maintained confidentiality of client’s name and characteristics
Discusses presenting problem in presentation
Developmental/Medical history discussed
Family History presented
Educational/Social History discussed
Drew correct conclusions relating to clinical diagnoses and
differential diagnoses of client
Treatment and Medication recommendation were appropriate for
diagnoses
Discussed diversity issues relating to client and therapist
Ethical issues relating working with client was reported
Presented information clearly and concisely
Student was able to answer questions about the presentation and
defend diagnoses
PHIL 101 Essay Grading Rubric
Student’s Name: Professor:
...
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxsamuel699872
This document provides a grading rubric for a social psychology research project. It outlines five categories for grading: introduction/thesis statement, focus and sequencing in the body, conclusion, quantity and quality of sources, and APA style. Each category is graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. The rubric provides detailed descriptions of the criteria for each score in each category. For example, for the introduction, a score of 5 indicates a strong introduction with a clear thesis statement that is highly relevant to social psychology, while a 1 indicates the topic is not adequately conveyed or a social psychology topic. The rubric will be used to grade students' social psychology group research projects out of a total of
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxrosemariebrayshaw
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18
CATEGORY
5
4
3
2
1
Introduction, thesis statement & social psych relevance
Strong introduction of topic’s key question(s), terms. Clearly delineates subtopics to be reviewed. Specific thesis statement. Relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic and key question(s) adequately. Clearly delineates most of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Mostly relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic, but not key question(s). Describes some of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Some relevance to social psych.
Problems in two of the following areas: the articulation of the topic, the key questions, subtopics or the thesis statement. Minor relevance to social psych.
Does not adequately convey topic. Does not describe subtopics to be reviewed. Lacks adequate thesis statement. Not a social psychology topic.
Focus & sequencing in the body of the paper
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Strong organization and integration of material within subtopics. Strong transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Borrowed material is clearly explained.
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic and logically organized within subtopics. Clear, varied transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Some of the borrowed material is not adequately/clearly explained.
Most material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Material may not be organized within subtopics. Attempts to provide variety of transitions. Some problems with borrowed material not being adequately/clearly explained leading to some gaps or confusion.
Only some of the material is logically organized into topic, subtopics. Some of the material is related to the main topic/thesis. Some transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Many theories, terms, concepts & studies are left unexplained
Little evidence material is logically organized into topic, subtopics or related to topic. Many transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Significant portions of borrowed material are not clearly/adequately explained, leading to reader confusion.
Conclusion
Strong review of key conclusions. Strong integration with thesis statement. Insightful discussion of impact of the researched material on topic
Good review of key conclusions. Good integration with thesis statement. Good discussion impact of researched material on topic.
Review of key conclusions. Some integration with thesis statement. Discusses impact of researched material on topic
Some review of key conclusions. Minor integration with thesis statement. Little discussion of impact of researched material on topic.
Does not summarize evidence with respect to thesis statement.
Does not discuss the impact of researched material on topic.
Assessment Rubric for Social Psych Group Research Project PG2
CATEGORY
A (5)
B (4)
C (3)
D (2)
F (1)
Quantity of sources
Document cites 5 academic sources.
Document cites 4 academic sou.
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations going to be u.docxnettletondevon
The document provides guidelines for writing an informative research paper that presents both sides of a controversial topic in a neutral manner without including personal opinions. It outlines the key components of the paper, including an introduction that hooks the reader and presents the thesis, body paragraphs that objectively present evidence and perspectives from both sides of the issue, and a conclusion that summarizes the paper without taking a stance. It also defines primary and secondary sources and discusses the importance of avoiding plagiarism.
M2-assaignmentBased on the feedback you received on your submiss.docxsmile790243
M2-assaignment
Based on the feedback you received on your submission from last week, submit a revised draft of your paper with this additional information:
1. Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources.
2. A very detailed outline of what you would like to cover in the intro/lit review of your paper. Write it as an outline and think about what you want each paragraph or section to cover. Paste your references into each section where the information from that article applies to the topic. Below is an example of the outline although the references have not been pasted in yet:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men)
i. Research question (E.g. What factors predict depression in men? For example, age, marital status, family history, stressors).
ii. Why is it important/implications (E.g. xx% of men are depressed; less likely to seek treatment; if we can identify who is at risk, may be able to direct them to treatment sooner)
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles).
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
4. Be sure to also submit all your ten references (the five from last week and the five new ones you added) in an APA-style reference page. Be sure to also include an APA-style title page with your submission. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages long. Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
M3-assaignment
In your final paper for this course, you w ...
throughout your time as a CAS student, you have been exposed to vaTakishaPeck109
throughout your time as a CAS student, you have been exposed to various developmental theories and practices that align with them. One way that we can connect theoretical understandings with developmentally appropriate practices is through the spaces we create for children and adolescents at-risk.
Develop a classroom or community center/plot of land floorplan where there is intentionality behind every inch of the space. Label each area with its purpose and what area of development it is meant to foster. Be specific, go beyond saying, "Cognitive, Social-emotional, Language, or Physical development". You should have a minimum of 4 pages:
1. A cover page (1 points) where you list your name, student ID, dat, "HW3" and then tell me about the space you are designing and for what age group and population.
· Ages can range from 4 year old's to 18 year old's
· Populations can range from a low-income classroom in an urban, suburban, or rural area to a targeted population (e.g., LGBTQIA+, sexual assault survivors, individuals with learning differences, undocumented youth, etc.)
· Overarching goal of the space you are creating
2. The visual (3 points) representation of the space you created with each area labeled
· You can do this with colored pencils and paper (take a picture or scan it) or on your ipad/tablets and computers using any software/program available to you.
· You can label using letters or numbers or short label names/descriptors
3. The index (4 points) for each area with
· a full name of the area & its goals
· the developmental aspect it is targeting
· through what processes specifically it is targeting that area of development
· Finally, how is it serving a buffer or protective factor for children and adolescents at risk
4. Reflection (2 points) on the process and how realistic your design would be in a school or organization with low resources.
· What 3 areas would you cut and what 2 areas would you absolutely fight to keep if budget was a barrier?
*** You do not need to be an artistic genius to do well on this assignment. It is most important to demonstrate your intentionality in curating spaces for children and adolescents at-risk. Importantly, it needs to be clear that you thought through different processes that impact development.
***There are no file format restrictions given that this is more than a writing assignment.
Research Paper Project Guidelines
This project is an exercise in the social scientific study of public administration,
Students are expected to perform the following tasks:
(a) Choose a substantive, empirical issue pertaining to the topic of the class. The
topic may certainly have normative implications, but it should be
fundamentally an empirical issue. The paper should not be an advocacy
document.
(b) Examine a substantial portion of the social scientific or scholarly literature
analyzing that issue.
(c) Select one or more explanations or perspectives from t ...
1) Students have an obligation to present authentic evidence to readers and properly cite sources. Common knowledge may not need citation, but new ideas, research findings, and unique ideas should be cited.
2) Direct quotations, ideas directly taken from sources, and facts/statistics must be clearly cited using a standard format like APA or MLA.
3) When evaluating websites for research, check the author's credentials, the accuracy and objectivity of the information, how current it is, and whether enough information is provided. Evaluate authors by searching for their other publications.
FOR EACH SET OF RESPONSES I HAVE THE REQUIRED INSTRUCTIONS.. pleshantayjewison
FOR EACH SET OF RESPONSES I HAVE THE REQUIRED INSTRUCTIONS.. please be sure there are 8 peer responses.. each set has their own instructions
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your peers. In responses, provide feedback on how peers’ key skills and qualifications will help get the job to which they are applying. Additionally, provide at least one suggestion on how your peers might emphasize their relevant skills to ensure that they are called in for an interview.
BRANDI’S POST:
Program of study
Bachelor of Arts Degree in Early Childhood Education
The position for which you are applying
Elementary School Teacher
How your field of study has prepared you for this position
My field of study has prepared me to be a teacher by teaching me the necessary skills for educating children. Through the courses that I have taken through this program of study, I have acquired the skills for curriculum planning, inclusion, and collaboration with parents and staff members
A connection you made while volunteering that does not really fit on your resume but will work in your Cover Letter
I volunteered in a second-grade classroom in 2001, while I was in high school, as a teacher’s assistant that gave me great insight into the workings of a classroom environment. This allowed me to see a teacher in action throughout an instructional day and give me the experience of working with children.
MAXINE’S POST:
Program of study:
Bachelors of Arts in Education
The position for which you are applying
Special Education School Teacher
How your field of study has prepared you for this position:
In my field yes and no. Yes because I have learned so much in correct terminology and what our children need in a teacher. No because as a teacher I now Know that I will always be learning new ways to understand our students.
A connection you made while volunteering that does not really fit on your resume but will work in your Cover Letter:
As I moved to Texas I was able to see how families are everything. I was involved in all 3 of my children's learning and afterschool activities as a cares volunteer, substitute teacher, coach or team mom. Being able to see what the teachers are all about helped me to understand as a parent what I needed to do to help my children at home. Now that I am proceeding in the teaching field I learned so many techniques and values from other teachers and coaches.
Respond to Peers:
Review your classmates’ posts, and respond to at least two of your peers by Day 7. When responding to your classmates, please provide feedback on their examples of good and poor critical thinking skills. Discuss additional ways one can think more critically. Each participation post should be a minimum of 75 words.
BRANDON’S POST:
·
Explain at least five elements of critical thinking that you found in the reading material
.
Like I stated in week 1, “Whether you realize it, or not critical thinking is involved in every decision made throug ...
CASE STUDY PRESENTATIONPaper Submission RequirementsPapers s.docxwendolynhalbert
CASE STUDY PRESENTATION:
Paper Submission Requirements:
Papers should be typed, double-spaced, with 12-pt font and 1-inch
margins, and should conform to APA (American Psychological Association) Style, 6th Edition. Proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation are expected
This activity is designed for students to comprehensively
understand how to complete an interview, write up findings, and present information to the class.
Each student will be required to interview a child and/or parent between the ages of 2-18 years
of age. After completing interview, the student is required to write up a biopsychosocial report
based on interview (minimum of 5 pages) and create a 10-15 minutes powerpoint presentation
regarding client.
Case Study assignment is worth 30 points and is
due on February 3,2018.
Each student needs to submit the Biopsychosocial report, Powerpoint presentation, and
Informed Consent signed on the scheduled due date.
1. Biopsychosocial – should consist of the following sections in report: presenting problem, history of
problem, developmental/medical history, family history, educational/social history, special
considerations, mental status and client’s strengths, clinical findings, diagnostic impressions, and
tentative treatment recommendations.
(15 points)
2. Powerpoint presentation – should consist of the following sections for the presentation: demographic
information, presenting problem, developmental/medical, family history, educational/social history,
diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, medication (if applicable), diversity issues, and ethical issues. (15 points)
Must include and will be graded on below.
Biopsychosocial
Report (15 pts)
Discussed presenting and history of problem
Developmental/Medical History reported
Family History is discussed
Educational/Social History reported
Special Considerations discussed
Mental Status and Client’s strengths reported
Clinical Findings is appropriate to history of problem
Diagnoses is appropriate to history of problem
Treatment recommendation is appropriate for diagnosis
Written clearly and concisely
No or few errors in grammar
No or few errors in punctuation
Provided adequate demographic information about the client
Maintained confidentiality of client’s name and characteristics
Discusses presenting problem in presentation
Developmental/Medical history discussed
Family History presented
Educational/Social History discussed
Drew correct conclusions relating to clinical diagnoses and
differential diagnoses of client
Treatment and Medication recommendation were appropriate for
diagnoses
Discussed diversity issues relating to client and therapist
Ethical issues relating working with client was reported
Presented information clearly and concisely
Student was able to answer questions about the presentation and
defend diagnoses
PHIL 101 Essay Grading Rubric
Student’s Name: Professor:
...
Develop a 3–4 page research paper based on a selected case study rel.docxbradburgess22840
Develop a 3–4 page research paper based on a selected case study related to reproductive choices. Since the processes of reproduction and birth represent one of the potential biological outcomes of heterosexual activity, it is important to examine the biological foundations of human sexuality. This includes knowledge of fertilization and early development, including some of the most recent findings. There is more than a litany of birth control methods; this assessment offers a sound basis for understanding the issues to be weighed in personal decision making about contraception and abortion, which continue to generate debate and controversy.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply psychological theories to topics in human sexuality.
Apply psychological theories to a case study in human sexuality.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Apply scholarly research findings to a case study in human sexuality.
Competency 3: Explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality.
Explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.
Use APA format and style.
APA Resources
Because this is a psychology course, you need to format this assessment according to APA guidelines. Additional resources about APA can be found in the Research Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. Use the resources to guide your work as needed.
American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Available from the
bookstore
.
APA Paper Template [DOCX]
.
Required Resources
The following resource is required to complete the assessment.
Human Sexuality Case Studies: Sexuality Confronts Social Policy
|
Transcript
.
Suggested Resources
The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment. They provide helpful information about the topics. You may use other resources of your choice to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The
PSYC-FP2800 – Introduction to Human Sexuality Library Guide
can help direct your research. The Supplemental Resources and Research Resources, both linked from the left navigation menu in your courseroom, provide additional resources to help support you.
Human Sexuality and Reproductive Choices
Kelly, G. F. (2015).
Sexuality today
(11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Available from the
bookstore
.
Chapter 10, "Reprod.
Literature ReviewsPlanning and Writing Them1You’ve.docxsmile790243
Literature Reviews
Planning and Writing Them
1
You’ve done the hard part!
You did your secondary research with your annotated bibliography
Now, take that research and compile it into a cohesive, useful narrative that explains the “conversation” around the topic you’re going to be looking into
2
What is a lit review?
Lit reviews usually are at the beginnings of research articles
Summarize the “conversation” on the subject and establish why your study is important
Look at Zakreski article, Greene article – see in the beginning of their articles, they summarize and explain what others have had to say about the topic
Your annotated bib should easily transition into what will be the first part of your paper, the literature review.
Duggar has lots of citations; 16 in her bib. She talks about lots of different ideas here to lay the groundwork for what she is going to do
Greene has fewer, but has more to say about them
3
Three functions of a lit review
Your literature review will become the first part of your research paper. Thus, it should do three things:
Include a short introduction that defines or identifies the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature (this is called establishing a territory)
Synthesize other research on the topic, explaining what is known about it
Conclude by stating what is missing, what is controversial, what is not yet known, or what needs to be resolved in the discussion. This will provide the transition later to your own study and your research questions (this is called “establishing a niche”)
4
How do I write it?
Your literature review should synthesize all the information from your annotated bibliography
You can organize the information chronologically
You can organize the information by topic
by least-most recent studies or vice versa; clump everything by what was found, what
5
How do I write it, con’t
Your lit review should have an intro, body, and conclusion
This is not true of ALL lit reviews, but it is a good general rule to follow
The intro will serve at the intro to your paper
The body will establish the “conversation”
The conclusion will serve to transition your paper into a discussion of your study
The body can (and probably should) have multiple paragraphs, based on how you’ve organized it
6
About the conclusion
In the conclusion, you want to establish why your study is important
You need to somehow point out a gap in the knowledge, a question you have about other research, or a counter-point you want to raise
If you can’t prove that your study authentically adds to the conversation, then you really shouldn’t be doing the research
Leads to your methods section
7
Example lit reviews
See the link on Isidore on the “Info on Lit Reviews” page, “Example Lit Review”
From York College in New York – web.York.cuny.edu/~washton/student/Org-Behavior/lit_rev_eg.pdf
Also see https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res ...
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay The purpose of this essay .docxgidmanmary
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay
The purpose of this essay is to give you the opportunity to develop a viewpoint on a word and its representation within a particular context or situation. First, you will closely observe different representations of the word and consider several viewpoints and perspectives. After considering those various perspectives, you will develop and articulate your own unique interpretation and definition of a word, and then support your definition with explanation, description, and research.
Characteristics of the Definition Essay
A successful essay
provides an engaging introduction of the example to prepare the context for the word itself with respect to your audience
narrows the definition of the word by providing a specific thesis at the end of your introduction
makes use of description and examples through close observation in supporting paragraphs to support the thesis
includes specific details and evidence from secondary sources
creates an objective stance by the use of third-person voice
integrates quotations from secondary sources
conforms to MLA guidelines for source documentation and format.
Topic: Please define one of the below terms:
Beauty
Courage
Femininity
Friendship
Greed
Happiness
Leadership
Love
Masculinity
Patriotic
Smart
Successful
As you define your selected term, consider the following questions:
What is an appropriate definition of the term?
What are characteristics society often associates with the term?
Is there a characteristic you think should not be associated with the term?
How does the media (e.g., television, movies, news, social media, etc.) often portray the “term”?
Are there positive connotations of the term?
Are there any negative connotations of the term?
Is the term defined differently in other cultures?
Should society rethink the use of the term?
Is the term overused?
Are there instances in which another term should be used to articulate a point?
As you write your essay, do not try to answer all of the questions in your essay. I suggest that you consider these questions as you define your term (concept).
Length of Paper: at least 3 pages
Important Reminders
Do not write a personal narrative about yourself or someone you know. The focus of this essay should be on the term, concepts, and characteristics.
Reference and cite at least three secondary sources in your essay. One of your sources should come from the TCC database. You may reference and cite a dictionary, but you should count a dictionary as a fourth source. Also, do not cite Wikipedia as a source.
Do not write in second person (e.g., you, your, yourself, or imperative sentence).
MAKE SURE YOUR PAPER HAS A TITLE. YOUR TITLE IS NOT THE REWORDING OF THE PROMPT. YOUR TITLE SHOULD REFLECT YOUR THESIS, OR THE PREMISE OF YOUR ESSAY!!!!!!!
Submission:
Please do not email your final papers!
Please remember to attach all rough drafts with your submissions.
Please remember to save an electronic version of t ...
Portfolio Option #2 Hospice Facility Consultant EssayYou are a co.docxsarantatersall
Portfolio Option #2: Hospice Facility Consultant Essay
You are a consultant in a hospice facility for adult patients who come from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The administration has two concerns. First, there have been many patient complaints filed indicating that the staff is abusive, both physically and psychologically.
It is possible that the staff is being abusive (e.g., pulling them out of bed roughly, causing injury), or that the patients are misinterpreting the staff’s behavior (e.g., dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease may lead them to believe they are not being fed).
Second, the patients have difficulty complying with their medication regime, with some seeking alternative methods for treating their illnesses and coping with the dying process.
Based on what you learned in this course, what information should be given to the staff to address both issues? Be sure to specify the following:
Ways in which staff can ensure that patient care is applied in a consistent and respectful manner. Physical and cognitive abilities/limitations should be described. For example, a patient may have physical impairments that make it difficult for him/her to move with ease or to see/hear properly. Cognitive impairments (e.g., dementia) may distort patient perceptions.
Ways in which the staff can get compliance from patients to take medications, as well as ways to show understanding for the patients’ varied cultural and ethical beliefs, although implementation of alternative methods can only be allowed if they are not illegal.
Ways in which staff can ease the coping and acceptance process for patients and their families related to dying and death. In particular, patients must be informed of choices available while in the hospital (e.g., DNR) and for their funerals, while the staff helps the families cope with mourning, bereavement, and grief over the loss of kin.
Preliminary Deliverables
Week 4:
Submit Project Topic and Preliminary Examination:
Explain why this topic is important to you (in one paragraph), and write a brief overview of the types of illnesses/injuries requiring hospice care (in 2-3 paragraphs). Then, describe a few of your selected furniture and interior design options and explain why they would be optimal for adults in hospice care (in two paragraphs).
Week 6: Submit an Annotated Bibliography and Reference List.
You are required to glean appropriate sources from the CSU-Global Library (including academic, professional, and peer-reviewed journal articles) and prepare an annotated bibliography using five to seven of these relevant sources. You certainly should also consider using the assigned readings as supplemental citations. This annotated bibliography must be written in APA format, according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements
.
Final Paper Instructions:
Your double-spaced paper should be 7-9 pages in length (not counting the required title and reference pages).
Include an introduction. It must provi.
Develop a 2–3 page paper in which you compare and contrast two gendemackulaytoni
Develop a 2–3 page paper in which you compare and contrast two gender identity theories and apply one theory to your own gender identity development or to that of someone you know.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Summarize two gender identity theories that explain the process of gender identity development.
Apply a theory to explain a case of gender identity development.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Support the application of theories with scholarly or professionally credible sources.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
Communicate gender identity theories in a manner that conveys understanding of concepts and clearly supports central ideas and conclusions.
Write in a manner that is coherent and supports the central idea using APA standards as required and correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.
APA Resources
Because this is a psychology course, you need to format this assessment according to APA guidelines. Additional resources about APA can be found in the Research Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. Use the resources to guide your work as needed.
American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Available from the
bookstore
.
APA Paper Template [DOCX]
.
Suggested Resources
The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment. They provide helpful information about the topics. You may use other resources of your choice to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The
PSYC-FP2800 – Introduction to Human Sexuality Library Guide
can help direct your research. The Supplemental Resources and Research Resources, both linked from the left navigation menu in your courseroom, provide additional resources to help support you.
Gender Development
Kelly, G. F. (2015).
Sexuality today
(11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Available from the
bookstore
.
The chapters in this resource provide a foundation for understanding gender development.
Chapter 1, "Cultural, Historical, and Research Perspectives on Sexuality," pages 4–31.
Chapter 2, "Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology," pages 32–57.
Chapter 3, "Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology," pages 58–75.
Chapter 4, "Human Sexual Arousal and Response," pages 76–98.
Chapter 5, "Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender," pages 99–129.
FMG Video.
Click the following link to view a video purchased through Films Media Group for use in this Capella course. Any distribution of video content ...
AP LanguageMrs. MathewUnit 3 Synthesis ProjectYou will .docxjesuslightbody
AP Language
Mrs. Mathew
Unit 3: Synthesis Project
You will be creating an AP Exam Synthesis Question. The Synthesis Question gives you several sources and asks you to combine (synthesize) them with your own thoughts to create a cohesive essay. This is the same goal as a research paper. Your question (prompt) and sources should be formatted, labeled, and presented as on the AP Lang Exam. This will be modeled after the ones in the sample packets you were given.
Source Requirements:
· 8 sources
· No sources older than 10 years
· At least two sources published within the last two years (2020, 2021, 2022)
· Provide 1-2 sources that are images (political cartoons, graphs, charts, etc.)
· Sources should demonstrate a range of positions and approaches to the topic. Your goal is to figure out what 2-3 of the main “sides” are in the debate around the issue and represent those sides fairly.
Research Resources:
· Use this
link to access academic databases through CPS and Lane.
Example topics:
· Security vs Privacy: Personal Rights
· Standardized Education Movement
· Parenting Styles of the 21st Century
· Why Movements Matter: Voices of the People
· Technology’s Impact on American Families
Project Requirements:
Include, neatly formatted in one document
· Prompt page with directions, introduction, and assignment
· 6 sources
·
MLA citation of each source
· 3 potential thesis statements for this essay
a. One that is open
b. One that is closed
c. One that is a counter argument thesis.
· Choose one thesis statement, and create an outline of a response to ensure that others can synthesize these sources.
The most effective Synthesis Prompts give the test-takers a wide variety of sources to consider. These sources are of various types, lengths, and opinions. This diversity allows each test-taker to choose their own individual approach to the assignment while providing them with the tools to adequately synthesize into their paper.
You are going to choose EIGHT sources specific to your assigned topic. This will ensure that your group will be providing sources that show the complexity of the issue.
Therefore, when choosing your sources, keep several guidelines in mind:
1. Choose sources that cover a variety of viewpoints on your assigned topic, making sure to keep the sides evenly represented.
2. Choose sources from a wide variety of locations and formats. Use the list below as guidance; it is certainly not all-inclusive. Requirements are in CAPITAL letters. Beyond those required types, you may choose the rest of your sources at your discretion.
**ACADEMIC JOURNAL
National Newspaper (online or print editions)
Data
Online Article (NO WIKIPEDIA)
**EDITORIAL
Poll Results
** NEWS WEBSITE
Popular Culture Magazine
**IMAGE (graphs, charts, cartoons, photos)
Primary Book Source
Essay by an expert
Private Web Page or Blog post
Field-Specific Magazine article
Published letter from individual
Government Publicat.
Part 2-Journal Article AssignmentChoose a research study, desc.docxherbertwilson5999
Part 2-Journal Article Assignment
Choose a research study, describe it in APA format, interpret it, and critique it. The research article chosen must be a minimum of 3 pages in length with a minimum of 5 references or sources (references are listed at the end of the article).Please see “Journal Article Assignment” following this for specific details and the grading rubric.
A. Describe a research study 40 points
Reference citation
Title
Introduction
B. Method of research 40 points
Methods
Results
Discussion
C. Critique 40 points
a. Characteristics of the article that demonstrates the relation of Psychology as a science
b. Strengths and limitations of the study
c. Description of the research method usedLast Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 5 of 13
d. Possible causal inferences of the study
e. Statistical and/or practical significance
f. Validity of conclusions
D. Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation 15 points
E. Evaluation/Interpretation/Practical Application 15 points
Instructions: Type, double spaced, 12 pt. font and save as a Microsoft Word document. THEN attach it electronically to the Drop Box established for this course. No late papers allowed!
Journal Article Assignment (Research Method-Part 2) Information
Being able to read and critique research is an essential skill in psychological inquiry. This assignment will allow you to begin to understand the format for research conducted in the field of Psychology. This assignment is mandatory for the course. No late submissions will be accepted.
IF YOU HAVE COMPLETED AND SUBMITTED THIS ASSIGNMENT FOR ANOTHER PSYCHOLOGY COURSE, YOU MAY NOT USE THE SAME JOURNAL ARTICLE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THIS WILL RESULT IN AN “F” FOR THE ENTIRE COURSE.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide students an opportunity to familiarize themselves with published research. The tasks of the assignment are as follows:
1. Choose an empirical article from a professional journal where the author(s) describe the purpose, method, and results of a scientific investigation. Some examples of relevant journals in Psychology are:
Developmental Psychology
Human Development
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
Child Development
Adolescence
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Aging and Cognition
Psychology and Aging
Research on Aging
Journal of Black Psychology
Developmental Review
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of Marriage and the Family
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Death Studies
Last Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 6 of 13
Note that not all research articles are complicated reading. As a novice, it might help to browse through the journals until you come upon one that is of interest as well as readable.
2. Identify your article by including a full APA style reference of it at the top of your assignment.
3. Briefly summarize the research article using the headings most common to such empirical reports. You will include specific page numbers.
Human Development WorksheetUsing the Human Development Case St.docxsalmonpybus
Human Development Worksheet
Using the Human Development Case Studies media piece, select
one of the case studies to analyze. In the worksheet, you will be assessed on the following:
Describe a life stage based on a developmental theory.
Summarize developmental theories and apply them to a case.
Apply findings from scholarly research to a case.
Communicate clearly with appropriate purpose, organization, tone, and sentence structure.
Cite sources using author and year in the body of the work and provide a reference for each source
Instructions: Follow the instructions. The boxes in the table are for you to provide the information in answer to the prompts.
As you type, the boxes will stretch to accommodate your typing as you go. You will need space to work on applying theory and research to the case.
Case
Name the person in the case study and describe in your own words their current situation. Explain the stage of life the person is in according to the theories you selected.
Prompt
Description
Name:
Current Situation:
Stage of Life:
Theory
Explain the theories you selected to apply to the case. Once you explain the theory in general, provide details about the stage for the person in the case you selected. Explain how the theory helps to understand their development and their situation.
Prompt
Description
Selected Theories:
Stage Details:
How theory helps the understanding of development:
Research
Provide professional and scholarly information to support your thinking in the case. Explain what the professional or researcher says. Explain how this information relates to the case, such as the person’s life stage and the problems they are facing
Prompt
Description
What the professional information or research says:
How this information relates to the case:
References
Place your references in alphabetical order and in APA format. Use one line for each reference.
You will need at least three resources - at least one source to explain the theory, and at least two with professional information and research. You may have more than three: add more rows as needed.
Reference Number
Reference
Reference 1
Reference 2
Reference 3
1
2
image1.png
· Assignment
For this week's assignment, you will choose one case study to analyze from the Human Development Case Studies media piece. If you haven't done so, view the piece from last week's Prepare study and choose your case study.
Part of your assignment requires you to use scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles to support your claims. You will need at least three sources for this assignment. Be sure to choose at least one resource that supports your theory and at least two resources that will help you explain how the research supports your claims.
Note that your textbook is a good source to provide information on the theories that you will use to apply to the case.
You may use
one of the following articles as one of your scholarly s.
Research Presentation instructions Research Question andCitation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Presentation instructions
Research Question andCitations
The Research Presentation begins with a research question and a bibliographic search. You should identify 2 to 4 studies that address the same research question. Please send your References to me with citations written in APA style --see APA Manual of Style, 6th ed. -- no later than the date listed in the Calendar. I will use your Research Question to peruse the titles to make sure they look like original reports of empirical studies that are all on the same research question, and I will do an APA check on one of your citations. No grade will be taken; however, part of your presentation grade depends on using appropriate articles and writing your References page in APA style. If you are in doubt about whether a study is an "original report of an empirical study," feel free to attach it to the Citations and RQ email. Please start early on this assignment and plan to spend several hours searching for the right kind of articles that are all on the same research question. If you need assistance with APA style, please consult the Kail and Cavanaugh text References for many examples of APA-style reference citations.
A sampling of possible topics is listed here, but please feel free to examine other topics of interest. It helps to define your topic in terms of the “effects of X on Y in Z population.” For example:
Effects of X...
...on Y...
...in Z population
Example Research Questions
pretend play, parenting conflict, violence, divorce, alcoholism, daycare, self-esteem, social isolation, untimely death of family member, homelessness, early reading, eating disorders
intelligence, creativity, school achievement, social well-being language development, attachment, identity, physical health, dating practices
preschoolers, elementary school students, children, high school students, infants, adolescents, seniors, young adults
1. What are the effects of pretend play on language development in preschoolers?
2. What are the effects of pretend play on school achievement in elementary school students.
3. What are the effects of family violence on social well-being in adolescents?
4. What are the effects of peer pressure on academic achievement in middle-schoolers?
NB: Please make sure that the items you choose for each "variable" in your research question work together sensibly.
Examples of relevant journals at the ISU Cunningham Memorial Library include: Developmental Psychology, Human Development, Infancy, Adolescence, Child Development, Social Development, Childhood and Adolescence, Family and Community Health, Family Relations and Child Development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Child Language. There are many other journals that also publish empirical reports of studies on human development. Increasingly, reputable journals are available online. If you have a question about a given source, ...
TITLE OF PAPER HERE1TITLE OF PAPER HERE3Full Title TakishaPeck109
TITLE OF PAPER HERE 1
TITLE OF PAPER HERE 3
Full Title of Paper Here
Student Name (First M. Last)
Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University
Author Note
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Email:
Full Title
Start with an introduction (don’t use a title for it). The intro will have the purpose of the paper, brief background (what culture you are discussing), brief outline of the paper for reader (what they should be expecting), and transition sentence to the first heading, “Events Attended” – one paragraph.
Events Attended (level 1 headings)
Describe the events attended and what happened (aprox. 250-300 words)
Comparison with Expectations
Discuss how your experience of actual cultural events compare with the expectations you had developed from the readings and Internet/media explorations you did in Cultural Immersion Project – Part 1. (approximately 250 words)
Emotional Impact
Describe how participation in these immersion events impact you emotionally. In other words, what was it like to be a minority in this group? (approximately 250 words)
As you consider your own cultural background, describe why do you think you responded the way you did? (approximately 250 words)
Key Things Learned
What are some key things that you have learned about this culture through these events? (approximately 250 words)
Counseling Theories Validated for This Group
Discuss counseling theories and techniques that have been empirically validated as effective with this group. You can use the McGoldrick et al. text for this section, and peer reviewed articles. Use a minimum of three resources. (approximately 250 words).
Identify three theoretical approaches (i.e. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Reality Therapy, Person-Centered, etc.) that have been empirically validated as effective with the selected group (for any credit student must cite a peer reviewed journal supporting the use of the theory given).
Identify three counseling techniques (miracle question, reflective listening, thought-stopping techniques, mindfulness, etc.) that have been empirically validated as effective with the selected group (for any credit student must cite a peer reviewed journal supporting the use of the technique given).
Student describes how characteristics noted above relate to counseling with this group, including resilience building and eliminating obstacles and illuminating opportunities.
References
References start here with a hanging indent. Double space and list references alphabetically by author’s last name. Review your APA Manual for formatting requirements for specific types of sources.
References should include at least 3 scholarly sources on your cultural group of interest (the resources must published by 2005 or later) focusing on counseling theories and counseling techniques. A pertinent, unassigned chapter from the McGoldrick et al. text may count as 1 of these reso ...
Ashford 6 - Week 5 - Final PaperIntegrative Personality Theory .docxlauricesatu
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Final Paper
Integrative Personality Theory
For your final paper, you will complete the rest of the assignment which you began in week three and create your own theory of personality development by synthesizing the concepts and constructs of all the theories that seem most accurate and appropriate to you and by using those concepts to reflect on your own personality and development. Remember to use
the template
provided to guide you through the steps.
Research a minimum of eight scholarly sources related to these concepts in the Ashford University Library to support your statements in the paper. Popular websites and your textbook may augment, but they will not count toward, the minimum number of sources needed for the paper. The following content and headings must be included in your paper.
Please visit the Ashford Writing Center for guidance on how to format headings in APA Style. Also, please take note of the suggestions provided for the length for each section in the instructions below.
Instructions:
Provide a general introduction to the topic of theories of personality. Explain what you plan to cover and describe the direction your paper will take. This section will not feature a heading, and it will be approximately two to three paragraphs.
Major Concepts
In this section, you will present the seven specific concepts identified from the seven models you think best apply to the study of personality in distinct subheadings. For each concept, identify the major personality model from which the concept was taken as well as the theorist associated with that model. This completed section will be approximately four to five pages.
Excluded Concepts
In this section, present the concepts you have chosen to exclude in your theory of personality development. Reflect on the basic assumptions that define personality and identify three specific excluded concepts from any of the theories studied in the course. For each of the excluded concepts, provide a rationale explaining the various aspects of the concept that make it unsuitable for your use. This section will be approximately one to two pages.
The Differences between Healthy and Unhealthy Personalities
Describe the basic differences between healthy and unhealthy personality, based on the concepts that you have chosen to include and exclude from your theory. This completed section will be approximately one page.
The Roles of Heredity, the Environment, and Epigenetics
Provide your analysis of the roles heredity, the environment, and epigenetics play in the development of personality. Discuss how heredity and the environment might affect personality disorders. This completed section will be approximately one page.
Assessment and Measurement of the Theory
Reflect on the major concepts you have selected for inclusion and provide a brief description about how those concepts are measured and/or assessed. Review the assessment sections of each chapter and .
This document outlines the typical sections of an introduction chapter for a research study:
1. The background of the study provides context for the problem and its importance.
2. The statement of the problem and hypothesis indicates the purpose and specific questions of the investigation, including the general problem statement and hypotheses.
3. The theoretical and conceptual framework discusses theories and concepts supporting the study.
4. The significance of the study discusses the study's importance and contributions.
5. Definition of terms defines key terms used in the study.
The document outlines the typical sections included in an introduction chapter of a research study: background of the study, statement of the problem and hypothesis, theoretical and conceptual framework, significance of the study, and definition of terms. It provides guidance on developing each section, including stating the research problem and sub-problems, developing a hypothesis, and defining key terms. Examples are also provided.
Learning ResourcesRequired ReadingsToseland, R. W., & Ri.docxfestockton
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017).
An introduction to group work practice
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 11, “Task Groups: Foundation Methods” (pp. 336-363)
Chapter 12, “Task Groups: Specialized Methods” (pp. 364–395)
Van Velsor, P. (2009). Task groups in the school setting: Promoting children’s social and emotional learning.
Journal for Specialists in Group Work
,
34
(3), 276–292.
Document:
Group Wiki Project Guidelines (PDF)
Recommended Resources
Holosko, M. J., Dulmus, C. N., & Sowers, K. M. (2013). Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 1 “Assessment of Children”
Chapter 2 “Intervention with Children”
Discussion: Task Groups
Group work is a commonly used method within school settings. Because peer interaction is important in the emotional and social development of children, the task group can serve as a wonderful therapeutic setting and tool; however, many factors should be considered when implementing this type of intervention.
For this Discussion, read the Van Velsor (2009) article.
By Day 3
Post
your understanding of task groups as an intervention for children. Use the model for effective problem solving to compare and contrast (how to identify the problem, develop goals, collect data). How does this model differ from a traditional treatment group? What are the advantages and possible disadvantages of this model? Describe how you might use this model for adults. What populations would most benefit from this model?
.
LeamosEscribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de lo.docxfestockton
Leamos/Escribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de los verbos en paréntesis. Usa el pretérito o el imperfecto.
Yo __1__ (criarse) en el campo, pero mi familia __2__
(mudarse) a la ciudad cuando yo tenía doce años. Hablábamos
aymara en mi pueblo, y mi mamá no __3__ (expresarse) bien en
español. Mis hermanos y yo __4__ (comunicarse) sin problema
porque habíamos estudiado español en el colegio. Con dificultad
nosotros __5__ (acostumbrarse) al estilo de vida.Yo __6__
(preocuparse) por todo. No me __7__ (gustar) el ruido de los
carros. Pero poco a poco, nostros __8__ (asimilar) el modo de
ser de la gente de la cuidad.Yo __9__ (graduarse) de la
universidad hace poco, mi hermano mayor ahora es arquitecto, y
mi hermano menor __10__ (casarse) el mes pasado.
.
Leadership via vision is necessary for success. Discuss in detail .docxfestockton
Leadership via "vision" is necessary for success. Discuss in detail the qualities that a leader must exhibit in order to be considered visionary and, further, how these qualities may be learned and developed. Provide research and share insight on the determination of a specific leadership theory associated with leadership via vision. Cite your posting in proper APA format and ensure that your posting provides a minimum of 5 paragraphs.
.
Learning about Language by Observing and ListeningThe real.docxfestockton
Learning about Language by Observing and Listening
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust
The UCSD experience encompasses academic as well as social learning. Therefore, we learn not only from our courses, but from the people we meet on campus and the experiences we have with them. Life is a journey of self-discovery. As individuals, we are constantly seeking to determine who we are and where we belong in the world. Throughout this process, language is both a bridge and a barrier to communication and human growth.
The general subject matter for this essay is language or language communities. The source of your information will be what you observe and hear by listening to others. The goal is to do a project based on what our own minds can comprehend from diligent observation, note-taking, and reasoning. You should arrive at a reasoned (not emotional) conclusion. The conclusion/result of your experiment is your thesis and should be presented in the opening paragraph in one sentence. Secondary material should not be brought into this essay. Thus, this is not an essay that needs to be the result of academic texts or online sources. The research is what you see and how you interpret what you see and hear. It will be up to you to determine what particular focus your essay will take and wahat meaning you wish to convey to your reader. Do the exploratory writing activities on pages 73-76. These activities will guide you through an analysis of some of the reflections you completed in the first part of your book. Once you determine your focus, you will use the information you have already gathered and additional information you will research to clarify your ideas and provide evidence for the points you wish to make.
If you prefer a more direct prompt, the suggested topics listed below might be helpful to you. Choose one of the following topics to establish a focus and direction.
1) From your observations and conversations, what assumptions and stereotypes do we make about people based on language and behavior? What did you learn from the experiment?
2) You may examine body language as well as verbal language. Explore nonverbal communication in a group. What conclusions can you come to regarding the group based on nonverbal behavior?
3) Did you observe language differences between men and women here at UCSD Notice the ways in which men and women treat one another. Observe the language you hear on campus.
How do women greet one another? How do men greet each other? Do not just note the similarities or differences. Explain and interpret the information.
4) Observe and identify a code language on campus, on your job, or in your personal arena. How is language used? Is it effective? Analyze.
5) Have you become keenly aware of code switching? Who utilizes this language? In your observations and conversations, did you find code switching to be an acceptable form of lang.
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic Spanish Language Edit.docxfestockton
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic Spanish Language Edition
The Ages and Stages Questionnaires-Social Emotional (ASQ-SE)
Learning Accomplishment Profile-3 (LAP-3)
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Purpose of the screening-what can an early childhood professional do with the results? What should happen next?
.
Learning about Language by Observing and ListeningThe real voy.docxfestockton
Learning about Language by Observing and Listening
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust
The UCSD experience encompasses academic as well as social learning. Therefore, we learn not only from our courses, but from the people we meet on campus and the experiences we have with them. Life is a journey of self-discovery. As individuals, we are constantly seeking to determine who we are and where we belong in the world. Throughout this process, language is both a bridge and a barrier to communication and human growth.
The general subject matter for this essay is language or language communities. The source of your information will be what you observe and hear by listening to others. The goal is to do a project based on what our own minds can comprehend from diligent observation, note-taking, and reasoning. You should arrive at a reasoned (not emotional) conclusion. The conclusion/result of your experiment is your thesis and should be presented in the opening paragraph in one sentence. Secondary material should not be brought into this essay. Thus, this is not an essay that needs to be the result of academic texts or online sources. The research is what you see and how you interpret what you see and hear. It will be up to you to determine what particular focus your essay will take and wahat meaning you wish to convey to your reader. Do the exploratory writing activities on pages 73-76. These activities will guide you through an analysis of some of the reflections you completed in the first part of your book. Once you determine your focus, you will use the information you have already gathered and additional information you will research to clarify your ideas and provide evidence for the points you wish to make.
If you prefer a more direct prompt, the suggested topics listed below might be helpful to you. Choose one of the following topics to establish a focus and direction.
1) From your observations and conversations, what assumptions and stereotypes do we make about people based on language and behavior? What did you learn from the experiment?
2) You may examine body language as well as verbal language. Explore nonverbal communication in a group. What conclusions can you come to regarding the group based on nonverbal behavior?
3) Did you observe language differences between men and women here at UCSD Notice the ways in which men and women treat one another. Observe the language you hear on campus.
How do women greet one another? How do men greet each other? Do not just note the similarities or differences. Explain and interpret the information.
4) Observe and identify a code language on campus, on your job, or in your personal arena. How is language used? Is it effective? Analyze.
5) Have you become keenly aware of code switching? Who utilizes this language? In your observations and conversations, did you find code switching to be an accepta.
LEARNING OUTCOMES1. Have knowledge and understanding of the pri.docxfestockton
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Have knowledge and understanding of the principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, and of the way in which these principles have developed.
2. Deal with issues relating to Constitutional and Administrative Law both systematically and creatively, recognising potential alternative conclusions for particular situations and providing supporting reasons for such conclusions.
3. Demonstrate self-direction and originality in tackling and solving problems relating to Constitutional and Administrative Law.
4. Research primary and secondary sources of Constitutional and Administrative Law.
5. Communicate thoughts and ideas in writing and/or orally, using the English language and legal terminology with care, clarity and accuracy.
6. Manage time effectively.
QUESTION:
A recently elected Government, concerned about rising gun crime by drug dealers, has introduced a Bill into Parliament to bring back the death penalty for any person convicted of causing death by the use of a firearm and which is also related to an illegal drug trade.
Human Rights UK (HRUK), part of a worldwide protest organisation called ‘Global Human Rights’ is opposed to the death penalty in any circumstances. HRUK has many thousands of members across the UK. The organisation is split into county groups and there is a thriving branch of over 1200 members in Penfield.
Sam Jones, the leader of the Penfield branch, has proposed a local demonstration against the Bill to take place on the 1
st
May 2014. The demonstration includes a march from the Town Hall in Penfield City Centre to the local War Memorial followed by speeches from senior members of the organisation.
The Chief Constable of Penfield Police, having been informed of the proposed protest is concerned about rumours that a small counter protest has been organised to disrupt the protest by a far right group opposed to human rights. He has issued a Notice to HRUK and Sam Jones under the Public Order Act 1986 which imposes the following conditions on the HRUK demonstration planned for 1
st
May 2014:-
Notice from the Chief Constable of Penfield Police:
1) any demonstration to be held by the HRUK between 1st March 2014 and 1
st
October 2014 should be held in Penfield Country Park, at least 25 miles from Penfield City Centre;
2) the maximum number of demonstrators shall be 25;
3) the maximum duration of the demonstration shall be 2 hours;
4) there should be no public speeches and;
5) that in the event of any counter demonstration or hostility shown towards HRUK members, the Penfield Police reserve the right to cancel the demonstration immediately
Advise, giving reasons, whether Sam Jones and/or HRUK can use the Human Rights Act 1998 to challenge the decision of the Chief Constable.
.
Leadership Style What do people do when they are leadingAssignme.docxfestockton
Leadership Style: What do people do when they are leading?
Assignment: Leadership Style: What Do People Do When They Are Leading?
Due Week 9 and worth 100 points
Choose one (1) of the following CEOs for this assignment: Ursula Burns (Xerox). Use the Internet to investigate the leadership style and effectiveness of the selected CEO.
Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you:
Provide a brief (one [1] paragraph) background of the CEO.
Analyze the CEO’s leadership style and philosophy, and how the CEO’s leadership style aligns with the culture.
Examine the CEO’s personal and organizational values.
Evaluate how the values of the CEO are likely to influence ethical behavior within the organization.
Determine the CEO’s three (3) greatest strengths and three (3) greatest weaknesses.
Select the quality that you believe contributes most to this leader’s success. Support your reasoning.
Assess how communication and collaboration, and power and politics influence group (i.e., the organization’s) dynamics.
Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Analyze the formation and dynamics of group behavior and work teams, including the application of power in groups.
Outline various individual and group decision-making processes and key factors affecting these processes.
Examine the primary conflict levels within organization and the process for negotiating resolutions.
Examine how power and influence empower and affect office politics, political interpretations, and political behavior.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in organizational behavior.
Write clearly and concisely about organizational behavior using proper writing me
.
Leadership Throughout HistoryHistory is filled with tales of leade.docxfestockton
Leadership Throughout History
History is filled with tales of leaders who were brave, selfless, and achieved glorious accomplishments. Your text discusses how leadership theory has been categorized throughout time, from the culture of ancient Egypt thousands of years ago, to the “toolbox” style of today.
The first category, known as the “Great Man” phase, focused on the traits that make an effective leader. This period ranges from circa 450 B.C. to the 1940s, and includes classic examples such as the aforementioned Egyptian period and the expansive influence of the Roman Empire.
The second category, known as the Behavior phase, spanned the 1940s to the 1960s, and focused on determining the types of behavior that leaders utilized to influence and affect others.
The final category is the Situational phase. This line of research began in the 1970s and is still present today. It suggests that leaders have a broad understanding of the various types of leadership styles, and can choose the appropriate one to handle a given situation.
I
n this Journal, discuss each phase, do research and provide examples of influential leaders from each phase, and explain how and why they were so influential.
Your Journal entry should be at least 500 words, and cite appropriate references in APA format.
.
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Develop a 3–4 page research paper based on a selected case study rel.docxbradburgess22840
Develop a 3–4 page research paper based on a selected case study related to reproductive choices. Since the processes of reproduction and birth represent one of the potential biological outcomes of heterosexual activity, it is important to examine the biological foundations of human sexuality. This includes knowledge of fertilization and early development, including some of the most recent findings. There is more than a litany of birth control methods; this assessment offers a sound basis for understanding the issues to be weighed in personal decision making about contraception and abortion, which continue to generate debate and controversy.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply psychological theories to topics in human sexuality.
Apply psychological theories to a case study in human sexuality.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Apply scholarly research findings to a case study in human sexuality.
Competency 3: Explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality.
Explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.
Use APA format and style.
APA Resources
Because this is a psychology course, you need to format this assessment according to APA guidelines. Additional resources about APA can be found in the Research Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. Use the resources to guide your work as needed.
American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Available from the
bookstore
.
APA Paper Template [DOCX]
.
Required Resources
The following resource is required to complete the assessment.
Human Sexuality Case Studies: Sexuality Confronts Social Policy
|
Transcript
.
Suggested Resources
The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment. They provide helpful information about the topics. You may use other resources of your choice to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The
PSYC-FP2800 – Introduction to Human Sexuality Library Guide
can help direct your research. The Supplemental Resources and Research Resources, both linked from the left navigation menu in your courseroom, provide additional resources to help support you.
Human Sexuality and Reproductive Choices
Kelly, G. F. (2015).
Sexuality today
(11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Available from the
bookstore
.
Chapter 10, "Reprod.
Literature ReviewsPlanning and Writing Them1You’ve.docxsmile790243
Literature Reviews
Planning and Writing Them
1
You’ve done the hard part!
You did your secondary research with your annotated bibliography
Now, take that research and compile it into a cohesive, useful narrative that explains the “conversation” around the topic you’re going to be looking into
2
What is a lit review?
Lit reviews usually are at the beginnings of research articles
Summarize the “conversation” on the subject and establish why your study is important
Look at Zakreski article, Greene article – see in the beginning of their articles, they summarize and explain what others have had to say about the topic
Your annotated bib should easily transition into what will be the first part of your paper, the literature review.
Duggar has lots of citations; 16 in her bib. She talks about lots of different ideas here to lay the groundwork for what she is going to do
Greene has fewer, but has more to say about them
3
Three functions of a lit review
Your literature review will become the first part of your research paper. Thus, it should do three things:
Include a short introduction that defines or identifies the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature (this is called establishing a territory)
Synthesize other research on the topic, explaining what is known about it
Conclude by stating what is missing, what is controversial, what is not yet known, or what needs to be resolved in the discussion. This will provide the transition later to your own study and your research questions (this is called “establishing a niche”)
4
How do I write it?
Your literature review should synthesize all the information from your annotated bibliography
You can organize the information chronologically
You can organize the information by topic
by least-most recent studies or vice versa; clump everything by what was found, what
5
How do I write it, con’t
Your lit review should have an intro, body, and conclusion
This is not true of ALL lit reviews, but it is a good general rule to follow
The intro will serve at the intro to your paper
The body will establish the “conversation”
The conclusion will serve to transition your paper into a discussion of your study
The body can (and probably should) have multiple paragraphs, based on how you’ve organized it
6
About the conclusion
In the conclusion, you want to establish why your study is important
You need to somehow point out a gap in the knowledge, a question you have about other research, or a counter-point you want to raise
If you can’t prove that your study authentically adds to the conversation, then you really shouldn’t be doing the research
Leads to your methods section
7
Example lit reviews
See the link on Isidore on the “Info on Lit Reviews” page, “Example Lit Review”
From York College in New York – web.York.cuny.edu/~washton/student/Org-Behavior/lit_rev_eg.pdf
Also see https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res ...
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay The purpose of this essay .docxgidmanmary
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay
The purpose of this essay is to give you the opportunity to develop a viewpoint on a word and its representation within a particular context or situation. First, you will closely observe different representations of the word and consider several viewpoints and perspectives. After considering those various perspectives, you will develop and articulate your own unique interpretation and definition of a word, and then support your definition with explanation, description, and research.
Characteristics of the Definition Essay
A successful essay
provides an engaging introduction of the example to prepare the context for the word itself with respect to your audience
narrows the definition of the word by providing a specific thesis at the end of your introduction
makes use of description and examples through close observation in supporting paragraphs to support the thesis
includes specific details and evidence from secondary sources
creates an objective stance by the use of third-person voice
integrates quotations from secondary sources
conforms to MLA guidelines for source documentation and format.
Topic: Please define one of the below terms:
Beauty
Courage
Femininity
Friendship
Greed
Happiness
Leadership
Love
Masculinity
Patriotic
Smart
Successful
As you define your selected term, consider the following questions:
What is an appropriate definition of the term?
What are characteristics society often associates with the term?
Is there a characteristic you think should not be associated with the term?
How does the media (e.g., television, movies, news, social media, etc.) often portray the “term”?
Are there positive connotations of the term?
Are there any negative connotations of the term?
Is the term defined differently in other cultures?
Should society rethink the use of the term?
Is the term overused?
Are there instances in which another term should be used to articulate a point?
As you write your essay, do not try to answer all of the questions in your essay. I suggest that you consider these questions as you define your term (concept).
Length of Paper: at least 3 pages
Important Reminders
Do not write a personal narrative about yourself or someone you know. The focus of this essay should be on the term, concepts, and characteristics.
Reference and cite at least three secondary sources in your essay. One of your sources should come from the TCC database. You may reference and cite a dictionary, but you should count a dictionary as a fourth source. Also, do not cite Wikipedia as a source.
Do not write in second person (e.g., you, your, yourself, or imperative sentence).
MAKE SURE YOUR PAPER HAS A TITLE. YOUR TITLE IS NOT THE REWORDING OF THE PROMPT. YOUR TITLE SHOULD REFLECT YOUR THESIS, OR THE PREMISE OF YOUR ESSAY!!!!!!!
Submission:
Please do not email your final papers!
Please remember to attach all rough drafts with your submissions.
Please remember to save an electronic version of t ...
Portfolio Option #2 Hospice Facility Consultant EssayYou are a co.docxsarantatersall
Portfolio Option #2: Hospice Facility Consultant Essay
You are a consultant in a hospice facility for adult patients who come from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The administration has two concerns. First, there have been many patient complaints filed indicating that the staff is abusive, both physically and psychologically.
It is possible that the staff is being abusive (e.g., pulling them out of bed roughly, causing injury), or that the patients are misinterpreting the staff’s behavior (e.g., dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease may lead them to believe they are not being fed).
Second, the patients have difficulty complying with their medication regime, with some seeking alternative methods for treating their illnesses and coping with the dying process.
Based on what you learned in this course, what information should be given to the staff to address both issues? Be sure to specify the following:
Ways in which staff can ensure that patient care is applied in a consistent and respectful manner. Physical and cognitive abilities/limitations should be described. For example, a patient may have physical impairments that make it difficult for him/her to move with ease or to see/hear properly. Cognitive impairments (e.g., dementia) may distort patient perceptions.
Ways in which the staff can get compliance from patients to take medications, as well as ways to show understanding for the patients’ varied cultural and ethical beliefs, although implementation of alternative methods can only be allowed if they are not illegal.
Ways in which staff can ease the coping and acceptance process for patients and their families related to dying and death. In particular, patients must be informed of choices available while in the hospital (e.g., DNR) and for their funerals, while the staff helps the families cope with mourning, bereavement, and grief over the loss of kin.
Preliminary Deliverables
Week 4:
Submit Project Topic and Preliminary Examination:
Explain why this topic is important to you (in one paragraph), and write a brief overview of the types of illnesses/injuries requiring hospice care (in 2-3 paragraphs). Then, describe a few of your selected furniture and interior design options and explain why they would be optimal for adults in hospice care (in two paragraphs).
Week 6: Submit an Annotated Bibliography and Reference List.
You are required to glean appropriate sources from the CSU-Global Library (including academic, professional, and peer-reviewed journal articles) and prepare an annotated bibliography using five to seven of these relevant sources. You certainly should also consider using the assigned readings as supplemental citations. This annotated bibliography must be written in APA format, according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements
.
Final Paper Instructions:
Your double-spaced paper should be 7-9 pages in length (not counting the required title and reference pages).
Include an introduction. It must provi.
Develop a 2–3 page paper in which you compare and contrast two gendemackulaytoni
Develop a 2–3 page paper in which you compare and contrast two gender identity theories and apply one theory to your own gender identity development or to that of someone you know.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Summarize two gender identity theories that explain the process of gender identity development.
Apply a theory to explain a case of gender identity development.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Support the application of theories with scholarly or professionally credible sources.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
Communicate gender identity theories in a manner that conveys understanding of concepts and clearly supports central ideas and conclusions.
Write in a manner that is coherent and supports the central idea using APA standards as required and correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.
APA Resources
Because this is a psychology course, you need to format this assessment according to APA guidelines. Additional resources about APA can be found in the Research Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. Use the resources to guide your work as needed.
American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Available from the
bookstore
.
APA Paper Template [DOCX]
.
Suggested Resources
The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment. They provide helpful information about the topics. You may use other resources of your choice to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The
PSYC-FP2800 – Introduction to Human Sexuality Library Guide
can help direct your research. The Supplemental Resources and Research Resources, both linked from the left navigation menu in your courseroom, provide additional resources to help support you.
Gender Development
Kelly, G. F. (2015).
Sexuality today
(11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Available from the
bookstore
.
The chapters in this resource provide a foundation for understanding gender development.
Chapter 1, "Cultural, Historical, and Research Perspectives on Sexuality," pages 4–31.
Chapter 2, "Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology," pages 32–57.
Chapter 3, "Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology," pages 58–75.
Chapter 4, "Human Sexual Arousal and Response," pages 76–98.
Chapter 5, "Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender," pages 99–129.
FMG Video.
Click the following link to view a video purchased through Films Media Group for use in this Capella course. Any distribution of video content ...
AP LanguageMrs. MathewUnit 3 Synthesis ProjectYou will .docxjesuslightbody
AP Language
Mrs. Mathew
Unit 3: Synthesis Project
You will be creating an AP Exam Synthesis Question. The Synthesis Question gives you several sources and asks you to combine (synthesize) them with your own thoughts to create a cohesive essay. This is the same goal as a research paper. Your question (prompt) and sources should be formatted, labeled, and presented as on the AP Lang Exam. This will be modeled after the ones in the sample packets you were given.
Source Requirements:
· 8 sources
· No sources older than 10 years
· At least two sources published within the last two years (2020, 2021, 2022)
· Provide 1-2 sources that are images (political cartoons, graphs, charts, etc.)
· Sources should demonstrate a range of positions and approaches to the topic. Your goal is to figure out what 2-3 of the main “sides” are in the debate around the issue and represent those sides fairly.
Research Resources:
· Use this
link to access academic databases through CPS and Lane.
Example topics:
· Security vs Privacy: Personal Rights
· Standardized Education Movement
· Parenting Styles of the 21st Century
· Why Movements Matter: Voices of the People
· Technology’s Impact on American Families
Project Requirements:
Include, neatly formatted in one document
· Prompt page with directions, introduction, and assignment
· 6 sources
·
MLA citation of each source
· 3 potential thesis statements for this essay
a. One that is open
b. One that is closed
c. One that is a counter argument thesis.
· Choose one thesis statement, and create an outline of a response to ensure that others can synthesize these sources.
The most effective Synthesis Prompts give the test-takers a wide variety of sources to consider. These sources are of various types, lengths, and opinions. This diversity allows each test-taker to choose their own individual approach to the assignment while providing them with the tools to adequately synthesize into their paper.
You are going to choose EIGHT sources specific to your assigned topic. This will ensure that your group will be providing sources that show the complexity of the issue.
Therefore, when choosing your sources, keep several guidelines in mind:
1. Choose sources that cover a variety of viewpoints on your assigned topic, making sure to keep the sides evenly represented.
2. Choose sources from a wide variety of locations and formats. Use the list below as guidance; it is certainly not all-inclusive. Requirements are in CAPITAL letters. Beyond those required types, you may choose the rest of your sources at your discretion.
**ACADEMIC JOURNAL
National Newspaper (online or print editions)
Data
Online Article (NO WIKIPEDIA)
**EDITORIAL
Poll Results
** NEWS WEBSITE
Popular Culture Magazine
**IMAGE (graphs, charts, cartoons, photos)
Primary Book Source
Essay by an expert
Private Web Page or Blog post
Field-Specific Magazine article
Published letter from individual
Government Publicat.
Part 2-Journal Article AssignmentChoose a research study, desc.docxherbertwilson5999
Part 2-Journal Article Assignment
Choose a research study, describe it in APA format, interpret it, and critique it. The research article chosen must be a minimum of 3 pages in length with a minimum of 5 references or sources (references are listed at the end of the article).Please see “Journal Article Assignment” following this for specific details and the grading rubric.
A. Describe a research study 40 points
Reference citation
Title
Introduction
B. Method of research 40 points
Methods
Results
Discussion
C. Critique 40 points
a. Characteristics of the article that demonstrates the relation of Psychology as a science
b. Strengths and limitations of the study
c. Description of the research method usedLast Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 5 of 13
d. Possible causal inferences of the study
e. Statistical and/or practical significance
f. Validity of conclusions
D. Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation 15 points
E. Evaluation/Interpretation/Practical Application 15 points
Instructions: Type, double spaced, 12 pt. font and save as a Microsoft Word document. THEN attach it electronically to the Drop Box established for this course. No late papers allowed!
Journal Article Assignment (Research Method-Part 2) Information
Being able to read and critique research is an essential skill in psychological inquiry. This assignment will allow you to begin to understand the format for research conducted in the field of Psychology. This assignment is mandatory for the course. No late submissions will be accepted.
IF YOU HAVE COMPLETED AND SUBMITTED THIS ASSIGNMENT FOR ANOTHER PSYCHOLOGY COURSE, YOU MAY NOT USE THE SAME JOURNAL ARTICLE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THIS WILL RESULT IN AN “F” FOR THE ENTIRE COURSE.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide students an opportunity to familiarize themselves with published research. The tasks of the assignment are as follows:
1. Choose an empirical article from a professional journal where the author(s) describe the purpose, method, and results of a scientific investigation. Some examples of relevant journals in Psychology are:
Developmental Psychology
Human Development
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
Child Development
Adolescence
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Aging and Cognition
Psychology and Aging
Research on Aging
Journal of Black Psychology
Developmental Review
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of Marriage and the Family
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Death Studies
Last Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 6 of 13
Note that not all research articles are complicated reading. As a novice, it might help to browse through the journals until you come upon one that is of interest as well as readable.
2. Identify your article by including a full APA style reference of it at the top of your assignment.
3. Briefly summarize the research article using the headings most common to such empirical reports. You will include specific page numbers.
Human Development WorksheetUsing the Human Development Case St.docxsalmonpybus
Human Development Worksheet
Using the Human Development Case Studies media piece, select
one of the case studies to analyze. In the worksheet, you will be assessed on the following:
Describe a life stage based on a developmental theory.
Summarize developmental theories and apply them to a case.
Apply findings from scholarly research to a case.
Communicate clearly with appropriate purpose, organization, tone, and sentence structure.
Cite sources using author and year in the body of the work and provide a reference for each source
Instructions: Follow the instructions. The boxes in the table are for you to provide the information in answer to the prompts.
As you type, the boxes will stretch to accommodate your typing as you go. You will need space to work on applying theory and research to the case.
Case
Name the person in the case study and describe in your own words their current situation. Explain the stage of life the person is in according to the theories you selected.
Prompt
Description
Name:
Current Situation:
Stage of Life:
Theory
Explain the theories you selected to apply to the case. Once you explain the theory in general, provide details about the stage for the person in the case you selected. Explain how the theory helps to understand their development and their situation.
Prompt
Description
Selected Theories:
Stage Details:
How theory helps the understanding of development:
Research
Provide professional and scholarly information to support your thinking in the case. Explain what the professional or researcher says. Explain how this information relates to the case, such as the person’s life stage and the problems they are facing
Prompt
Description
What the professional information or research says:
How this information relates to the case:
References
Place your references in alphabetical order and in APA format. Use one line for each reference.
You will need at least three resources - at least one source to explain the theory, and at least two with professional information and research. You may have more than three: add more rows as needed.
Reference Number
Reference
Reference 1
Reference 2
Reference 3
1
2
image1.png
· Assignment
For this week's assignment, you will choose one case study to analyze from the Human Development Case Studies media piece. If you haven't done so, view the piece from last week's Prepare study and choose your case study.
Part of your assignment requires you to use scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles to support your claims. You will need at least three sources for this assignment. Be sure to choose at least one resource that supports your theory and at least two resources that will help you explain how the research supports your claims.
Note that your textbook is a good source to provide information on the theories that you will use to apply to the case.
You may use
one of the following articles as one of your scholarly s.
Research Presentation instructions Research Question andCitation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Presentation instructions
Research Question andCitations
The Research Presentation begins with a research question and a bibliographic search. You should identify 2 to 4 studies that address the same research question. Please send your References to me with citations written in APA style --see APA Manual of Style, 6th ed. -- no later than the date listed in the Calendar. I will use your Research Question to peruse the titles to make sure they look like original reports of empirical studies that are all on the same research question, and I will do an APA check on one of your citations. No grade will be taken; however, part of your presentation grade depends on using appropriate articles and writing your References page in APA style. If you are in doubt about whether a study is an "original report of an empirical study," feel free to attach it to the Citations and RQ email. Please start early on this assignment and plan to spend several hours searching for the right kind of articles that are all on the same research question. If you need assistance with APA style, please consult the Kail and Cavanaugh text References for many examples of APA-style reference citations.
A sampling of possible topics is listed here, but please feel free to examine other topics of interest. It helps to define your topic in terms of the “effects of X on Y in Z population.” For example:
Effects of X...
...on Y...
...in Z population
Example Research Questions
pretend play, parenting conflict, violence, divorce, alcoholism, daycare, self-esteem, social isolation, untimely death of family member, homelessness, early reading, eating disorders
intelligence, creativity, school achievement, social well-being language development, attachment, identity, physical health, dating practices
preschoolers, elementary school students, children, high school students, infants, adolescents, seniors, young adults
1. What are the effects of pretend play on language development in preschoolers?
2. What are the effects of pretend play on school achievement in elementary school students.
3. What are the effects of family violence on social well-being in adolescents?
4. What are the effects of peer pressure on academic achievement in middle-schoolers?
NB: Please make sure that the items you choose for each "variable" in your research question work together sensibly.
Examples of relevant journals at the ISU Cunningham Memorial Library include: Developmental Psychology, Human Development, Infancy, Adolescence, Child Development, Social Development, Childhood and Adolescence, Family and Community Health, Family Relations and Child Development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Child Language. There are many other journals that also publish empirical reports of studies on human development. Increasingly, reputable journals are available online. If you have a question about a given source, ...
TITLE OF PAPER HERE1TITLE OF PAPER HERE3Full Title TakishaPeck109
TITLE OF PAPER HERE 1
TITLE OF PAPER HERE 3
Full Title of Paper Here
Student Name (First M. Last)
Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University
Author Note
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Email:
Full Title
Start with an introduction (don’t use a title for it). The intro will have the purpose of the paper, brief background (what culture you are discussing), brief outline of the paper for reader (what they should be expecting), and transition sentence to the first heading, “Events Attended” – one paragraph.
Events Attended (level 1 headings)
Describe the events attended and what happened (aprox. 250-300 words)
Comparison with Expectations
Discuss how your experience of actual cultural events compare with the expectations you had developed from the readings and Internet/media explorations you did in Cultural Immersion Project – Part 1. (approximately 250 words)
Emotional Impact
Describe how participation in these immersion events impact you emotionally. In other words, what was it like to be a minority in this group? (approximately 250 words)
As you consider your own cultural background, describe why do you think you responded the way you did? (approximately 250 words)
Key Things Learned
What are some key things that you have learned about this culture through these events? (approximately 250 words)
Counseling Theories Validated for This Group
Discuss counseling theories and techniques that have been empirically validated as effective with this group. You can use the McGoldrick et al. text for this section, and peer reviewed articles. Use a minimum of three resources. (approximately 250 words).
Identify three theoretical approaches (i.e. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Reality Therapy, Person-Centered, etc.) that have been empirically validated as effective with the selected group (for any credit student must cite a peer reviewed journal supporting the use of the theory given).
Identify three counseling techniques (miracle question, reflective listening, thought-stopping techniques, mindfulness, etc.) that have been empirically validated as effective with the selected group (for any credit student must cite a peer reviewed journal supporting the use of the technique given).
Student describes how characteristics noted above relate to counseling with this group, including resilience building and eliminating obstacles and illuminating opportunities.
References
References start here with a hanging indent. Double space and list references alphabetically by author’s last name. Review your APA Manual for formatting requirements for specific types of sources.
References should include at least 3 scholarly sources on your cultural group of interest (the resources must published by 2005 or later) focusing on counseling theories and counseling techniques. A pertinent, unassigned chapter from the McGoldrick et al. text may count as 1 of these reso ...
Ashford 6 - Week 5 - Final PaperIntegrative Personality Theory .docxlauricesatu
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Final Paper
Integrative Personality Theory
For your final paper, you will complete the rest of the assignment which you began in week three and create your own theory of personality development by synthesizing the concepts and constructs of all the theories that seem most accurate and appropriate to you and by using those concepts to reflect on your own personality and development. Remember to use
the template
provided to guide you through the steps.
Research a minimum of eight scholarly sources related to these concepts in the Ashford University Library to support your statements in the paper. Popular websites and your textbook may augment, but they will not count toward, the minimum number of sources needed for the paper. The following content and headings must be included in your paper.
Please visit the Ashford Writing Center for guidance on how to format headings in APA Style. Also, please take note of the suggestions provided for the length for each section in the instructions below.
Instructions:
Provide a general introduction to the topic of theories of personality. Explain what you plan to cover and describe the direction your paper will take. This section will not feature a heading, and it will be approximately two to three paragraphs.
Major Concepts
In this section, you will present the seven specific concepts identified from the seven models you think best apply to the study of personality in distinct subheadings. For each concept, identify the major personality model from which the concept was taken as well as the theorist associated with that model. This completed section will be approximately four to five pages.
Excluded Concepts
In this section, present the concepts you have chosen to exclude in your theory of personality development. Reflect on the basic assumptions that define personality and identify three specific excluded concepts from any of the theories studied in the course. For each of the excluded concepts, provide a rationale explaining the various aspects of the concept that make it unsuitable for your use. This section will be approximately one to two pages.
The Differences between Healthy and Unhealthy Personalities
Describe the basic differences between healthy and unhealthy personality, based on the concepts that you have chosen to include and exclude from your theory. This completed section will be approximately one page.
The Roles of Heredity, the Environment, and Epigenetics
Provide your analysis of the roles heredity, the environment, and epigenetics play in the development of personality. Discuss how heredity and the environment might affect personality disorders. This completed section will be approximately one page.
Assessment and Measurement of the Theory
Reflect on the major concepts you have selected for inclusion and provide a brief description about how those concepts are measured and/or assessed. Review the assessment sections of each chapter and .
This document outlines the typical sections of an introduction chapter for a research study:
1. The background of the study provides context for the problem and its importance.
2. The statement of the problem and hypothesis indicates the purpose and specific questions of the investigation, including the general problem statement and hypotheses.
3. The theoretical and conceptual framework discusses theories and concepts supporting the study.
4. The significance of the study discusses the study's importance and contributions.
5. Definition of terms defines key terms used in the study.
The document outlines the typical sections included in an introduction chapter of a research study: background of the study, statement of the problem and hypothesis, theoretical and conceptual framework, significance of the study, and definition of terms. It provides guidance on developing each section, including stating the research problem and sub-problems, developing a hypothesis, and defining key terms. Examples are also provided.
Similar to Anthr 1 Third Assignment Due Friday 11222019.docx (13)
Learning ResourcesRequired ReadingsToseland, R. W., & Ri.docxfestockton
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017).
An introduction to group work practice
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 11, “Task Groups: Foundation Methods” (pp. 336-363)
Chapter 12, “Task Groups: Specialized Methods” (pp. 364–395)
Van Velsor, P. (2009). Task groups in the school setting: Promoting children’s social and emotional learning.
Journal for Specialists in Group Work
,
34
(3), 276–292.
Document:
Group Wiki Project Guidelines (PDF)
Recommended Resources
Holosko, M. J., Dulmus, C. N., & Sowers, K. M. (2013). Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 1 “Assessment of Children”
Chapter 2 “Intervention with Children”
Discussion: Task Groups
Group work is a commonly used method within school settings. Because peer interaction is important in the emotional and social development of children, the task group can serve as a wonderful therapeutic setting and tool; however, many factors should be considered when implementing this type of intervention.
For this Discussion, read the Van Velsor (2009) article.
By Day 3
Post
your understanding of task groups as an intervention for children. Use the model for effective problem solving to compare and contrast (how to identify the problem, develop goals, collect data). How does this model differ from a traditional treatment group? What are the advantages and possible disadvantages of this model? Describe how you might use this model for adults. What populations would most benefit from this model?
.
LeamosEscribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de lo.docxfestockton
Leamos/Escribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de los verbos en paréntesis. Usa el pretérito o el imperfecto.
Yo __1__ (criarse) en el campo, pero mi familia __2__
(mudarse) a la ciudad cuando yo tenía doce años. Hablábamos
aymara en mi pueblo, y mi mamá no __3__ (expresarse) bien en
español. Mis hermanos y yo __4__ (comunicarse) sin problema
porque habíamos estudiado español en el colegio. Con dificultad
nosotros __5__ (acostumbrarse) al estilo de vida.Yo __6__
(preocuparse) por todo. No me __7__ (gustar) el ruido de los
carros. Pero poco a poco, nostros __8__ (asimilar) el modo de
ser de la gente de la cuidad.Yo __9__ (graduarse) de la
universidad hace poco, mi hermano mayor ahora es arquitecto, y
mi hermano menor __10__ (casarse) el mes pasado.
.
Leadership via vision is necessary for success. Discuss in detail .docxfestockton
Leadership via "vision" is necessary for success. Discuss in detail the qualities that a leader must exhibit in order to be considered visionary and, further, how these qualities may be learned and developed. Provide research and share insight on the determination of a specific leadership theory associated with leadership via vision. Cite your posting in proper APA format and ensure that your posting provides a minimum of 5 paragraphs.
.
Learning about Language by Observing and ListeningThe real.docxfestockton
Learning about Language by Observing and Listening
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust
The UCSD experience encompasses academic as well as social learning. Therefore, we learn not only from our courses, but from the people we meet on campus and the experiences we have with them. Life is a journey of self-discovery. As individuals, we are constantly seeking to determine who we are and where we belong in the world. Throughout this process, language is both a bridge and a barrier to communication and human growth.
The general subject matter for this essay is language or language communities. The source of your information will be what you observe and hear by listening to others. The goal is to do a project based on what our own minds can comprehend from diligent observation, note-taking, and reasoning. You should arrive at a reasoned (not emotional) conclusion. The conclusion/result of your experiment is your thesis and should be presented in the opening paragraph in one sentence. Secondary material should not be brought into this essay. Thus, this is not an essay that needs to be the result of academic texts or online sources. The research is what you see and how you interpret what you see and hear. It will be up to you to determine what particular focus your essay will take and wahat meaning you wish to convey to your reader. Do the exploratory writing activities on pages 73-76. These activities will guide you through an analysis of some of the reflections you completed in the first part of your book. Once you determine your focus, you will use the information you have already gathered and additional information you will research to clarify your ideas and provide evidence for the points you wish to make.
If you prefer a more direct prompt, the suggested topics listed below might be helpful to you. Choose one of the following topics to establish a focus and direction.
1) From your observations and conversations, what assumptions and stereotypes do we make about people based on language and behavior? What did you learn from the experiment?
2) You may examine body language as well as verbal language. Explore nonverbal communication in a group. What conclusions can you come to regarding the group based on nonverbal behavior?
3) Did you observe language differences between men and women here at UCSD Notice the ways in which men and women treat one another. Observe the language you hear on campus.
How do women greet one another? How do men greet each other? Do not just note the similarities or differences. Explain and interpret the information.
4) Observe and identify a code language on campus, on your job, or in your personal arena. How is language used? Is it effective? Analyze.
5) Have you become keenly aware of code switching? Who utilizes this language? In your observations and conversations, did you find code switching to be an acceptable form of lang.
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic Spanish Language Edit.docxfestockton
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic Spanish Language Edition
The Ages and Stages Questionnaires-Social Emotional (ASQ-SE)
Learning Accomplishment Profile-3 (LAP-3)
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Purpose of the screening-what can an early childhood professional do with the results? What should happen next?
.
Learning about Language by Observing and ListeningThe real voy.docxfestockton
Learning about Language by Observing and Listening
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust
The UCSD experience encompasses academic as well as social learning. Therefore, we learn not only from our courses, but from the people we meet on campus and the experiences we have with them. Life is a journey of self-discovery. As individuals, we are constantly seeking to determine who we are and where we belong in the world. Throughout this process, language is both a bridge and a barrier to communication and human growth.
The general subject matter for this essay is language or language communities. The source of your information will be what you observe and hear by listening to others. The goal is to do a project based on what our own minds can comprehend from diligent observation, note-taking, and reasoning. You should arrive at a reasoned (not emotional) conclusion. The conclusion/result of your experiment is your thesis and should be presented in the opening paragraph in one sentence. Secondary material should not be brought into this essay. Thus, this is not an essay that needs to be the result of academic texts or online sources. The research is what you see and how you interpret what you see and hear. It will be up to you to determine what particular focus your essay will take and wahat meaning you wish to convey to your reader. Do the exploratory writing activities on pages 73-76. These activities will guide you through an analysis of some of the reflections you completed in the first part of your book. Once you determine your focus, you will use the information you have already gathered and additional information you will research to clarify your ideas and provide evidence for the points you wish to make.
If you prefer a more direct prompt, the suggested topics listed below might be helpful to you. Choose one of the following topics to establish a focus and direction.
1) From your observations and conversations, what assumptions and stereotypes do we make about people based on language and behavior? What did you learn from the experiment?
2) You may examine body language as well as verbal language. Explore nonverbal communication in a group. What conclusions can you come to regarding the group based on nonverbal behavior?
3) Did you observe language differences between men and women here at UCSD Notice the ways in which men and women treat one another. Observe the language you hear on campus.
How do women greet one another? How do men greet each other? Do not just note the similarities or differences. Explain and interpret the information.
4) Observe and identify a code language on campus, on your job, or in your personal arena. How is language used? Is it effective? Analyze.
5) Have you become keenly aware of code switching? Who utilizes this language? In your observations and conversations, did you find code switching to be an accepta.
LEARNING OUTCOMES1. Have knowledge and understanding of the pri.docxfestockton
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Have knowledge and understanding of the principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, and of the way in which these principles have developed.
2. Deal with issues relating to Constitutional and Administrative Law both systematically and creatively, recognising potential alternative conclusions for particular situations and providing supporting reasons for such conclusions.
3. Demonstrate self-direction and originality in tackling and solving problems relating to Constitutional and Administrative Law.
4. Research primary and secondary sources of Constitutional and Administrative Law.
5. Communicate thoughts and ideas in writing and/or orally, using the English language and legal terminology with care, clarity and accuracy.
6. Manage time effectively.
QUESTION:
A recently elected Government, concerned about rising gun crime by drug dealers, has introduced a Bill into Parliament to bring back the death penalty for any person convicted of causing death by the use of a firearm and which is also related to an illegal drug trade.
Human Rights UK (HRUK), part of a worldwide protest organisation called ‘Global Human Rights’ is opposed to the death penalty in any circumstances. HRUK has many thousands of members across the UK. The organisation is split into county groups and there is a thriving branch of over 1200 members in Penfield.
Sam Jones, the leader of the Penfield branch, has proposed a local demonstration against the Bill to take place on the 1
st
May 2014. The demonstration includes a march from the Town Hall in Penfield City Centre to the local War Memorial followed by speeches from senior members of the organisation.
The Chief Constable of Penfield Police, having been informed of the proposed protest is concerned about rumours that a small counter protest has been organised to disrupt the protest by a far right group opposed to human rights. He has issued a Notice to HRUK and Sam Jones under the Public Order Act 1986 which imposes the following conditions on the HRUK demonstration planned for 1
st
May 2014:-
Notice from the Chief Constable of Penfield Police:
1) any demonstration to be held by the HRUK between 1st March 2014 and 1
st
October 2014 should be held in Penfield Country Park, at least 25 miles from Penfield City Centre;
2) the maximum number of demonstrators shall be 25;
3) the maximum duration of the demonstration shall be 2 hours;
4) there should be no public speeches and;
5) that in the event of any counter demonstration or hostility shown towards HRUK members, the Penfield Police reserve the right to cancel the demonstration immediately
Advise, giving reasons, whether Sam Jones and/or HRUK can use the Human Rights Act 1998 to challenge the decision of the Chief Constable.
.
Leadership Style What do people do when they are leadingAssignme.docxfestockton
Leadership Style: What do people do when they are leading?
Assignment: Leadership Style: What Do People Do When They Are Leading?
Due Week 9 and worth 100 points
Choose one (1) of the following CEOs for this assignment: Ursula Burns (Xerox). Use the Internet to investigate the leadership style and effectiveness of the selected CEO.
Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you:
Provide a brief (one [1] paragraph) background of the CEO.
Analyze the CEO’s leadership style and philosophy, and how the CEO’s leadership style aligns with the culture.
Examine the CEO’s personal and organizational values.
Evaluate how the values of the CEO are likely to influence ethical behavior within the organization.
Determine the CEO’s three (3) greatest strengths and three (3) greatest weaknesses.
Select the quality that you believe contributes most to this leader’s success. Support your reasoning.
Assess how communication and collaboration, and power and politics influence group (i.e., the organization’s) dynamics.
Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Analyze the formation and dynamics of group behavior and work teams, including the application of power in groups.
Outline various individual and group decision-making processes and key factors affecting these processes.
Examine the primary conflict levels within organization and the process for negotiating resolutions.
Examine how power and influence empower and affect office politics, political interpretations, and political behavior.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in organizational behavior.
Write clearly and concisely about organizational behavior using proper writing me
.
Leadership Throughout HistoryHistory is filled with tales of leade.docxfestockton
Leadership Throughout History
History is filled with tales of leaders who were brave, selfless, and achieved glorious accomplishments. Your text discusses how leadership theory has been categorized throughout time, from the culture of ancient Egypt thousands of years ago, to the “toolbox” style of today.
The first category, known as the “Great Man” phase, focused on the traits that make an effective leader. This period ranges from circa 450 B.C. to the 1940s, and includes classic examples such as the aforementioned Egyptian period and the expansive influence of the Roman Empire.
The second category, known as the Behavior phase, spanned the 1940s to the 1960s, and focused on determining the types of behavior that leaders utilized to influence and affect others.
The final category is the Situational phase. This line of research began in the 1970s and is still present today. It suggests that leaders have a broad understanding of the various types of leadership styles, and can choose the appropriate one to handle a given situation.
I
n this Journal, discuss each phase, do research and provide examples of influential leaders from each phase, and explain how and why they were so influential.
Your Journal entry should be at least 500 words, and cite appropriate references in APA format.
.
Lean Inventory Management1. Why do you think lean inventory manage.docxfestockton
Lean Inventory Management
1. Why do you think lean inventory management can decrease transportation, capital expenses, and inventory storage?
2. List some products in your personal or family "inventory." How do you manage them? (For instance, do you constantly run to the store for milk? Do you throw out a lot of milk because of spoilage?) How can lean inventory change your way of managing these SKUs?
3. Identify a goods-producing or service-providing organization and discuss how it might make aggregate planning decisions.
4. Provide an argument for or against adopting a chase strategy for a major airline call center.
.
Leadership varies widely by culture and personality. An internationa.docxfestockton
Leadership varies widely by culture and personality. An international organization with locations in several countries must balance the local customs and cultures with those of the primary culture of the organizations’ headquarters. Using the Germany as the headquarters of an international Internet retail organization serving the USA and Canada research and discuss the differences that leaders would have to navigate in approach and adapting to different standards of behavior and culture within the countries.
.
Leadership is the ability to influence people toward the attainment .docxfestockton
Leadership is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. The changing of the environment in which most organizations are operating has significantly influenced leadership systems in recent years, and has contributed to a shift in how we think about and practice leadership.
Analyze how leadership is changing in today’s organizations, including Level 5 leadership, servant leadership, and transformational leadership. Please discuss in 200-250 words.
.
Lawday. Court of Brightwaltham holden on Monday next after Ascension.docxfestockton
Lawday. Court of Brightwaltham holden on Monday next after Ascension Day in the twenty-first year of King Edward (A.D. 1293).
The tithingman of Conholt with his whole tithing present that all is well save that William of Mescombe has stopped up a . . . [the word is indecipherable in the manuscript, but Maitland thinks it is a watercourse] wrongfully. Therefore he is in mercy (12 d.). Also they say that Edith of Upton has cut down trees in the enclosure and the seisin of the lord contrary to a prohibition, and they say that she has no property and has fled into foreign parts, (amercement, 12 d.).
Adam Scot is made tithingman and sworn to a faithful exercise of his office.
John son of Hugh Poleyn enters on the land which Randolph Tailor held saving the right of everyone and gives for entry-money 4 marks and will pay 1 mark at Michaelmas in the twenty-second year of King Edward, 1 mark at Christmas next following, 1 mark at Easter, and 1 mark at Michaelmas next following, and for the due making of all these payments the said Hugh Poleyn finds sureties, to wit, Adam Scot, John Gosselyn, William of Mescombe, John Gyote. And because the said John is a minor the wardship of the said lands and tenements is delivered to his father the said Hugh Poleyn until he be of full age, on the terms of his performing the services due and accustomed for the same. Also there is granted to the said Hugh the crop now growing on the sown land, and the heriot due on this entry, for a half-mark payable at Michaelmas next on the security of the above-named sureties.
(a) Hugh Poleyn gives the lord 2 s. that he may have the judgment of the court as to his right in a certain tenement in Upton which J. son of Randolph Tailor claims as his right. And upon this the whole township of Brightwaltham sworn along with the whole township of Conholt say upon their oath that Hugh Poleyn has better right to hold the said tenement than anyone else has, and that he is the next heir by right of blood.
(The Conholt case as to the tenure of Edith wife of Robert Tailor according to the inquest made by the jurors. One Alan Poleyn held a tenement in Conholt upon servile terms and had a wife Cristina by name. The said Alan died when Richard was the farmer [of the manor]. Thereupon came the friends of the said Cristina and procured for her a part of the land by way of dower making a false suggestion and as though [the land] were of free condition, and this was to the great prejudice of the lord Abbot. Upon this came one Richard Aleyn and espoused the said Cristina and begot upon her one Randolph. Then Richard died, and the said Cristina of her own motion enfeoffed Randolph her son of the said tenement. Then Cristina died, and Randolph being in seisin of the said tenement espoused Edith the present demanding; and after Randolph's death Edith married Robert Tailor. Now you can see and give your counsel about the right of the said Edith. And know this, that if I had at hand the court-rolls of the.
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There .docxfestockton
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There are several examples of disastrous public relations fallout that have occurred when companies have outsourced work to other nations. When determining where to move offshore as a company, the leaders of the organization must make several decisions.
Using course theories and current multinational organizations that have locations in several countries, convey your own thoughts on the subject and address the following:
What leadership considerations must an organization weigh in selecting another country to open a location such as a manufacturing plant?
How might leaders need to change leadership styles to manage multinational locations?
What public relations issues might arise from such a decision?
How would you recommend such a company to demonstrate their social responsibility to their headquarters country as well as any offshore locations?
.
Last year Angelina Jolie had a double mastectomy because of re.docxfestockton
Last year Angelina Jolie had a double mastectomy because of results from a genetic test. Describe the science of the test and the reason for her decision. Do you agree with her choice, and do you agree with her decision to go public about her choice?
1 page essay with at least 1 reference
.
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. Ther.docxfestockton
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There are several examples of disastrous public relations fallout that have occurred when companies have outsourced work to other nations. When determining where to move offshore as a company, the leaders of the organization must make several decisions.
Using course theories and current multinational organizations that have locations in several countries, convey your own thoughts on the subject and address the following:
What leadership considerations must an organization weigh in selecting another country to open a location such as a manufacturing plant?
How might leaders need to change leadership styles to manage multinational locations?
What public relations issues might arise from such a decision?
How would you recommend such a company to demonstrate their social responsibility to their headquarters country as well as any offshore locations?
Please submit your assignment.
This assignment will be assessed using the rubric provided
here
.
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials.
.
Leaders today must be able to create a compelling vision for the org.docxfestockton
Leaders today must be able to create a compelling vision for the organization. They also must be able to create an aligned strategy and then execute it. Visions have two parts, the envisioned future and the core values that support that vision of the future. The ability to create a compelling vision is the primary distinction between leadership and management. Leaders need to create a vision that will frame the decisions and behavior of the organization and keep it focused on the future while also delivering on the short-term goals.
Respond to the following:
Assess your current leaders. These leaders could be those at your current or previous organizations or your educational institutions.
How effective are they at creating and communicating the organization vision?
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How effective are they at upholding the values of the organization?
Support your positions with specific examples or by citing credible sources.
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Law enforcement professionals and investigators use digital fore.docxfestockton
Law enforcement professionals and investigators use digital forensic methods to solve crimes every day. Locate one current news article that explains how investigators may have used these techniques to solve a crime. Explain the crime that was solved, and the methods used to determine how the crime was committed. Some examples of crimes solved may include locating missing children, finding criminals who have fled the scene of a crime, or unsolved crimes from the past that have been solved due to the use of new techniques (such as DNA testing).
Your written assignment should be 3-4 paragraphs in your own words and should include a reference citation for your source of information.
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LAW and Economics 4 questionsLaw And EconomicsTextsCoote.docxfestockton
LAW and Economics 4 questions
Law And Economics
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Cooter, Robert and Thomas Ulen. 2011. Law and Economics. Sixth Edition. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley
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Polinksky, A. Mitchell. 2011. An Introduction to Law and Economics. Fourth Edition. New York: Aspen Publishers.
(Chapters 1-2)
Posner, Richard A. 2007. Economic Analysis of Law. Seventh Edition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
(Chapter 1)
2.) Discuss the adverse impacts of monopoly upon market outcomes. Discuss the impact of government’s monopoly power over coercion.
6.) Suppose the local government determines that the price of food is too high and imposes a ceiling on the market price of food that is below the equilibrium price in that locality. Predict some of the consequences of the ceiling.
10.) Consider the right to smoke or to be free from smoke in the following situations:
1. smoking in a public area.
2. smoking in hotel rooms.
3. smoking in a private residence.
4. smoking on commercial airline flights.
In which situations do you think the transaction costs are so high that they
preclude private bargaining. In what cases are they low enough to allow private
bargains to occur? Explain your answer
14.)From an economic point of view, why is stare decisis an important rule of
decision making for the courts?
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
1. Anthr 1: Third Assignment Due:
Friday 11/22/2019 by 11:00 p.m.
This assignment is worth 30 points No late
papers will be accepted.
Assignment Overview
The topic for this research paper is deceptively simple: When
and how did we become “human?
This assignment is a Position Paper in which you are to take a
position on the topic (based on your personal understanding of
the material presented in this class) and support your position
by reviewing, discussing and citing reputable research sources.
A. Your first paragraph must explain your definition of what it
means to be “human”, ending with a thesis statement that
encapsulates your plan to support your position.
B. IMPORTANT: This assignment covers only from the past
2.5 million years ago to today.
a. DO NOT include discussion of species prior to 2.5 million
years ago.
b. DO NOT include discussion of the development of
bipedalism for this assignment.
C. Present and analyze the current scientific research regarding
this topic.
D. Your paper must end with a clear and concise conclusion that
recaps your argument and restates your thesis.
So … how do I do this?
2. 1. Introduce and define the scope and focus of your paper in a
concise thesis statement that appears at the end of your first
paragraph. A thesis statement tells the reader what the paper is
about.
2. Support your position as stated in your thesis. Ways to
support your position include discussing physical aspects of
hominin evolution over the past 2 million years (what changed,
what species, what impact?), genetic aspects of hominin
evolution over the past 2 million years (what derived, what
species, what impact?) and/or cultural aspects of hominin
development (what changed, what species, what impact:
changes in stone tools, social group behaviors or interactions,
symbolic representations, etc.). What is your supporting
evidence for your position on when did hominins become
“human” in the last 2 million years?
3. Read and refer to at least three different sources (more
sources are recommended). DO NOT use Wikipedia or similar
crowd-contributed websites as sources of information for this
paper. Talk with the college reference librarian for help in
finding appropriate research for your paper. You may use links
in the class power points to research further sources for your
paper (NOT the power points themselves).
4. Recap and conclude. Your conclusion must include a
restatement of your thesis and clearly reference your analysis
and position on this topic.
5. Submit your completed assignment by clicking on the Turn-
It-In link at the bottom of the Assignment page on the course
website.
IMPORTANT:
Submit your paper as a Word doc or .docx or as .rtf or .pdf file.
Canvas does not accept work submitted in .pages or as Google
3. Docs, Google Drive shared documents or as ZIP files. I cannot
grade your paper if I cannot open it!
Requirements for this Assignment
A. Type your name, the topic (Third Assignment) and the due
date in the top left corner of your paper. DO NOT put anything
else at the top of the page. DO NOT use a cover page, DO NOT
include an abstract for this paper.
B. Minimum at least four full pages of text. 4 to 5 pages is an
appropriate length for this assignment. Double-spaced, one-
inch margins (check your left and right margins), typed in
English, 12-point font.
C. Include a full source page at the end of your report (three
sources minimum, more is better). List complete source
citations in APA format. Include as much of the following
information as possible: author(s) family name followed by
first initial, year of publication, title of article or book, name of
journal, magazine or book including volume/issue and page
numbers of publication, website where the article was
published, date of website information retrieval.
Website APA citation format examples:
The Writing Center. (2019). Plagiarism. University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 4, 2019, from
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/plagiarism/
D. Use in-text citations to identify the source(s) of quoted
and/or technical and/or highly specialized information included
in your paper. In-text citations look like this: (family name of
author, first initials of author, year of publication). For
example: (Smithson, J. 2019). DO NOT use footnotes. DO
NOT include the entire source citation as an in-text citation.
E. IMPORTANT: Do not plagiarize information presented in
your paper. Do not copy from any source, including the
4. article(s) you use as references. Do not copy and paste or
change a few words in someone else’s sentence structure and
call if your own. This is still plagiarism! Plagiarized papers
will receive a score of “0”.
Grading Rubric
This assignment is worth 30 points: 25 points for content and 5
points for correctly written source page. I am looking for a
clear position statement (your personal definition of when we
first became “Human”), a well written, concise and original
discussion of current information on this topic AND a properly
constructed reference page that contains all sources of
information used to support your position.
· Excellent work (score 27-30): Demonstrates thorough
understanding of the topic through specific, detailed discussion.
Analysis addresses all aspects of the assignment prompt.
Conclusion is comprehensive and concise.
· Good work (score 24-26): Demonstrates moderate
understanding of the topic through discussion, but lacks
sufficient detail. Analysis addresses aspects of the assignment
prompt, but is skewed towards the student’s point of view (did
not analyze the topics, just answered the questions).
Conclusion is adequate but not thorough.
· Adequate work (score 21-23): Demonstrates some
understanding of the topic but lacks sufficient discussion and
details. Analysis lacks details and/or insufficient understanding
of research information. Able to draw generic conclusion or
missing conclusion.
· Inadequate work (score 18-20): Demonstrates some
understanding of the topic, but little effort was made to
complete this assignment. Opinion outweighs analysis, little
demonstration of having learned anything about the topic.
· Not acceptable work (score 17 or below): Did not understand
the assignment.
· Plagiarized work or no assignment submitted: score of “0”
5. ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Influence of lifestyle, health behavior, and health indices
on the health status of underserved adults
Theresa A. Kessler, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, CNE (Professor) &
Elise M. Alverson, DNP, RN, FNP-BC, CNE
(Associate Professor)
Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana
Keywords
Adults; health; lifestyle; underserved;
outcomes.
Correspondence
Theresa A. Kessler, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC,
Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN 46383.
Tel: 219-464-5289; Fax: 219-464-5425;
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: July 2011;
accepted: January 2012
doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12027
Abstract
6. Purpose: To examine how lifestyle, health behavior, and health
indices best
predict health status in underserved adults.
Data sources: Eighty-four underserved adults from a nurse-
managed center
completed an investigator-developed instrument to measure
lifestyle, health
behavior, and health indices. The SF-12 Health Survey
measured general
(SF-1), physical (PCS), and mental (MCS) health status.
Conclusions: The majority of the sample was female (64%).
Sixty-three
percent were at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. For
nonsmok-
ers, five independent variables accounted for 47.1% of the
variance in SF1
(p < .000), 33.5% in PCS-12 scores (p < .001), and 23.2% in
MCS-12 scores
(p = .017). For smokers, six variables accounted for 48.7% of
the variance in
SF1 (p = .024), 41.7% in PCS-12 scores (p = .067), and 25.4%
in MCS-12
scores (p = .378).
Implications for practice: Findings provide partial support for
the impact of
lifestyle and health behaviors on health status outcomes.
Focusing concurrent
interventions on improving multiple behaviors may have the
greatest impact
on health status outcomes.
The quality of a person’s day-to-day life is an important
indicator of health status (U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services [HHS], 2010). Over the past 20 years,
considerable effort has been devoted to the measure-
ment of health status as an outcome of public health
7. and clinical indicators. Health status is a result of a per-
son’s lifestyle, which includes health behaviors (Bruhn,
1988) and is equated with health-related quality of life
(HRQL). HRQL refers to a person’s perception of phys-
ical and mental health status over time (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2009). Know-
ing an individual’s health status or HRQL offers health-
care providers important information about the impact of
lifestyle, health behaviors, and health care on increasing
quality and years of life.
Tracking health status in diverse populations can help
identify groups who have poorer physical or mental
health. One group of adults who tend to report poorer
physical and mental health status is those with a low in-
come. Unfortunately, adults with low income also tend
to be underserved. The underserved include those who
are uninsured, underinsured, or uninsurable and have
difficulty finding access to health care (Beauchamp &
Childress, 2009). Having a limited access to health care
results in the underserved having poorer health out-
comes and increased mortality rates compared to persons
who are insured (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2004).
How a person manages day-to-day life can be reflected
in overall health status. Identifying those persons with
poor physical or mental health status can guide poli-
cies and interventions to improve health (CDC, 2009).
To achieve this goal, the aim of this secondary analy-
sis was to identify the predictors of health status for un-
derserved adults seeking care at a nurse-managed health
center. This information may be used to provide better
health promotion guidance and to design interventions
that have the greatest impact on improving overall health
for the underserved.
9. haviors. When examining the health status of the under-
served, these adults typically report poorer health status
as compared to the general adult population (Alverson
& Kessler, 2012; Bharmel & Thomas, 2005; Salsberry
et al., 1999; Schrop et al., 2006). Adults with the lowest
income or education reported more unhealthy days than
did those with higher income or education (CDC, 2009).
Having a poorer health status impacts day-to-day life and
may interfere with the ability to work and carry on daily
activities.
Common unhealthy lifestyle behaviors of cigarette
smoking, physical inactivity, higher alcohol consump-
tion, and poor dietary practices often lead to increased
mortality and morbidity (Kvaavik, Batty, Ursin, Huxley,
& Gale, 2010; van Dam, Li, Spiegelman, Franco, & Hu,
2008). In addition, use of tobacco, eating a high-fat
diet, and being physically inactive contribute the most to
chronic disease and mortality in the United States (CDC,
2010). Often times, studies report the effect of a single
lifestyle behavior rather than the combined effect of mul-
tiple behaviors on increased risk of cardiovascular disease,
cancer, and mortality (Kvaavik et al., 2010). Hence, it is
more difficult to identify how a combination of day-to-
day actions affects a person’s health status.
In a European prospective study of nearly 8 years, four
factors were examined for their effect on chronic diseases
(Ford et al., 2009). The four factors of never smoking,
engaging in physical activity, having a body mass index
(BMI) less than 30, and eating a healthy diet led to a
lower risk of developing various chronic diseases such as
diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. In a U.S. study, an
increased number of behaviors related to smoking, eat-
ing a poor nutritional diet, being inactive, and consum-
10. ing greater amounts of alcohol led to increased mortality
(Kvaavik et al., 2010).
While some studies have found that unhealthy lifestyle
behaviors were related to health status outcomes in var-
ious populations, no studies consistently report the effect
of lifestyle or health behaviors on the health status of the
underserved. What is known is that persons who are un-
derserved often engage in unhealthy behaviors; however,
how these behaviors impact health status is not known.
The underserved tend to report an increased rate of
smoking (CDC, 2008b; Schrop et al., 2006), an increased
consumption of alcohol (CDC, 2008b), and a failure to
engage in leisure time physical activity (CDC, 2008b).
For health behaviors such as participating in screening
behaviors or taking prescribed medications, data support
the fact that the underserved tend to engage in screening
behaviors less frequently than the general population
(Alverson & Kessler, 2012; CDC, 2008a). For prescribed
medication usage, the underserved tend to use fewer
prescription medications when needed than the general
population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). These lower
rates of screening practices and use of prescription medi-
cations may be directly related to a lack of access to health
care. Few researchers have examined the effects of these
health behavior actions or inactions on health status. In
one study, taking prescribed medications was inversely
related to measures of health status, while engaging in
recommended screening behaviors was not related to
health status outcomes (Alverson & Kessler, 2012).
Factors found to provide a greater link with health
status include those related to illness such as hav-
ing an increased BMI (Alverson & Kessler, 2012; Ford
et al., 2009), being diagnosed with acute and/or chronic
medical conditions, and experiencing daily symptoms
11. (Alverson & Kessler, 2012). According to the litera-
ture, those with lower income levels are less likely to
be at a healthy weight compared to the general popu-
lation (CDC, 2008b; Larson, Schlundt, Patel, Beard, &
Hargreaves, 2008). In one study, 72% of underserved
adults reported at least one persistent or chronic medical
condition, and 89% reported at least one current symp-
tom related to illness (Alverson & Kessler, 2012). Over-
all, these health indices impact both physical and mental
components of health status on a daily basis.
Based on previous research, multiple lifestyles, health
behaviors, and health indices are believed to influence
health status (Alverson & Kessler, 2012). Thus, the spe-
cific research question for this secondary analysis was:
what are the lifestyles, health behaviors, and health
indices that best predict health status in underserved
adults?
675
Influence of lifestyle, health behavior, and health indices on the
health status T. A. Kessler et al.
Method
Design
For this predictive study, a secondary analysis was
completed on data regarding lifestyle and health behav-
iors among underserved adult clients seen at a nurse-
managed center in a single county in the Midwest. The
nurse-managed health center was established to provide
holistic care to underserved adults who previously did not
12. have access to primary health care. The original study
used a cross-sectional, correlational design. Approval to
conduct the study was obtained from the Institutional Re-
view Board (IRB). A nonprobability, convenience sample
of 84 underserved adults was recruited. Clients were in-
vited to participate in the study if they were (a) adults
seen at the health center, (b) age 18 and older, and
(c) able to read and speak English.
Procedures
Data from the original study were collected using two
instruments. The Short Form-12 (SF-12), a self-report
measure of health status, is a shortened version of the
Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 questionnaire (Ware,
Kosinski, & Keller, 1996). The SF-12 contains a single
item measuring general health status (SF1) and 11 items
with forced choice response options measuring physi-
cal (PCS-12) and mental component summary (MCS-
12) health status. The single-item SF1 asks: “In general,
would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good,
fair or poor”? PCS-12 measures attributes of health re-
lated to physical functioning, role limitations as a result of
physical health problems, bodily pain, energy and fatigue,
and MCS-12 measures attributes of social and role limi-
tations related to emotional problems and mental health
distress (Ware et al., 1996). Higher scores represent bet-
ter mental and physical health status. The SF-12 has been
used in a variety of studies and has support for reliabil-
ity and validity (Adams et al., 2006; Bharmal & Thomas,
2005; Cockerill et al., 2004; Mainous, Griffith, & Love,
1999; Resnick, 2002; Salsberry et al., 1999; Schrop et al.,
2006; Ware et al., 1996). The Cronbach’s alpha in this
sample was 0.88.
The Hilltop General Health Survey (HGHS) is a self-
13. report instrument developed by the research team to as-
sess demographic information, lifestyle, and health be-
haviors (Alverson & Kessler, 2012). The instrument in-
cludes both open- and closed-ended items. Fitting with
Bruhn’s (1988) framework, questions focus on behav-
iors that make up a person’s lifestyle and include actions
or inactions that may affect health status. Items include
questions related to tobacco usage, substance abuse, ex-
ercise patterns, health screening behaviors, current symp-
toms, and the diagnosis of acute or chronic medical con-
ditions. Two advanced practice nurses (APNs) who have
experience working with the underserved evaluated the
instrument for face validity during its initial use.
On randomly selected days over a period of 4 months,
research assistants approached potential subjects while
they were waiting for their appointments at the nurse-
managed center. Subjects agreeing to participate com-
pleted the questionnaires in approximately 15 min. The
overall response rate was 97%.
Data analysis
Data were entered into SPSS-Version 18 and checked
for accuracy. Normality of data was examined before per-
forming statistical analysis. Based on the initial analysis of
the data, a total of six predictors: lifestyle (hours of sleep
and smoking/packs per day), health behavior (number
of prescription medications), and health indices (number
of medical conditions, BMI, and number of symptoms)
were targeted and entered into the regression equation
(Kessler & Alverson, 2012). Previous studies also found
these same factors were related to health status (Kroenke,
Kubzanski, Adler, & Kawachi, 2008; Larson et al., 2008;
Zanjani, Warner, & Willis, 2006).
14. A commonly related lifestyle behavior of exercise was
not entered into this analysis because of concerns with
validity of the findings from the original study (Alverson
& Kessler, 2012). In the initial study, 45% of the under-
served subjects reported engaging in some type of exer-
cise, most frequently walking. However, the researchers
found that the subjects had a broad interpretation of ex-
ercise; subjects reported minimal daily walking at home
or work as exercise. When the data related to exercise
frequency were analyzed, there were weak negative cor-
relations between exercise frequency and health status
outcomes. In addition, the relationship between exercise
and BMI was positive, which added to the concerns about
the measurement validity of exercise.
Simultaneous multiple regression was used to exam-
ine these predictors of health status because both lifestyle
and health behaviors are of comparable importance to
daily health status (Polit & Beck, 2008). Pearson’s cor-
relations amongst the predictors were calculated to assess
for multicollinearity (Field, 2009). In addition, tolerance
and variance inflation factor (VIF) statistics were calcu-
lated to assess for multicollinearity (Field, 2009). The
level of significance was set at p < .05 and two-tailed tests
were used. A power analysis was calculated to assess the
risk of a Type II error. This analysis is useful in describ-
ing “after-the-fact” sample results (Polit & Beck, 2008).
Based on the number of subjects in the original study, this
secondary analysis had a power level greater than 0.70.
676
T. A. Kessler et al. Influence of lifestyle, health behavior, and
15. health indices on the health status
Table 1 Sample characteristics
All participants, N = 84
Variable % Mean (SD) Range
Gender
Male 33.3
Female 64.3
Missing 2.4
Age (years) 38.9 (12.23) 19–64
Ethnicity
African American 0
Asian 1.2
Hispanic 3.6
Other 1.2
White 91.6
Missing 2.4
Income
<1999 17.9
16. 2–3999 8.2
4–5999 6.0
6–7999 7.1
8–9999 17.9
10–25,000 36.9
Missing 6.0
Education level 12.46 (1.76) 8–17
Smoking packs/day 0.86 (0.32) 1/2–2
Hours of sleep/day 7.16 (1.87) 3–13
Number of prescription
medications
1.89 (2.33) 1–12
BMI 29.29 (7.87) 18–54.8
Number of medical
conditions
1.72 (1.75) 0–8
SF1 2.9 (0.94) 1–5
PCS-12 42.26 (10.91) 20.70–62.38
17. MCS-12 41.50 (13.25) 10.96–64.15
Note. BMI, body mass index; SF1, Short Form 1; PCS, physical
component
summary; MCS, mental component summary.
According to Polit and Beck (2008), most researchers
have a power level well below 0.80 because of sample
size limitations.
Results
The demographic characteristics of the sample are dis-
played in Table 1. The demographic data were consis-
tent with the total population seeking care at this nurse-
managed health center. The majority of subjects (63%)
who reported their income indicated that they were
at or below 200% of the federal poverty level (HHS,
2011). The primary language of this sample was English
(98%). The remaining 2% spoke Spanish as their pri-
mary language. For lifestyle behaviors, 44% of the sub-
jects smoked and had an average of 7 h of sleep per night
(see Table 1). For health behaviors, 61% used at least
one prescription medication. Overall, the subjects were
overweight with an average BMI of 29.29. Eighty-seven
percent of the subjects identified at least one symptom,
such as depression, nervousness, joint pain, or bowel
changes. Seventy-two percent reported at least one cur-
rent acute or chronic diagnosed medical condition for
which they were seen at the nurse-managed center.
The top five reported medical conditions included men-
tal health issues (37%), hypertension (25%), “stomach
problems” such as gastroenteritis and gastroesophageal
reflux disease (22%), menstrual changes (20%), and di-
18. abetes mellitus (17%). For health status outcomes, the
mean SF1 score was 2.9 (SD = 0.94), PCS-12 was 42.26
(SD = 10.91), and MCS-12 was 41.50 (SD = 13.25).
Predictors of health status outcomes
Two regression models were tested for lifestyle, health
behavior, and health indices depending on whether the
subject smoked. The intercorrelations of these indepen-
dent variables ranged from 0.003 to 0.741 suggesting lack
of multicollinearity (see Table 2). Tolerances were > 0.1
and VIFs were all below 10 further indicating lack of
multicollinearity (Field, 2009; Hair, Anderson, Tathan,
& Black, 2006). For the nonsmokers, the independent
variables accounted for 47.1% of the variance in SF1, a
measure of general health status (F = 9.625, df = 5, 51,
p < .000), 33.5% of the variance in PCS-12 (F = 5.140,
df = 5, 51, p < .001), and 23.2% of the variance in MCS-
12 (F = 3.085, df = 5, 51, p = .017) (see Table 3). For the
subjects who smoked (n = 27), the independent variables
accounted for 48.7% of the variance in SF1 (F = 3.166,
df = 6, 20, p = .024), 41.7% of the variance in PCS-12
(F = 2.383, df = 6, 20, p = .067), and 25.4% of the vari-
ance in MCS-12 (F = 1.136, df = 6, 20, p < .378). For the
nonsmokers, number of medical conditions was a single
significant predictor of SF1 and PCS-12, and number of
symptoms was a single significant predictor of MCS-12.
For those who smoked, smoking was not a single signifi-
cant predictor of health status outcomes (see Table 3).
Discussion
In this sample of underserved adults, the selected
lifestyle behaviors, health behaviors, and health indices
were determinants of variations in health status out-
comes. For the nonsmokers, the combination of hours
19. of sleep, number of prescription medications, along with
medical conditions, BMI, and number of symptoms sig-
nificantly contributed to the model’s ability to predict
general, physical, and mental health status. Previous
studies have similar findings. Health status or HRQL
was found to be negatively affected by poor lifestyle
677
Influence of lifestyle, health behavior, and health indices on the
health status T. A. Kessler et al.
Table 2 Pearson’s correlation matrix (N = 60)
Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Hours of sleep –
2. Packs smoked (n = 27) 0.003 −
3. Prescription meds −0.232 −0.182 −
4. BMI −0.277 −0.082 0.246 −
5. Total symptoms −0.149 −0.066 0.674** 0.407** −
6. Medical conditions −0.019 −0.161 0.731** 0.450** 0.741**
−
7. SF1 0.175 0.035 −0.583** −0.369** −0.588** −0.642** −
8. PCS 0.143 0.178 −0.436** −0.396** −0.413** −0.545**
0.547** −
9. MCS 0.147 0.045 −0.364** −0.231 −0.442** −0.306*
0.426** 0.155 −
Note. BMI, body mass index; SF1, Short Form 1; PCS, physical
component summary; MCS, mental component summary.
*p < .05, **p < .01.
20. Table 3 Multiple regression of predictors for health status
SF1 PCS MCS
Predictor β p β p β p
Nonsmoker (n = 57)
Sleep 0.125 0.219 0.135 0.253 0.073 0.561
Medications 0.010 0.956 0.166 0.595 −0.299 0.206
Medical conditions −0.416 0.050* −0.580 0.024* −0.310 0.253
BMI −0.145 0.220 −0.156 0.250 −0.072 0.617
Symptoms −0.210 0.172 0.026 0.882 −0.431 0.028*
Smoker (n = 37)
Sleep 0.256 0.162 −0.045 0.812 0.227 0.300
Medications −0.216 0.459 0.065 0.837 −0.362 0.307
Medical conditions −0.415 0.170 −0.427 0.184 −0.323 0.269
BMI −0.050 0.800 −0.405 0.067 −0.113 0.637
Symptoms −0.005 0.988 0.074 0.819 −0.206 0.575
Packs −0.068 0.684 0.164 0.364 0.008 0.967
Note. BMI, body mass index; SF1, Short Form 1; PCS, physical
component summary; MCS, mental component summary.
*p ≤ .05.
and health behaviors (Borzecki, Lee, Kalman, & Kazis,
2005; Katz, McHorney, & Atkinson, 2000). The difference
in explained variance between PCS (33.5%) and MCS
(23.2%) scores was not surprising, because most of the
independent variables entered into the regression model
are linked more strongly with physical aspects of health
such as pain, fatigue, and role limitations (Ware et al.,
1996).
21. The lifestyle behavior of smoking, measured by packs
per day, added limited explanatory power to the second
regression model. Even though the model significantly
predicted general health status, smoking only explained
an additional 1.6% of variance in SF1 scores. Further-
more, smoking did not add significant explanatory power
to PCS or MCS scores even though this lifestyle behav-
ior added 8.2% of the variance in PCS scores and 2.2%
of the variance in MCS scores. This finding was simi-
lar to Kroenke and colleagues (2008), who found quit-
ting smoking was not related to improvements in HRQL.
However, for this sample, smoking did add a larger per-
cent of explained variance in PCS scores. Borzecki et al.
(2005) found smoking status made a significant contri-
bution to HRQL in a sample of male veterans. How-
ever, never smokers had significantly higher PCS scores.
The lack of consistent findings related to the lifestyle
impact of smoking on health status warrants further
examination.
The lifestyle behavior of sleep was associated with
health status outcomes in the initial study (Alverson &
Kessler, 2012). On average, the underserved adults in this
sample were getting 7 h of sleep each night; those subjects
who were getting less sleep had lower SF1 scores. Seven
to 8 h of sleep is considered an essential component of a
healthy lifestyle. However, no studies were found linking
sleep with health status in the general population or the
underserved.
When looking at the three health indices of diagnosed
medical conditions, BMI, and current symptoms, the
678
22. T. A. Kessler et al. Influence of lifestyle, health behavior, and
health indices on the health status
number of diagnosed medical conditions had the greatest
explanatory power for the measure of general health sta-
tus, especially for the nonsmoker. The underserved in this
study reported a variety of acute and chronic diagnosed
medical conditions. Identifying the number of diagnosed
medical conditions is less subjective than self-reported
lifestyle or health behaviors, which are more prone to
measurement error and may better reflect current factors
affecting daily health. By managing medical conditions
over time, health status outcomes may improve regard-
less of reported lifestyle behaviors.
The number of diagnosed medical conditions and pre-
scription medications used were significantly correlated
in this sample. Sixty-one percent of subjects reported tak-
ing at least one prescription medication during the previ-
ous year. In 2005, 44% of adults with a family income of
at least 100% of the poverty level took prescription med-
ications at least once (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Often
times being diagnosed with medical conditions results in
the use of prescription medications, thus, managing or
decreasing the number of acute or chronic medical condi-
tions may also lead to less prescription usage. Other stud-
ies have failed to report the impact of prescription usage,
medical conditions, and symptoms on health status in the
general population or the underserved.
In this sample, nearly 50% of the underserved adults
had an increased BMI. Previous research has demon-
strated that a high BMI and low levels of physical activ-
23. ity are associated with poorer health status, while those
who have moderate or vigorous physical activity tended
to be less overweight (Jia & Lubetkin, 2005) and perceive
a better HRQL (Fontaine, Cheskin, & Barofsky, 1996; Jia
& Lubetkin, 2005; Katz et al., 2000; Wendel-Vos, Schuit,
Tijhuis, Kromhout, 2004).
Improvements in physical and mental domains of
health status are important predictors of mortality
(Kroenke et al., 2008) and health status (Borzecki et al.,
2005). The findings from this study provide partial theo-
retical support for the impact lifestyle and health behav-
iors may have on health status outcomes. The lifestyle
behaviors of adequate sleep and smoking, the health be-
havior of taking prescription medications, and the health
indices of number of diagnosed medical conditions, BMI,
and number of current symptoms as a group significantly
contributed to the ability to predict general health status,
PCS, and MCS scores in underserved adults. One inde-
pendent variable in the model, number of medical condi-
tions, significantly contributed to the variance in health
outcomes. This finding fails to support the impact of indi-
vidual lifestyle and health behaviors as key predictors of
health status. However, this finding suggests that a vari-
able related to health indices, such as number of medi-
cal conditions, may be a stronger predictor of health sta-
tus. Another explanation is to consider that the impact of
lifestyle and health behaviors on health status is not uni-
directional. Maybe having a poorer health status results
in individuals getting less sleep, not following a healthy
diet, and taking an increased numbers of prescription
medications. In addition, the regression models demon-
strated that other variables not entered into the analy-
sis contributed more to health status outcomes. There-
fore, it is important to do further research on the impact
24. of lifestyle and health behaviors on health status but to
consider other variables that impact health status in the
underserved.
When comparing the amount of explained variance in
all health status outcomes (SF1, PCS, and MCS) for smok-
ers and nonsmokers, a similar pattern of explained vari-
ance was obtained. Interestingly, the independent vari-
ables were most predictive of the single-item measure of
health status (SF1). This finding further supports the po-
tential use of a single item as a clinically useful measure
of general health status with the underserved.
An important limitation of this study concerns the gen-
eralizability of the results. There were a small number
of subjects in the total sample and even fewer numbers
of subjects who identified themselves as current smokers
impacting the ability to detect the strength of relation-
ships. The subjects were mostly female, white, and mid-
dle aged. However, the sample was representative of the
clients seen at this nurse-managed center. Having a re-
sponse rate of 97% helped decrease some of the bias from
responders and nonresponders. The underserved adults
seen at this nurse-managed center may not be reflective
of other underserved adults or the general population. On
the other hand, people with a low socioeconomic status
tend to have lower HRQL, which was similar to the re-
ported health status of those in this study. The self-report
nature of the variables may affect the validity of the find-
ings. However, health status is a self-report measure, and
there is no other feasible way to collect most lifestyle and
health behavior data.
Implications for practice
Healthcare providers must continuously assess lifestyle,
25. health behaviors, and health indices in the underserved
because of their potential impact on health status and
mortality. Because the underserved tend to seek care for
more episodic health concerns than for health promotion,
providing interventions that manage immediate medical
conditions may have the greatest impact on health status
outcomes. Once improvement occurs, providers should
begin to focus on multiple lifestyle behaviors such as
679
Influence of lifestyle, health behavior, and health indices on the
health status T. A. Kessler et al.
encouraging weight loss, getting adequate sleep, and
smoking cessation. Focusing on multiple behaviors at the
same time appears to have a greater impact on health
status outcomes as compared to focusing on a single
behavior.
The use of a single measure of health status, such as the
SF1, may provide a clinically valid method of assessing
health status. Because the underserved often have lim-
ited access to health care and delay seeking medical care,
using a single-item measure may be ideal for providers
working with the underserved. Being able to capitalize
on a measure of health that is simple, quick to use, and
provides valid data may be a powerful tool to use when
there is limited time and contact with clients.
Because nurse practitioners (NPs) care for a higher
proportion of individuals who are underserved (Brown,
2007; Grumbach, Hart, Mertz, Coffman, & Palazzo, 2003)
or have no health insurance (Deshefy-Longhi, Swartz, &
26. Grey, 2008; Goolsby, 2005), they are in an ideal posi-
tion to impact health status outcomes by providing care
with a focus on illness and life management (Joanna
Briggs Institute, 2006). In a study of low-income women,
the subjects believed their primary care NPs were im-
portant sources of social support to help them main-
tain healthy behaviors (Lopez Bushnell, Cook, Wells, &
Johnson, 2000). Nurses are on the “front lines” and have
close working relationships with individuals where they
live (CDC, 2009). As primary care providers, NPs have
the ability to impact health status outcomes.
Conclusions
Overall, the underserved adults in this study re-
ported lower health status scores and practiced unhealthy
lifestyle and health behaviors. A combination of lifestyle,
health behaviors, and health indices impacted physical
and mental health status outcomes. The number of di-
agnosed medical conditions was the single best predictor
of health outcomes. Surprisingly, cigarette smoking was
not a significant predictor of health status in this sam-
ple of underserved adults. However, evidence supports
the use of health promotion interventions, such as de-
creasing smoking behaviors and engaging in exercise, to
impact health indices (HHS, 2008; Kroenke et al., 2008;
Resnick, 2002).
Managing acute and chronic medical conditions is criti-
cal to improving the health of the underserved. Improve-
ments in the other health indices, such as prescription
medication usage and/or symptom complaints, should
also lead to improved health status outcomes. NPs are in
a unique position to assess and design interventions that
influence the health status of individuals in underserved
populations.
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37. Conditions That Create Therapeutic
Connection: A Phenomenological Study
Colette T. Dollarhide, Marjorie C. Shavers, Caroline A. Baker,
David R. Dagg, and Demetra T. Taylor
In this phenomenological study, counselor and client
participants (N = 14)
described the conditions that fostered meaningful therapeutic
connec-
tions. Among all participants, consistent descriptors appeared
that were
rigorously synthesized into a detailed depiction of therapeutic
contact.
Keywords: counseling, therapeutic connection, healing,
phenomenological
A
lthough many counseling and psychological theories propose
hu-
manistic and phenomenological therapeutic techniques, words to
describe the therapeutic connection between counselor and
client
remain vague. The counselor ’s act of acceptance of the client’s
emotional
pain and internal experience is an anecdotally understood
curative factor
(Rogers, 1995), but in the age of managed care, the debate
continues over
whether it is both necessary and sufficient. Factors within the
therapeutic
relationship such as unconditional positive regard (Glauser &
Bozarth, 2001;
Rogers, 1995) and counselor qualities such as empathy (Kottler,
38. Montgomery,
& Marbley, 1998) have been described in an attempt to connect
the quality of
the relationship to client growth. Terms such as therapeutic
alliance, therapeutic
bond, and working alliance have been applied to describe the
quality of the
relationship between counselor and client (Peterson &
Nisenholz, 1999) but
are not clearly operationalized.
In the desire to operationalize curative behaviors and attitudes,
various
terms have been used in various counseling textbooks, but no
definitive
study was located that outlined what the counselor did or did
not do that
enhanced healing for the client. The purpose of this study was
to fill that
void in the counseling literature.
Theoretically Grounded Terms for Healing
The exact relationship factors that hypothetically provide for
client growth
have been described with various terms, usually situated in a
theoretical ori-
entation. For example, Rogers (1995) highlighted the
importance of empathy,
Colette T. Dollarhide, Marjorie C. Shavers, Caroline A. Baker,
David R. Dagg, and Demetra T. Taylor,
Counselor Education and School Psychology, Ohio State
University. Marjorie C. Shavers is now at
Department of Graduate Studies in Education, Morehead State
University. Caroline A. Baker is now
39. at Department of Counselor Education, University of
Wisconsin, River Falls. David R. Dagg is now
in private practice in Worthington, Ohio. Correspondence
concerning this article should be addressed
to Colette T. Dollarhide, Counselor Education and School
Psychology, Ohio State University, 305 W.
17th Avenue, PAES Building, Room 446, Columbus, OH 43210-
1124 (e-mail: [email protected]).
148 Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57
unconditional positive regard, congruence, and matching
affective expression
as the core conditions of a therapeutic relationship in client-
centered therapy.
Similarly, Geller (2002) explored therapeutic presence, not as a
technique but
as the way the therapist extends self as one human being to
another, and
Ahern (2000) documented how therapists attempted to establish
presence
with clients. In terms of training, these therapeutic strategies
are visible in
microskills training (Ivey, D’Andrea, Ivey, & Simek-Morgan,
2007; Ivey, Ivey,
& Zalaquett, 2007), in which skills are taught sequentially that
culminate in
transtheoretical helping behaviors.
From the gestalt tradition, contact (Perls, Hefferline, &
Goodman, 1951)
and supporting contact (Polster & Polster, 1974) require the
therapist to be
attentive and set the pace and quality of contact congruent with
40. the client’s
needs. In the psychoanalytic tradition, the holding function of
the therapist
(the therapist’s ability to focus on the distress of the client
during therapy)
is crucial (Richard-Jodoin, 1989), resting on the stability of the
therapeutic
environment and on the acceptance of the therapist.
From Eastern traditions have come several concepts that have
been used to
describe meaningful therapeutic relationship qualities. Thomson
(2000) pro-
posed that counselors practice Zazen, from the Soto School of
Zen Buddhism,
as a set of qualities in which the counselor becomes fully
present (focused)
in the client’s immediate concern. Mindfulness and willingness
have been
suggested by several authors (May, 1982; Murgatroyd, 2001;
Nichol, 2006) as
essential counselor qualities in therapeutic interaction.
Specifically, Linehan
(1993) described mindfulness as the core skill of dialectical
behavior therapy,
in which the “wise mind” (p. 214), the intuitive sense of
rightness, is used
to still the self in order to make better contact with the client.
Other descriptions of the curative factors in the counseling
contact can be
conceptualized on the basis of how emotions are addressed.
Active engage-
ment with client affect is proposed within the humanistic
approach, and new
therapies have been proposed that connect emotions with body
41. sense. For
example, Welwood (2001) described therapeutic unfolding as
“the process of
making implicit felt meaning explicit” (p. 335) through clinical
presence and
resonance with the client’s emotions and felt sense as a
metaphor for contact
within humanistic counseling. According to Hendricks (2007),
validating
the emotional felt sense of a client’s painful experience as well
as moving
deeper into the felt sense is curative, because processing
emotions is crucial
for focusing-oriented experiential psychotherapy.
Another phenomenon that exists in the literature about
counseling and
healing is witnessing. Higgins (1994) described adults who had
experienced
horrific childhood abuse and believed that “overcoming [abuse]
hinged
on fully recognizing how bad the past was and bearing extensive
witness
to their abuse in the attentive company of trusted loved ones
and/or a re-
spected therapist” (p. 293). Papadopoulos (1999) described his
experiences
with Bosnian refugees and the solace that therapeutic
witnessing can bring.
Likewise, Fosha (2004) suggested that “tracking and processing
emotions
to completion—in an emotionally-engaged patient–therapist
dyad where
42. Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57 149
the individual feels safe and known—constitutes a powerful
mechanism of
therapeutic transformation” (p. 30). This is performed by a
counselor who is
empathetic, affirming, affect facilitating, affect coregulating,
and emotionally
engaged. Greenberg (2004) maintained that acceptance of an
emotional experi-
ence is key to therapeutic transformation, and the first step in
this process is
awareness of emotions. In medical literature, the role of
emotions has been
extensively explored; for example, Cepeda et al. (2008)
proposed that the
emotional disclosure of patients with cancer through narrative
may reduce
physical pain and enhance well-being, and social psychology
researchers
(Harber, Einev-Cohen, & Lang, 2007) found that participants’
disclosure of
painful thoughts and feelings related to a recalled betrayal
counteracted the
effects of emotional exhaustion.
Although various terms exist to describe the therapeutic
connection, a clear
description of how counselors and clients perceive the process
of receiving
validation and personal connection during disclosure of
emotional pain is
lacking (see Perls et al., 1951; Snygg, 1941). Research-based
descriptions of the
experience of healing interaction in the counseling milieu, from
the perspective
43. of both the counselor and the client, are nonexistent. The
behaviors, attitudes,
and/or statements that both counselors and clients identify as
curative have not
been described phenomenologically in a process perspective
that can be prac-
ticed directly in clinical work and taught to counseling students.
We designed
the present study to address that deficit by asking nonmatched
counselors
and clients to describe the affective, cognitive, and behavioral
aspects of their
experience of therapeutic connection during sessions of
emotional disclosure.
Method
Design Overview
This study was conducted as a full phenomenological study as
described
by Moustakas (1994). First, each of us in the research team
engaged in the
epoche process, in which current assumptions, perceptions, and
ideas were
journaled and discussed in our research group to address
researcher bias and
to examine how our perceptions as researchers may taint the
analysis process
(Moustakas, 1994). We conducted a literature review to provide
context for
the study into meaningful therapeutic experience, involving
exploration of
counseling, psychology, medicine, and nursing research. In the
literature
review, we examined all possible structural implications
44. (underlying dynam-
ics of the phenomenon under study; Moustakas, 1994), in which
the focus
was on related terms such as contact, rapport, connection,
healing, empathy, and
presence. The interview questions were derived to allow the
respondents to
fully explore the experience of therapeutic connection and
healing, without
leading the respondent to predesigned conclusions. With each
interview, the
data were then collected through open-ended inquiry to collect
behavior,
cognitions, and affect before, during, and after the experience
under study
(Moustakas, 1994). Each element of the design is more clearly
described in
the following sections.
150 Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57
Researcher Bias
The first author is a counselor educator with 20 years of clinical
and counselor
education experience, with research experience focused
primarily in qualita-
tive research. At the time of this study, the coauthors were all
experienced
counselors and doctoral students in counselor education in the
first author ’s
program. Culturally, three members of the research team are
Caucasian and
two members are African American. Three members are from
45. the local com-
munity and two are from various parts of the United States.
In terms of gender, our research team consists of four women
and one
man. As members of the research team, we were excited to
conduct a rigor-
ous phenomenological study as described by Moustakas (1994),
and we all
had courses in qualitative methodology. Biases held included
the belief that
counseling is a meaningful, profoundly transformative and
healing experi-
ence and that this healing experience has common elements that
were not
adequately described in the literature. Additionally, we each
had significant
clinical experience and first-hand understanding of the
conditions under
which healing took place. These experiences were described and
bracketed
as much as possible to allow for true contact with the data
generated through
the interviews.
Participants
Two populations were involved in this study: counselors and
clients (not
matched). Counselors were defined as practicing professionals
with master ’s
degrees or doctoral degrees in counseling and licensed to
practice in the
state. These participants were recruited from diverse community
agencies.
Representatives of the client population were recruited from our
46. research
program; we invited 1st-year counselor education students who
had ex-
perienced counseling as a client. We hypothesized that, because
of their
professional interest in counseling, counselor education students
would be
less likely to experience counseling as something negative or
stigmatized
and thus would be willing to talk about their experiences.
Furthermore, this
population’s familiarity with the terminology of the profession
could help
them respond to the research questions and would not pose
negative biases
that could alter the results of the study.
A total of 14 participants were interviewed; six participants
identified
themselves as counselors and eight participants identified
themselves as
clients having received counseling at some point in their lives.
The counselor
respondent pool comprised five female counselors and one male
counselor,
all between the ages of 37 and 60 years. Three of these
respondents identi-
fied as Caucasian, one identified as African American, one
identified as
multiracial/African American, and one identified as Japanese.
The average
years of counseling experience was 12.8 years; theoretical
preferences included
eclectic, client centered, cognitive behavior therapy, and
interpersonal; two
counselors claimed no theory preference or were atheoretical.
47. Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57 151
All of the client participants were women between the ages of
23 to 52
years old. Five participants identified as Caucasian, two
identified as Afri-
can American, and one identified as blended race
Hispanic/Caucasian. The
maximum time spent in counseling was 4 years.
Data Collection
After institutional review board approval was granted, potential
participants
were invited through flyers, e-mail announcements, and word of
mouth.
Volunteers contacted the first author, who assigned the
interviews in con-
sultation with the volunteer, so that participants were not
interviewed by
anyone on the research team with whom there were existing or
potential
educational or professional relationships. Each member of the
research team
was assigned three to four participants to interview once it was
confirmed
that there were no dual relationships or conflicts of interest.
Informed
consent was obtained from each participant for taping and
future member
checking. The interviews lasted from 60 to 120 minutes each.
To further
protect participants, we coded tapes and transcripts for
48. anonymity; once
transcribed, the tapes were destroyed. Each verbatim transcript
was sent to
the participant for review and approval, then to the entire team
for analy-
sis. The recruitment and interview processes continued until the
data were
sufficiently saturated and redundant to ensure that the full
spectrum of the
clinical phenomenon under study had been captured for
analysis. After
data analysis and synthesis, the results were sent to all
participants for their
feedback and suggestions; all participants (100%) approved the
results as
representative of their experience with only one minor edit.
Interview Questions
The interview protocol appears in the Appendix. The interview
questions we
developed were derived from a process of discussion, reflection,
and revi-
sion to probe for the experience under study. The questions
were carefully
worded to avoid having the participant talk about painful
experiences for
which she or he sought or provided counseling; the focus was
on experiences
of healing after emotional disclosure. Additional feedback was
sought from
three expert readers who read the questions and indicated that
the questions
were appropriate for both populations under study.
Data Analysis
49. Once in the data pool, the data were examined in
phenomenological reduc-
tion, in which each story is examined for each horizon; that is,
each singular
statement is viewed as a separate event in the phenomenon to
arrive at a
process view of the entire experience (Moustakas, 1994). We
eliminated
redundancy and minor details to reduce the experience to its
essential ele-
ments. Next, we examined each lived story for the textural
dimensions and
152 Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57
exemplars of the story, which were clustered into themes
(Moustakas, 1994).
These analytic processes were conducted by each member of the
research
team independently; we then met as a team to discuss the
horizons and
details deemed to be minor to arrive at consensus at this stage.
After engaged dialogue, we then synthesized the themes into a
textural
description—the “what” of the experience under study. In the
next step of
imaginative variation (Moustakas, 1994), all possible meanings
for the themes
were sought and phrased in meaningful ways relative to the
context of the
study. In this stage, we attempted to explore all possible
alternative inter-
50. pretations of the data to check for research bias or distortion.
Consistent and
inconsistent themes of the story were juxtaposed to find the
invariant themes
that account for the phenomenon (Moustakas, 1994). Finally,
the textual and
structural descriptions were then merged into a unified diagram
and sent to
the participants for member checking and were unanimously
approved as
accurately depicting the phenomenon of healing contact in
counseling. These
results were juxtaposed with current literature to make sense of
discoveries.
Indicators of Rigor in Qualitative Research
Threats to validity in qualitative research involve four
conditions: cred-
ibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability
(Lincoln & Guba,
as cited in Marshall & Rossman, 2006). According to Kline
(2008), cred-
ibility is facilitated through rigorous description of
methodology; the goal
of the present study is to provide in-depth description.
Transferability is
established through extensive triangulation. In our study, we
triangulated
the inquiry and the findings using literature, member checking,
outside
reader(s), and research team consensus. Dependability and
confirmability
(Kline, 2008; Marshall & Rossman, 2006) mean that the study
could be
confidently replicated with reasonably similar findings found
51. through
thick description of methodology and results. The subjective
nature of
qualitative research makes this a challenge; however, in this
study, the
epoche process we engaged in allowed us to explore each of our
personal
experiences and biases, which were then monitored during the
design, data
collection, and analysis phases. Additional strategies to enhance
rigor in
this study included cross-checking, peer debriefing, looking for
exceptions
to themes, using literature to look for possible alternative
explanations,
and recording of descriptive note taking.
Results
The results of this study revealed consistent events in the
experiences of
both clients and counselors. Findings are not reported in the
order of the
interview questions; the process of phenomenological analysis
yields a
holistic overview of the entire phenomenon. First, we present
the results of
the client participants, followed by those of the counselor
participants, and
finally a synthesis of both.
Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57 153
Client Participants’ Descriptions
52. As depicted in Figure 1, what is helpful must be bracketed by
what is not
helpful. “Not helpful” experiences can be described by three
types of dis-
respect: disrespect of client (being “cut off,” “laughed at,” and
“yelled at”),
disrespect of culture (being “labeled” and “pathologized”), and
disrespect of
process (the counselor asked no questions, provided no insight,
demonstrated
no interest, and gave advice). As a result, clients reported
feeling “stupid,”
“hopeless,” “more alone,” “violated,” “misunderstood,” and
“unsafe.” As
one participant stated, “You didn’t feel the caring or support at
all. . . . You
felt insignificant and stupid and more alone . . . even worse than
you did
before.” Another participant recalled her counselor ’s reaction
to a relapse:
“It was a verbal slap in the face. . . . She seemed angry and I
was confused
about what just happened. I remember being so grateful that our
time was
up, ’cause I just wanted to get out of there.”
In contrast, when clients described their most meaningful
counseling
experiences, they consistently described what the counselor did
and how
the counselor was. They described the actions of the counselor
as “present,”
“quiet listening,” and “drawing out and accepting feelings”;
they said that
the counselor “saw my world,” “accepted me,” and “showed it
53. without
saying a word.” One participant said, “We had the same set of
glasses on.”
Another said, “[The counselor was] pulling something from my
brain that I
Figure 1
Client Participation Themes
NOT CONNECTED CLIENT FELT
Disrespect of client: cut off, shut off, laughed at, yelled at
Stupid, hopeless, more alone,
Disrespect of culture: labeled, pathologized violated, worse
off,
Disrespect of process: no questions, no insight, no progress,
misunderstood, unsafe
no interest, no caring (advice giving)
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CONNECTION PROCESS
WHAT COUNSELOR DOES: HOW COUNSELOR IS:
Be present, be quiet, listen, draw out/accept feelings Calm,
patient, even, genuine, empathic,
See client’s world, accept, show it without words humor,
sincere, warm, positive
Physical: eye contact, full attention, hug
“Beacon in the lighthouse”
CONNECTION: MEANINGFUL, MOST HELPFUL
HOW CLIENT EXPERIENCES THE CONNECTION: How it
made her or him feel
Affirmed, validated, understood, heard, cared about, reassured,
54. freedom
Empowered, encouraged, calm, hopeful, change in energy
AFTER CONNECTED SESSION:
Relief: free, full-body exhale, warm bath, warm fuzzy, cry,
weight off, head up
Grateful
AFTER AFFECT, THEN COGNITIVE WORK IS POSSIBLE
Question, challenge, honesty, respect, reality check, objective,
clarify, reframe
154 Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57
was thinking but didn’t know how to say.” Physically, the
counselor “made
eye contact,” “gave me their full attention,” and served as the
“beacon in the
lighthouse” as a source of hope. The counselor was uniformly
described as
“calm,” “patient,” “genuine,” “empathic,” “sincere,” “warm,”
and “positive,”
with “a good sense of humor.” One participant described her
counselor this
way: “She’s so sincere in every word that comes out of her
mouth [you tell]
that she really means it.”
Client participants described their affective experience of that
meaningful
connection as “affirmed,” “validated,” “understood,” “heard,”
“cared about,”
55. “empowered,” “encouraged,” and “hopeful.” As stated by one
respondent,
“Relief that you are not the only person in the world that thinks
or feels this
way. . . . Thank you. Grateful. Grateful.” After the session in
which clients
experienced connection with the counselor, they felt “relieved,”
“free,”
“warm bath/warm fuzzy,” “crying with relief,” “weight off,”
“head up,”
and “profoundly grateful.” One respondent stated, “It was the
full-body
all-over, just kind of like the tension was eased, like muscles
that were
tense that I didn’t realize are now relaxed” and “You leave your
session
and you’re almost like bouncing out of the office because that
just feels so
good.” Another respondent echoed her words with “Then when .
. . you
know that someone understands you it’s kind of like this full-
body exhale
and like tension just eases and oh, the load off your shoulders is
so nice, it’s
like warm-bath relaxation.” It was after this point that client
respondents
indicated that they could then engage in the cognitive work of
counsel-
ing, in which the counselor “questioned,” “challenged,” and
gave “honest
feedback,” a “reality check,” “objectivity,” and “reframe.” As
stated by one
respondent, “I actually felt better after the fact [intense
emotion] and the
more times that I cried about the situation the better off I was. .
. . Then she
56. challenged some of my thoughts and even some of my feelings.”
Counselor Participants’ Descriptions
As can be seen in Figure 2, the counselor participants’
experiences were
similar to those of the client participants. When describing
sessions in
which connection did not occur, counselors described
experiences that
were similar to those described by client participants. They told
of ses-
sions in which they engaged in “telling,” “teaching,” “problem
solving,”
and “advice giving.” One respondent said, “What was not
helpful? The
advice or problem-solving stuff, not helpful.” Two counselors
touched on
the role of culture and said that connection was difficult if they
shared
too much about their experiences and if they could not identify
with the
client’s culture. Connection was enhanced if they could identify
with the
client’s issues by sharing, for example, “I too have struggled.”
The role
of cognition was mentioned by three of the six counselors, who
indicated
that focusing too much on “book learning” or theory by
intellectualizing
the client’s issue blocked their ability to establish a meaningful
therapeutic
Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57 155
57. connection. One counselor said that in preparing for a session,
“I try to go
‘in’ as far as possible. I need to be rid of all theory. I let my
spirit use my
head, instead of my head using my spirit.”
The counselor participants described the connection process in
consistent
terms. In this process, the client’s pain was manifested in affect
(“shame,”
“guilt,” “detachment,” “self-neglect,” and “fear”) and in body
(“could see
it in their body language,” “no eye contact,” “as if she was
carrying a heavy
burden”). According to one counselor, “They just needed to be
connected
. . . both of them were so detached from anyone.” Another said,
“Crying. . . .
Shame because they have a difficult time making eye contact.
Guilt because
they struggle to make eye contact and then their voices become
lower as if
they’re telling a secret.” In response to the pain they perceived
in the cli-
ent, the counselor participants felt a “call to action”; “call to
helping”; or
a pull in the “gut,” “core,” “stomach,” “back,” “chest,” and
“heart.” One
counselor stated,
I give my heart to the other person’s heart. . . . So the moment I
noticed the connection is
that my heart meets their heart then there is some merger or
connection there. . . . At first
I have to feel that their heart is opened up. . . . I felt that I could
58. hear the clicking that they
opened the door. And then after that how much of my heart will
they take?
Figure 2
Counselor Participation Themes
NOT CONNECTED
If counselor tells, teaches, problem solves, gives advice
If counselor leads with cognition, theory, intellect
If counselor does not share client’s culture or shares too much
about self (know-it-all)
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CONNECTION PROCESS
Counselor sees client pain
Client affect: guilt, detached, self-neglect, fear
Client physical presentation: burden, no eye contact, see in
body
Counselor feels discomfort (must suspend cognition, theory)
Feels call to action, call to helping, gut, core, heart (give my
heart to client), chest, stomach,
back, neck, face
WHAT COUNSELOR DOES: WHO COUNSELOR IS:
Pain: attend to pain, emotional knowing, open self up, let
clients feel Spiritual: inner healing
Still: listen, witness, sit and hold pain, grounded self, silence
Connection to all persons
Pace: walk with, not in front; silent waiting for client Faith,
hope, authentic, natural
59. CONNECTION: MEANINGFUL, MOST HELPFUL
HOW COUNSELOR EXPERIENCES THE CONNECTION:
HOW CLIENT FEELS:
Learn about connection Relief, burden lifted, eye contact,
verbal feedback
More confident with connection with next client Takes
ownership, tells more hard things
Change in energy Gratitude
AFTER AFFECT, THEN COGNITIVE WORK IS POSSIBLE
156 Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57
What was described next was consistent among the counselors:
Their
response to the perceived pain included attending to the pain,
“emotional
knowing,” “open[ing] myself up,” saying “I feel you.” They
became “still”
to better “listen,” “witness,” “ground myself,” and “offer
silence.” One
counselor said, “Simply listening nonjudgmentally to what the
client is tell-
ing me, and sitting and holding the pain for them.” Another
described her
experience of the connection as follows:
For me, that means that I can see myself in that other person
and I try to open up myself
to that other person so that they can see themselves in me. Once
you are able to look at
another person and see yourself, see your own experiences and
see you own life, that is
60. what a connection means to me. When you can actually see that
person’s pain.
The counselors paced the session by “walking with, not in front
of the cli-
ent” and engaged in “silent waiting for the client.” This merged
with what
they knew of themselves that enabled them to help others. They
spoke of
their own spirituality and “inner healing”; feeling “connection
to all”; and
having “faith,” “hope,” “authenticity,” and being a “natural
helper.” One
counselor spoke about how the connection in counseling
brought connec-
tion to the client’s life:
I have a lot of clients that end up . . . feeling connected even to
strangers, to people they
don’t know, to animals, to things that our culture doesn’t really
embrace as something to
be connected to. . . . When a client says to me not only am I
connected with myself, but
I’m connected to things outside of me because I see those things
as a powerful part of me,
those are the best counseling sessions.
After the connection experience, the counselor participants felt
“more
energy,” “affirmed,” “more present,” and more comfortable that
what they
were doing was helpful. They reported that clients expressed
relief through
statements such as “a burden has been lifted” and “it’s off my
back.” One
counselor said, “I can sometimes feel a palpable sense of relief
61. in the room
emanating off them [the client].” Clients were reported to make
eye con-
tact, take ownership over their issues, and share more “hard
things.” As
one counselor stated, “They keep coming back and they tell me
other hard
things. . . . I think it’s when they start taking some of the
ownership that is
the best feeling for me, because to me that’s them making
progress.” Often,
gratitude was directly expressed. At this point, cognitive work
(if a part of
the counselor ’s orientation) was engaged. One counselor said,
“I give some
feedback like that, and sometimes I can get them to see things
differently, but
without giving advice, but try to help them brainstorm different
possibilities.”
Synthesis
As we identified consistent essential elements of the
phenomenon of
therapeutic connection as described in the two previous sections
for
client and counselor participants, the invariant textural and
structural
Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57 157
dimensions became evident (Moustakas, 1994). Lack of
empathy, lack
of respect, intellectualizing, and lack of interpersonal skills
62. prevented
the therapeutic connection from occurring. All of the
respondents spoke
of the speed with which the lack of connection was apparent to
them,
indicating that the potential for connection was assessed from
the first
moments of counseling.
As the therapeutic relationship developed, counselor actions and
attributes
created the environment in which clients could self-disclose.
When client
pain was expressed either verbally or nonverbally, counselors
disclosed that
they felt some calling to respond, reporting some discomfort as
the cue to
attend to the client’s affect. The counselor ’s skills and personal
attributes
served to deepen the potential for connection and engender
trust, instill
hope, and share appropriate background information.
Professional skills that prompted connection included the use of
silence,
emotional attending, remaining grounded, witnessing, empathy,
and pacing.
The counselor attributes of faith, hope, authenticity, warmth,
and patience
served to affirm, empower, and encourage the client. Growth
was experi-
enced by both the counselors and the clients, in that counselors
experienced
a renewal of energy and purpose, and the clients experienced
concurrent
expansion of a more holistic sense of self and contraction of
63. pain through
gaining perspective and affective relief.
Finally, to move forward, the counselor and the client continued
to process
and contextualize the client’s pain. When the connection was
effective, the
client was willing to take ownership and share more “hard
stuff” with the
counselor. Counselor activities shifted to cognitive
interventions as needed
to facilitate continual client growth as congruent with the
counselor ’s theo-
retical orientation.
Discussion
This study shows significant potential for understanding
therapeutic con-
nections with clients. However, findings must be contextualized
with several
limitations that constitute threats to the integrity of the results.
First, this
study, although achieving data saturation, consists of the
phenomenological
experiences of 14 people. Because of the nature of qualitative
inquiry, vari-
able interpretations of the data will exist. Furthermore, the
study reflects a
predominantly female respondent pool. To balance these
concerns, we took
care to recruit diverse participants with variable theoretical
orientations, to
bracket preconceptions, to fully engage the diverse members of
our research
team in active discussion and debate, and to suspend
64. conclusions until all
participants could comment on the accuracy of the figures.
Although coun-
selor participants of this study came from various theoretical
orientations,
it would still be of value to conduct replication studies with
practitioners of
discrete theoretical schools to capture and describe experiences
of meaning-
ful connections within various therapeutic traditions.
158 Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57
Viewing these findings in the context of the literature does
provide sup-
port for the viability of the results. Although the focus of this
study was
on “the most meaningful counseling experience” of clients and
counselors,
there is support for the importance of counselor qualities such
as hope,
warmth, authenticity, and acceptance as found in the client-
centered and
humanist traditions (Friedman, 2001; Kottler & Hazler, 2001;
Rogers, 1995).
The description of faith, hope, and spirituality mentioned by the
client par-
ticipants is also consistent with humanism (Elkins, 2001). Other
counselor
qualities such as presence (Ahern, 2000; Geller, 2002),
supporting contact
(Polster & Polster, 1974), mindfulness (Murgatroyd, 2001;
Nichol, 2006), the
holding environment (Richard-Jodoin, 1989), and willingness
65. (May, 1982) are
interpretable from the findings in which contact with client pain
is engaged
with courage. Specifically, the counselor activity of witnessing
client pain
without fear supports the findings of Higgins (1994),
Papadopoulos (1999),
and Cepeda et al. (2008) and the positions of Fosha (2004) and
Greenberg
(2004), who posited that processing emotional pain is vital for
client growth.
Implications for Practice
From the present study, it is evident how important it is for
counselors to
foster therapeutic connections. Although rapport building,
presence, and
mindfulness are all highly desirable and needed components of
the therapeutic
experience, the intentional creation of deep therapeutic
connection allows
greater processing and healing to take place. The client feels
connected to the
counselor, and together they can move forward to active
interventions not
possible prior to the connection. As the clients and counselors
both reported,
the working relationship significantly changed for the better the
moment
this connection took place. Counselors need to recognize the
potential in this
and gain greater self-awareness regarding the client’s presenting
concerns as
well as feelings about the client. Understanding self and
situation is crucial
66. to allow a deep connection and relationship.
Furthermore, the deep connection created a safe place for
processing pain,
which cleared the emotional blockage to make way for cognitive
work. This
would have important implications for cognitive-oriented
counselors, who
may view these findings as germane only to affect-oriented
practitioners.
It may be incumbent on all counselors to reflect on the dynamic
interplay
between affect and cognition (Goleman, 1995) in order to foster
deep thera-
peutic connection as needed to diffuse client distress before
attempting
cognitive interventions.
Conclusion
Is the therapeutic relationship both necessary and sufficient, as
Rogers (1995)
claimed? On the basis of the respondents’ experiences, the
relationship is
necessary and sufficient for the emotional catharsis that
preceded cognitive
Counseling and Values ■ October 2012 ■ Volume 57 159
processing. Contrary to those therapeutic traditions that claim
that a work-
ing relationship is all that is needed (e.g., rational emotive
behavior therapy
[Ellis, 1973] and solution-focused behavior therapy [Sklare,
67. 1997]), it seems
that counselors would be more likely to provide meaningful and
helpful
counseling services if they first facilitated the client’s
emotional expression
as appropriate. For counselors who prefer a more affect-oriented
therapeutic
approach, the insights from this study could reaffirm that
therapeutic efficacy
is not always measured in weeks toward a goal but rather in the
quality of
the connection between the counselor and the client.
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APPendix
interview Questions
Counselor Questions
72. 1. Demographics
a. Age, gender, time as a professional counselor, ethnicity
b. Theoretical orientation (humanist, behaviorist, etc.)
2. We are studying what counselors do when a client talks
about a very painful emotional event.
a. What is your internal reaction when a client tells you about a
painful or sad event?
b. To what extent do you show the client what you are feeling
or thinking when a client
shares something painful?
3. Describe a time during a counseling session in which you
felt as if you were seeing the
client’s painful experience firsthand, when you felt a deep or
profound understanding of the
client during a counseling session.
a. What do you call that sense of deep understanding?
b. How did that deep sense of understanding feel to you?
Describe where in your body you
experienced it.
c. Without using any counseling jargon, describe what you say
and do when a client is
expressing painful memories or painful thoughts.
d. What did you do that was powerful or profound to you in the
moment?
e. How did you know if it is helpful to the client? What does
the client do or say that helps
you know that what you have done is meaningful for the client?
4. Describe the best counseling session you have ever had with
a client. What made it the best?
73. 5. Describe an experience when you noticed the client sensing
your support and presence.
Describe an experience when you offered yourself to the client
and the client didn’t sense
your support and presence.
6. Recall a time in your personal life that you told someone
about a source of pain in your life.
a. What did the listener say or do?
b. What was helpful to you in that moment? What was not
helpful in that moment?
c. What do you wish the listener had said or done differently to
be more helpful to you at
that time?
7. What about you as a person enables you to support/validate
clients? How do you know this?
Client Questions
1. Demographics
a. Age, gender, ethnicity
b. How long have you been or how long were you in
counseling?
c. Would you say that, overall, counseling has been helpful to
you?
2. Describe the most meaningful moment in your counseling
experience.
3. If you have felt an intense sense of sadness and pain during
a counseling session:
a. What was it like for you?
b. How did your counselor handle it?
c. What was most helpful in that session?
4. What would be most helpful to you during a counseling
session when you are feeling an
74. intense sadness during counseling?
5. Tell me about a time when you felt that you were really
understood during a counseling
session, that the counselor really “got it.”
a. What would you call it?
b. What did it look like? How do you know if someone really
gets what you’re saying or
what you’re feeling?
c. How did it feel? Describe what happens inside of you when
you feel true understand-
ing and support from your counselor. Describe where in your
body you experience that
sensation of understanding and support.
d. Tell me about a time when your counselor tried to “get it”
but didn’t.
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