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1. The document discusses different types of decentralization including political, administrative, fiscal, and market decentralization. Political decentralization aims to give citizens more power in decision making while administrative decentralization redistributes authority and responsibilities for public services among different levels of government. 2. Fiscal decentralization involves transferring financial responsibility and resources from central governments to local levels. Market decentralization privatizes and deregulates functions from the public to private sector. 3. Decentralization can increase participation, responsiveness, and innovation but may also result in loss of economies of scale and inefficient services if local capacity and resources are inadequate. The appropriate form of decentralization depends on assessing strengths and weaknesses of public and private organizations.
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1. decentralisation is not recommended in cost cutting. WHY (8marks).pdf
1. DD Enterprise wants to build a new network of computers for its employees. The management
of the company is considering three network sizes for the possible purchase: large, medium, or
small.The management believes that the demand for their services will be either high level,
medium level, or low level. The payoff (profit in dollars) table for the situation is given below:
(a) What is the best decision using the maximax criterion?
(b) What is the best decision using the maximin criterion?
(c) What is the best decision using the minimax regret criterion?
(d) What is the best decision using the Hurwicz’s criterion if α = 0.4?
2. Lets assume that the probability of high demand is 0.3, the probability of medium demand is
0.4, and the probability of low demand is 0.3.
(a) What is your recommendation using the expected value criterion?
(b) What is your recommendation using the expected opportunity loss criterion?
(c) What is the value of perfect information? Interpret its’ meaning.
Demand LevelHighMediumLowLarge sz$150,000$55,000$10,000Medium
sz$90,000$105,000$45,000Small sz$70,000$80,000$90,000
Solution
1
a) management of company should consider large size- max(150k, 105k,90k)=150000$
b)management of company should consider small size-max(10k,45k,70k)=70000$
c)management of company should consider small size-min(150k, 105k,90k)=90000$
d)management should consider small size-maxz(66k,69k,78k)=78000$
2
a)max(.3*150+.4*55+.3*10k, .3*90+.4*105+.3*45k,.3*70+.4*80+.3*90k)
max(70k,82.5k,80k)=82500$ companyy should cosider medium size
b)expected opportunity loss
for large=0*.3+50k*.4+80k*.3=44k
for medium=0.3*60k+0*.4+35k*.3=28.5k
for small=.3*80k+25k*.4+0*.3=34k
minof expected loss=28500$
so company should consider meduium size
c)expected value of perfect information always equal to expected opportunity loss=28500$
if information cost more than evpi then dont buy it.
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Valdo Rent Car
Anda Beruntung !!! Karena Anda Telah Menemukan Kami, Kami Valdo Rent Car siap menjadi mitra andalan anda untuk segala sewa mobil.
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氣候傳情
嗨！我們是台灣青年氣候聯盟。想跟大家分享一個計畫：一個關於氣候變遷、關於傳遞情意、傳遞改變的計畫：氣候傳情。
面對極端氣候，台灣脆弱度名列世界前矛。當百年颶風莫拉克、海燕成為常態；旱災、暖化成為「只能面對的真相」，我們的未來正面對前所未有的威脅。蜂蜜、稻米、北極熊甚至快樂終將因氣候變遷的影響而消失。
「我想在他們消失之前送給你，希望你能珍惜。」這是氣候傳情的最初理念。
我們希望為每樣傳情物品都紀錄一個故事，例如拍攝蜂農訴說蜂蜜如何因氣候變遷減少產量，紀錄稻農又是如何受旱災所苦，讓被傳情者更深刻的感受。
我們期待氣候傳情傳遞不只是情意，更是改變。傳給朋友，甚至校長及立委，監督他們一同為氣候變遷做出努力！
ANT 613 Assignment
Mr. Rene is a 32-year-old male traditional medical practitioner in Mutengene, Cameroon. He has 25 years of experience and treats patients for issues like mental illness, ulcers, infections, and poisonings. He sources medicinal herbs from local forests and believes the dosage for each patient is determined supernaturally. Patients generally respond well to treatment if they follow the regimen and receive proper care. The clinic can accommodate over 300 patients and, while fees are regulated supernaturally, donations help support Mr. Rene's livelihood. Key challenges include managing violent mental health patients and noncompliance.
ANT603 Assignment
The document discusses the proliferation of Pentecostalism in Cameroon. It provides background on Pentecostal beliefs and examines reasons for its spread in Buea, including its distinctive doctrines. The summary analyzes the proliferation through several anthropological theories: evolutionalism explains how religions change over time in response to the environment. Diffusionism notes how Pentecostalism diffused rapidly through new media. Functionalism and structural functionalism view religions as filling social roles and shaping society. Finally, politics also influence the growth as governments regulate religious authorization.
NEPAD ACRONYMS
The document provides information on NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa's Development), including:
1. NEPAD is a strategic framework adopted by the African Union to address Africa's development challenges through programs and projects in key areas like agriculture, infrastructure, health, and education.
2. It is governed by the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee and aims to achieve goals like poverty eradication and integrating Africa into the global economy.
3. The NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency works to implement NEPAD programs and projects in theme areas through various country and regional initiatives.
150720110745
PELLETS AND PELLETIZATION AS MULTIPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (MPDDS): A CONVENTIONAL AND NOVEL APPROACH
Ph02 edible vaccines
This document provides an overview of edible vaccines. It discusses how edible vaccines are produced by introducing genes encoding vaccine antigens into edible plants using transformation methods. The document outlines various plant species used for edible vaccines like tomatoes, rice, maize, potatoes, and tobacco. It discusses factors affecting the efficacy of edible vaccines and provides examples of edible vaccine research for diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, norovirus, and Alzheimer's disease. The conclusion states that edible vaccines could improve vaccination programs in developing countries by reducing costs and need for cold storage.
Pyrrole (o.c iv)
The document discusses the heterocyclic compound pyrrole. It begins by introducing heterocyclic compounds and classifying pyrrole as a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing one nitrogen atom. The structure of pyrrole is described as aromatic with delocalized pi electrons. Pyrrole can be prepared through various methods including from furan or by the Paal-Knorr synthesis. Pyrrole exhibits properties of both a weak acid and base and undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution. Important medicinal compounds containing pyrrole rings include procyclidine, an anti-muscarinic drug.
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1. decentralisation is not recommended in cost cutting. WHY (8marks).pdf
1. DD Enterprise wants to build a new network of computers for its employees. The management
of the company is considering three network sizes for the possible purchase: large, medium, or
small.The management believes that the demand for their services will be either high level,
medium level, or low level. The payoff (profit in dollars) table for the situation is given below:
(a) What is the best decision using the maximax criterion?
(b) What is the best decision using the maximin criterion?
(c) What is the best decision using the minimax regret criterion?
(d) What is the best decision using the Hurwicz’s criterion if α = 0.4?
2. Lets assume that the probability of high demand is 0.3, the probability of medium demand is
0.4, and the probability of low demand is 0.3.
(a) What is your recommendation using the expected value criterion?
(b) What is your recommendation using the expected opportunity loss criterion?
(c) What is the value of perfect information? Interpret its’ meaning.
Demand LevelHighMediumLowLarge sz$150,000$55,000$10,000Medium
sz$90,000$105,000$45,000Small sz$70,000$80,000$90,000
Solution
1
a) management of company should consider large size- max(150k, 105k,90k)=150000$
b)management of company should consider small size-max(10k,45k,70k)=70000$
c)management of company should consider small size-min(150k, 105k,90k)=90000$
d)management should consider small size-maxz(66k,69k,78k)=78000$
2
a)max(.3*150+.4*55+.3*10k, .3*90+.4*105+.3*45k,.3*70+.4*80+.3*90k)
max(70k,82.5k,80k)=82500$ companyy should cosider medium size
b)expected opportunity loss
for large=0*.3+50k*.4+80k*.3=44k
for medium=0.3*60k+0*.4+35k*.3=28.5k
for small=.3*80k+25k*.4+0*.3=34k
minof expected loss=28500$
so company should consider meduium size
c)expected value of perfect information always equal to expected opportunity loss=28500$
if information cost more than evpi then dont buy it.
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- 1. FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Course code: ANT610 Course title: Anthropology of Local government and Decentralizatio Presented By EBAI WILLIAM EGBE (SM14P125) Course Instructor: Dr Mbuagbo Oben MAY2015 Decentralization
- 2. When one talks of transfer of power and budget from the cental to the local level, vividly points us up to the question of decentralization. What then is Decentralization? The term "decentralization" embraces a variety of concepts which must be carefully analyzed in any particular country before determining if projects or programs should support reorganization of financial, administrative, or service delivery systems. Decentralization—the transfer of authority and responsibility for public functions from the central government to subordinate or quasi-independent government organizations and/or the private sector—is a complex multifaceted concept. Different types of decentralization should be distinguished because
- 3. they have different characteristics, policy implications, and conditions for success. Types of Decentralization Types of decentralization include political, administrative, fiscal, and market decentralization. Drawing distinctions between these various concepts is useful for highlighting the many dimensions to successful decentralization and the need for coordination among them. Nevertheless, there is clearly overlap in defining any of these terms and the precise definitions are not as important as the need for a comprehensive approach. Political, administrative, fiscal and market decentralization can also appear in different forms and combinations across countries, within countries and even within sectors. Political Decentralization Political decentralization aims to give citizens or their elected representatives more power in public decision- making. It is often associated with pluralistic politics and representative government, but it can also support democratization by giving citizens, or their representatives, more influence in the formulation and implementation of policies. Political decentralization often requires constitutional or statutory reforms, the development of pluralistic political parties, the strengthening of legislatures, creation of local political units, and the encouragement of effective public interest groups. Administrative Decentralization Administrative decentralization seeks to redistribute authority, responsibility and financial resources for providing public services among different levels of government. It is the transfer of responsibility for the planning, financing and management of certain public functions from the central government and its agencies to field units of government agencies, subordinate units or levels of government, semi-autonomous public authorities or corporations, or area-wide, regional or functional authorities. The three major forms of administrative decentralization -- deconcentration, delegation, and devolution -- each have different characteristics.. Fiscal Decentralization Financial responsibility is a core component of decentralization. If local governments and private organizations are to carry out decentralized functions effectively, they must have an adequate level of revenues –either raised locally or transferred from the central government– as well as the authority to make decisions about expenditures. Fiscal decentralization can take many forms, including.
- 4. Economic or Market Decentralization The most complete forms of decentralization from a government's perspective are privatization and deregulation because they shift responsibility for functions from the public to the private sector. .. How is choosing the Most Appropriate Form of Decentralization Enhance Efficient services Under appropriate conditions, all of these forms of decentralization can play important roles in broadening participation in political, economic and social activities in developing countries. Where it works effectively, decentralization helps alleviate the bottlenecks in decision making that are often caused by central government planning and control of important economic and social activities. Decentralization can help cut complex bureaucratic procedures and it can increase government officials' sensitivity to local conditions and needs. Moreover, decentralization can help national government ministries reach larger numbers of local areas with services; allow greater political representation for diverse political, ethnic, religious, and cultural groups in decision-making; and relieve top managers in central ministries of "routine" tasks to concentrate on policy. In some countries, decentralization may create a geographical focus at the local level for coordinating national, state, provincial, district, and local programs more effectively and can provide better opportunities for participation by local residents in decision making. Decentralization may lead to more creative, innovative and responsive programs by allowing local "experimentation." It can also increase political stability and national unity by allowing citizens to better control public programs at the local level. Weaknesses Of Decentralization But decentralization is not a panacea, and it does have potential disadvantages. Decentralization may not always be efficient, especially for standardized, routine, network-based services. It can result in the loss of economies of scale and control over scarce financial resources by the central government. Weak administrative or technical capacity at local levels may result in services being delivered less efficiently and effectively in some areas of the country. Administrative responsibilities may be transferred to local levels without adequate financial resources and make equitable distribution or provision of services more difficult.Project and program planners must be able to assess the strengths and weaknesses of public and private sector organizations in performing different types of functions. Before developing elaborate plans for decentralization, they must assess the lowest organizational level of government at which functions can be carried out efficiently and effectively.