Barium compounds have various toxicological and industrial applications. Barium oxyhydroxide is used in glassmaking and stoneware production. Barium chloride is used in tanning and plant pest control. Several barium compounds like barium carbonate and chloride are toxic if ingested and can cause poisoning. Chemical tests are used to detect the presence of barium in samples, including forming barium sulfate precipitate and observing characteristic crystal formations or color changes with reagents. Formaldehyde and methanol are also discussed regarding their industrial uses, toxicity, and chemical tests to identify them.
Barium compounds have various toxicological and industrial applications. Barium oxyhydroxide is used in glassmaking and stoneware production. Barium chloride is used in tanning and plant pest control. Several barium compounds like barium carbonate and chloride are toxic if ingested and can cause poisoning. Chemical tests are used to detect the presence of barium in samples, through reactions that form characteristic precipitates or color changes. Formaldehyde and methanol are also discussed regarding their industrial uses, toxicity, and chemical tests to detect their presence.
PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID, ETHANOL AND GLUCONIC pdf.pdfPriyankaS862445
Citric acid, ethanol, and gluconic acid are produced through fermentation processes. Citric acid is produced mainly through submerged fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus niger. Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars or starches from crops with yeast. Gluconic acid is produced by fungi like Aspergillus niger or bacteria like Acetobacter suboxydans through fermentation of glucose. These compounds find applications in food, pharmaceuticals, fuels and other industries.
The chemical treatment of petroleum products aims to remove impurities like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and some aromatic compounds at low temperatures. There are four main methods of chemical treating: 1) oxidative processes that convert mercaptans to less objectionable disulfides, 2) caustic processes that use lye to react with hydrogen sulfide, 3) acid processes like sulfuric acid treatment to remove sulfur compounds, and 4) solvent processes including solvent deasphalting to remove asphaltenes, solvent extraction to remove aromatics from lube stocks, and solvent dewaxing.
The document describes various methods for isolating, identifying, and analyzing phytochemical constituents from plants. It discusses sample collection and preparation, different extraction techniques including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. It also covers isolation methods like fractional crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. Specific examples provided include the isolation of caffeine from tea, atropine from belladonna, sennosides from senna, diosgenin from Dioscorea, menthol from mint, and curcumin from turmeric. Tests for identifying these compounds involve color reactions, melting point determination, and thin layer chromatography.
Welcome to UNICORN CHEMICALS CO.
Unicorn Chemicals Co. is a leading name in manufacturing and trading an extensive range of chemicals which find wide application in different industrial sectors. Based in Kolkata, our company was established in the year 2010. Using our wide domain expertise and in-depth market knowledge we have been able to set up an organized infrastructure and network which are aiding us to escalate our business to new heights.
Our products are all manufactured using the most authentic and top quality ingredients which are formulated in their correct ratio to bring out the most desired results. All these chemicals are appreciated for their environment friendly and non-toxic nature which do not cause any adverse impact on the human body. These chemicals find effective application like dehumidification, fluid purification operations, air separation and other chemical treatment.
We are backed by a team of highly qualified scientists and professionals who hold extensive insight on the specific industry. Strictly adhering to the rules and norms of the specific industry, we are producing the most authentic brands of chemicals within an affordable market rate. Our sheer dedication, ethical business policies and utmost professionalism have helped us to create a niche not only in the domestic market but we have also formed a renowned client base in the international arena.
production of citric acid , acetic acid and gluconic acid...
CITRIC ACID.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is naturally found in fruits such as lemon, orange, pineapple, plum, and pear.
- Molecular formula is C6H8O7 and belongs to the carboxylic acids groups.
- Stronger acid compared to other typical carboxylic acid.
Produced by fermentation and suitable pH is around 3-6. Citric acid is ( 2- hydroxy-1,2,3 propane tricarboxylic acid).
Citric acid is excreted from the cells in response to unfavorable intracellular condition caused by increased levels of tricarboxylic acids (TCA)
A crucial prerequisite for overflow of citric acid from A. niger cells is therefore increased level of Krebs cycle intermediates caused by anaplerotic reactions.
ACETIC ACID
• Acetic Acid is systematically named as ethanoic acid.
• It is a colorless liquid organic compound.
• It has a pungent/ vinegar-like odor.
• Glacial acetic acid is the pure form of acetic acid (99.98%).
• Vinegar is product of Acetic acid. The first vinegar was spoiled wine.
• It has melting point 16 to 17°C; 61 to 62°F.
GLUCONIC ACID.
Introduction:
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2 (CHOH)4COOH.
It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid. In aqueous solution at delicately acidic pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion.
Gluconic Acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Gluconic acid, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially. This agent and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts.
Aqueous gluconic acid solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes. In alkaline solution, this agent exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminum, copper, and other heavy metals.
Factors contributing to water pollution.pdfSoundarVS
The document summarizes the various processes involved in cotton, synthetic, and wool textile processing and their associated wastewater characteristics. It describes the steps in cotton processing like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization, dyeing, and printing. It provides details on the pH, BOD, COD, TDS, and other parameters of wastewater from each process. Synthetic and wool processing steps are also outlined along with their typical effluent characteristics.
Barium compounds have various toxicological and industrial applications. Barium oxyhydroxide is used in glassmaking and stoneware production. Barium chloride is used in tanning and plant pest control. Several barium compounds like barium carbonate and chloride are toxic if ingested and can cause poisoning. Chemical tests are used to detect the presence of barium in samples, including forming barium sulfate precipitate and observing characteristic crystal formations or color changes with reagents. Formaldehyde and methanol are also discussed regarding their industrial uses, toxicity, and chemical tests to identify them.
Barium compounds have various toxicological and industrial applications. Barium oxyhydroxide is used in glassmaking and stoneware production. Barium chloride is used in tanning and plant pest control. Several barium compounds like barium carbonate and chloride are toxic if ingested and can cause poisoning. Chemical tests are used to detect the presence of barium in samples, through reactions that form characteristic precipitates or color changes. Formaldehyde and methanol are also discussed regarding their industrial uses, toxicity, and chemical tests to detect their presence.
PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID, ETHANOL AND GLUCONIC pdf.pdfPriyankaS862445
Citric acid, ethanol, and gluconic acid are produced through fermentation processes. Citric acid is produced mainly through submerged fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus niger. Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars or starches from crops with yeast. Gluconic acid is produced by fungi like Aspergillus niger or bacteria like Acetobacter suboxydans through fermentation of glucose. These compounds find applications in food, pharmaceuticals, fuels and other industries.
The chemical treatment of petroleum products aims to remove impurities like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and some aromatic compounds at low temperatures. There are four main methods of chemical treating: 1) oxidative processes that convert mercaptans to less objectionable disulfides, 2) caustic processes that use lye to react with hydrogen sulfide, 3) acid processes like sulfuric acid treatment to remove sulfur compounds, and 4) solvent processes including solvent deasphalting to remove asphaltenes, solvent extraction to remove aromatics from lube stocks, and solvent dewaxing.
The document describes various methods for isolating, identifying, and analyzing phytochemical constituents from plants. It discusses sample collection and preparation, different extraction techniques including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. It also covers isolation methods like fractional crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. Specific examples provided include the isolation of caffeine from tea, atropine from belladonna, sennosides from senna, diosgenin from Dioscorea, menthol from mint, and curcumin from turmeric. Tests for identifying these compounds involve color reactions, melting point determination, and thin layer chromatography.
Welcome to UNICORN CHEMICALS CO.
Unicorn Chemicals Co. is a leading name in manufacturing and trading an extensive range of chemicals which find wide application in different industrial sectors. Based in Kolkata, our company was established in the year 2010. Using our wide domain expertise and in-depth market knowledge we have been able to set up an organized infrastructure and network which are aiding us to escalate our business to new heights.
Our products are all manufactured using the most authentic and top quality ingredients which are formulated in their correct ratio to bring out the most desired results. All these chemicals are appreciated for their environment friendly and non-toxic nature which do not cause any adverse impact on the human body. These chemicals find effective application like dehumidification, fluid purification operations, air separation and other chemical treatment.
We are backed by a team of highly qualified scientists and professionals who hold extensive insight on the specific industry. Strictly adhering to the rules and norms of the specific industry, we are producing the most authentic brands of chemicals within an affordable market rate. Our sheer dedication, ethical business policies and utmost professionalism have helped us to create a niche not only in the domestic market but we have also formed a renowned client base in the international arena.
production of citric acid , acetic acid and gluconic acid...
CITRIC ACID.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is naturally found in fruits such as lemon, orange, pineapple, plum, and pear.
- Molecular formula is C6H8O7 and belongs to the carboxylic acids groups.
- Stronger acid compared to other typical carboxylic acid.
Produced by fermentation and suitable pH is around 3-6. Citric acid is ( 2- hydroxy-1,2,3 propane tricarboxylic acid).
Citric acid is excreted from the cells in response to unfavorable intracellular condition caused by increased levels of tricarboxylic acids (TCA)
A crucial prerequisite for overflow of citric acid from A. niger cells is therefore increased level of Krebs cycle intermediates caused by anaplerotic reactions.
ACETIC ACID
• Acetic Acid is systematically named as ethanoic acid.
• It is a colorless liquid organic compound.
• It has a pungent/ vinegar-like odor.
• Glacial acetic acid is the pure form of acetic acid (99.98%).
• Vinegar is product of Acetic acid. The first vinegar was spoiled wine.
• It has melting point 16 to 17°C; 61 to 62°F.
GLUCONIC ACID.
Introduction:
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2 (CHOH)4COOH.
It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid. In aqueous solution at delicately acidic pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion.
Gluconic Acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Gluconic acid, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially. This agent and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts.
Aqueous gluconic acid solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes. In alkaline solution, this agent exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminum, copper, and other heavy metals.
Factors contributing to water pollution.pdfSoundarVS
The document summarizes the various processes involved in cotton, synthetic, and wool textile processing and their associated wastewater characteristics. It describes the steps in cotton processing like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization, dyeing, and printing. It provides details on the pH, BOD, COD, TDS, and other parameters of wastewater from each process. Synthetic and wool processing steps are also outlined along with their typical effluent characteristics.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a simple technique used to separate mixtures and identify compounds. It works by distributing compounds between two phases - a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase, which is a solvent that travels up the plate. Key aspects of TLC include the stationary phase, usually silica gel or alumina; the mobile phase solvent or solvent mixture; and detection of spots under UV light or after spraying reagents. TLC allows for rapid separation and quantification of compounds in a mixture based on the retardation factor (Rf) value, which is a measure of how far each compound travels up the plate relative to the solvent front.
The document discusses bleaching processes for textile fibres. It describes the purpose of bleaching as removing natural coloration and impurities from natural and man-made fibres. The key bleaching agents discussed are oxidizing agents like chlorine and hydrogen peroxide, and reducing agents like sodium sulphite. The document provides details on bleaching with sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine, including bleaching recipes, reactions, and advantages and disadvantages of each method. Absorbency and whiteness tests for evaluating bleaching effectiveness are also summarized.
Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is a white, water-soluble powder with the chemical formula (NH4)2HPO4. It has a density of 1.619 g/cm3 and melts at 155°C. DAP is manufactured using ammonia, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and urea through a process involving granulation, drying, screening, and packaging in multi-wall bags. It is commonly used as a nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer to temporarily increase soil pH.
This document discusses the industrial production of ethyl alcohol. It describes how ethyl alcohol is commonly produced from molasses or waste sulphite liquor through yeast fermentation. The key steps involve using selected yeast strains, preparing an inoculum and fermentation medium, maintaining optimal fermentation conditions of temperature, pH and aeration, and finally recovering the ethyl alcohol through distillation. Byproducts such as carbon dioxide, yeast, fusel oils and stillage are also discussed.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids which serve important functions in plants like pigmentation and protecting against environmental toxins. The main classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids act as antioxidants and have various health benefits like antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. They can be identified through color reactions with acids or lead acetate and purified through chromatography techniques.
The document discusses effluents from the textile industry. It provides details on the various processes in textile manufacturing that generate effluent, the types of pollutants produced at each stage, and typical characteristics of textile industry effluent. The summary is:
Textile manufacturing involves several wet processing steps that use large amounts of water and generate highly polluted effluent. Effluent from preparatory, dyeing, printing, and finishing stages contributes to high levels of BOD, COD, suspended solids, and color. Effective treatment is needed to remove pollutants before the effluent is discharged.
Dyeing of cellulosic and modified fiber with vat dyegezuketema2009
Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble leuco form through chemical reduction. This leuco form penetrates cellulosic fibers and is then reoxidized inside the fiber. Vat dyes have good fastness properties and are often used for fabrics subjected to washing and bleaching. The document discusses the characteristics, classification, application mechanisms, and processes of vat dyeing including reduction, absorption into fibers, oxidation, and soaping. It also covers issues like over-reduction and methods of improving levelness and penetration.
The document discusses coagulation, which is a process used in water treatment plants to remove fine particles from water. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, and polymers are added to water to combine fine particles together and form larger clumps or flocs that are then removed by sedimentation. Common coagulants include aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, chlorinated copperas, and magnesium carbonate. Aluminum sulfate is the most widely used coagulant. The coagulation process occurs in basins containing chambers for inlet, coagulant feeding and mixing, flocculation, sludge removal, and clear water collection.
Formic acid is a colorless liquid that is produced commercially through several processes. It can be made by reacting sodium formate with sulfuric acid, or by combining methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of a strong base to form methyl formate and then hydrolyzing the methyl formate. In 2009, the worldwide capacity for producing formic acid was 720,000 tonnes annually, with major production facilities located in Europe and Asia. Formic acid is used as a preservative in livestock feed and in processing textiles and leather.
Heat stabilizer for copper and other metal mono phthalocyanines as well as fo...Benjamin Lukas
Simple method for preparation of heat stabilizer for copper phthalocyanine pigments for colouration of plastic and rubber is described. The method can be used for heat stabilizer for other mono metal phthalocyanine used in industry as well as for other pigments such as quinocridones.
The Development of Biodiesel Production Process from Rubber Seed Oil by Non C...AM Publications
A study of the production process of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using non-catalytic method that involving superheated methanol at atmospheric pressure bubble column reactor (BCR) has been reported. The quality of biodiesel generated from the process had not met the standard set by Indonesian Biodiesel Forum (FBI) in 2005. It was allegedly occuring since there was no degumming in the production process so that the sulfur and gum/phospholipid/latex contained by the crude rubber seed oils (CRSO) as results of the pressing process were can not be reducted although the transesterification process was held at a high temperature. The study aimed at producing FBI-2005 standarded biodiesel by involving degumming before the transesterification. There were 4 degumming materials used: (1) NaCl; (2) citric acid or C6H8O7; (3) sulfuric acid and NaOH; (4) zeolite and active carbon. The degumming sedimentation were done in two ways; natural and centrifuge (at 1165 rpm for 5 minutes) ways. The best degumming result was processed to be biodiesel under non-catalyst method using BCR superheated methanol under atmospheric pressure with the molar ratio (RM) of 160, at reaction temperature of 290 oC. The biodiesel generated at such process was examined and found that it had met the standard of FBI 2005. The results showed that the degumming using citric acid 0.5% w/w and centrifuge sedimentation was the best method which could reduce gum/phospholipid from 17.1 mg/L to 5.8 mg/L (66% down). The quality of rubber seed biodiesel under degumming process using citrid acid has meet the standard of FBI 2005 than be ready to be marketed.
Plan an ETP with detail process discussion following the instructionsMd Fahimuzzaman
Effluent is the stream of excess chemical liquor from an industry after using in original operation. For example, the excess dye liquor extracted from the textile industry after dyeing is an effluent of that dyeing industry. Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is a waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial waste water for its reuse and it’s aim is to release safe water to environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent. Textile industry uses numerous hazardous chemicals during processing such as heavy metals, salts, surfactants, sulphite, and formaldehyde, which can cause major pollution in the effluents’ receiving waters. Since textile waste water contains a diversity of impurities and therefore specific treatment technology called ETP is required. The ETP Plant works at various levels and involves various physical, chemical, biological and membrane processes to treat waste water from different industrial sectors like chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, refineries, dairy, ready mix plants & textile etc.
The document discusses the fertilizer industry in India. It notes that there are 32 major fertilizer complexes in India that produce over 53 million and 145 million tons of nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers respectively. These complexes can be classified into 5 categories based on their products. The liquid and gaseous discharges from these complexes contain various pollutants like nitrogen, urea, arsenic, oil, and fluoride. The document then describes the various treatment processes used to remove these pollutants from effluents and emissions before they are discharged. These include scrubbers, separators, adsorption, and precipitation. The venturi scrubber is highlighted as an effective device for reducing dust levels in fertilizer plant emissions.
Brenntag Presentation Capitol Area TWUA 051716Glenn Gosnell
This document discusses 28 different chemicals used for water and wastewater treatment, including their basic chemistry, properties, uses, and safety classifications. It covers common oxidants like chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. It also discusses coagulants and flocculants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, and various organic polymers. Many of the chemicals discussed are hazardous if not handled properly.
The document discusses catalyst preparation methods. It begins by classifying catalysts based on physical state, chemical nature, and the reactions they catalyze. It then describes different types of catalysts like gaseous, liquid, and solid catalysts. Solid catalysts are further classified as bulk catalysts, supported catalysts, and mixed agglomerates. The key steps in catalyst preparation are described, including precipitation, sol-gel process, impregnation, forming operations, and calcination. Different catalytic agents like metallic conductors, semiconductors, and insulators are also explained. The roles of support materials, promoters, and preparation techniques are summarized as well.
This document summarizes several methods for treating solid waste, including landfilling, incineration, composting, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. It provides details on the landfilling process and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each method. It also describes the Sasol plant in South Africa, the first commercial Fischer-Tropsch plant that converts coal to liquid fuels and chemicals using iron catalysts in fixed-bed reactors.
This document summarizes several methods for treating solid waste, including landfilling, incineration, composting, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. It provides details on the landfilling process and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each method. It also describes the Sasol plant in South Africa, the first commercial Fischer-Tropsch plant that converts coal to liquid fuels and chemicals using iron catalysts in fixed-bed reactors.
The document discusses hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal technologies, including THIONOL catalyst technology. It provides details on THIONOL such as:
1) THIONOL is a liquid-phase catalyst that removes H2S and mercaptans directly in hydrocarbon media without requiring water or caustic chemicals.
2) It has advantages over other technologies like lower costs since it does not require special equipment or facilities.
3) THIONOL converts H2S and mercaptans to disulfides without producing solid sulfur precipitates or generating hazardous byproducts.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
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Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a simple technique used to separate mixtures and identify compounds. It works by distributing compounds between two phases - a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase, which is a solvent that travels up the plate. Key aspects of TLC include the stationary phase, usually silica gel or alumina; the mobile phase solvent or solvent mixture; and detection of spots under UV light or after spraying reagents. TLC allows for rapid separation and quantification of compounds in a mixture based on the retardation factor (Rf) value, which is a measure of how far each compound travels up the plate relative to the solvent front.
The document discusses bleaching processes for textile fibres. It describes the purpose of bleaching as removing natural coloration and impurities from natural and man-made fibres. The key bleaching agents discussed are oxidizing agents like chlorine and hydrogen peroxide, and reducing agents like sodium sulphite. The document provides details on bleaching with sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine, including bleaching recipes, reactions, and advantages and disadvantages of each method. Absorbency and whiteness tests for evaluating bleaching effectiveness are also summarized.
Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is a white, water-soluble powder with the chemical formula (NH4)2HPO4. It has a density of 1.619 g/cm3 and melts at 155°C. DAP is manufactured using ammonia, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and urea through a process involving granulation, drying, screening, and packaging in multi-wall bags. It is commonly used as a nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer to temporarily increase soil pH.
This document discusses the industrial production of ethyl alcohol. It describes how ethyl alcohol is commonly produced from molasses or waste sulphite liquor through yeast fermentation. The key steps involve using selected yeast strains, preparing an inoculum and fermentation medium, maintaining optimal fermentation conditions of temperature, pH and aeration, and finally recovering the ethyl alcohol through distillation. Byproducts such as carbon dioxide, yeast, fusel oils and stillage are also discussed.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids which serve important functions in plants like pigmentation and protecting against environmental toxins. The main classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids act as antioxidants and have various health benefits like antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. They can be identified through color reactions with acids or lead acetate and purified through chromatography techniques.
The document discusses effluents from the textile industry. It provides details on the various processes in textile manufacturing that generate effluent, the types of pollutants produced at each stage, and typical characteristics of textile industry effluent. The summary is:
Textile manufacturing involves several wet processing steps that use large amounts of water and generate highly polluted effluent. Effluent from preparatory, dyeing, printing, and finishing stages contributes to high levels of BOD, COD, suspended solids, and color. Effective treatment is needed to remove pollutants before the effluent is discharged.
Dyeing of cellulosic and modified fiber with vat dyegezuketema2009
Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble leuco form through chemical reduction. This leuco form penetrates cellulosic fibers and is then reoxidized inside the fiber. Vat dyes have good fastness properties and are often used for fabrics subjected to washing and bleaching. The document discusses the characteristics, classification, application mechanisms, and processes of vat dyeing including reduction, absorption into fibers, oxidation, and soaping. It also covers issues like over-reduction and methods of improving levelness and penetration.
The document discusses coagulation, which is a process used in water treatment plants to remove fine particles from water. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, and polymers are added to water to combine fine particles together and form larger clumps or flocs that are then removed by sedimentation. Common coagulants include aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, chlorinated copperas, and magnesium carbonate. Aluminum sulfate is the most widely used coagulant. The coagulation process occurs in basins containing chambers for inlet, coagulant feeding and mixing, flocculation, sludge removal, and clear water collection.
Formic acid is a colorless liquid that is produced commercially through several processes. It can be made by reacting sodium formate with sulfuric acid, or by combining methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of a strong base to form methyl formate and then hydrolyzing the methyl formate. In 2009, the worldwide capacity for producing formic acid was 720,000 tonnes annually, with major production facilities located in Europe and Asia. Formic acid is used as a preservative in livestock feed and in processing textiles and leather.
Heat stabilizer for copper and other metal mono phthalocyanines as well as fo...Benjamin Lukas
Simple method for preparation of heat stabilizer for copper phthalocyanine pigments for colouration of plastic and rubber is described. The method can be used for heat stabilizer for other mono metal phthalocyanine used in industry as well as for other pigments such as quinocridones.
The Development of Biodiesel Production Process from Rubber Seed Oil by Non C...AM Publications
A study of the production process of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using non-catalytic method that involving superheated methanol at atmospheric pressure bubble column reactor (BCR) has been reported. The quality of biodiesel generated from the process had not met the standard set by Indonesian Biodiesel Forum (FBI) in 2005. It was allegedly occuring since there was no degumming in the production process so that the sulfur and gum/phospholipid/latex contained by the crude rubber seed oils (CRSO) as results of the pressing process were can not be reducted although the transesterification process was held at a high temperature. The study aimed at producing FBI-2005 standarded biodiesel by involving degumming before the transesterification. There were 4 degumming materials used: (1) NaCl; (2) citric acid or C6H8O7; (3) sulfuric acid and NaOH; (4) zeolite and active carbon. The degumming sedimentation were done in two ways; natural and centrifuge (at 1165 rpm for 5 minutes) ways. The best degumming result was processed to be biodiesel under non-catalyst method using BCR superheated methanol under atmospheric pressure with the molar ratio (RM) of 160, at reaction temperature of 290 oC. The biodiesel generated at such process was examined and found that it had met the standard of FBI 2005. The results showed that the degumming using citric acid 0.5% w/w and centrifuge sedimentation was the best method which could reduce gum/phospholipid from 17.1 mg/L to 5.8 mg/L (66% down). The quality of rubber seed biodiesel under degumming process using citrid acid has meet the standard of FBI 2005 than be ready to be marketed.
Plan an ETP with detail process discussion following the instructionsMd Fahimuzzaman
Effluent is the stream of excess chemical liquor from an industry after using in original operation. For example, the excess dye liquor extracted from the textile industry after dyeing is an effluent of that dyeing industry. Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is a waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial waste water for its reuse and it’s aim is to release safe water to environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent. Textile industry uses numerous hazardous chemicals during processing such as heavy metals, salts, surfactants, sulphite, and formaldehyde, which can cause major pollution in the effluents’ receiving waters. Since textile waste water contains a diversity of impurities and therefore specific treatment technology called ETP is required. The ETP Plant works at various levels and involves various physical, chemical, biological and membrane processes to treat waste water from different industrial sectors like chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, refineries, dairy, ready mix plants & textile etc.
The document discusses the fertilizer industry in India. It notes that there are 32 major fertilizer complexes in India that produce over 53 million and 145 million tons of nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers respectively. These complexes can be classified into 5 categories based on their products. The liquid and gaseous discharges from these complexes contain various pollutants like nitrogen, urea, arsenic, oil, and fluoride. The document then describes the various treatment processes used to remove these pollutants from effluents and emissions before they are discharged. These include scrubbers, separators, adsorption, and precipitation. The venturi scrubber is highlighted as an effective device for reducing dust levels in fertilizer plant emissions.
Brenntag Presentation Capitol Area TWUA 051716Glenn Gosnell
This document discusses 28 different chemicals used for water and wastewater treatment, including their basic chemistry, properties, uses, and safety classifications. It covers common oxidants like chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. It also discusses coagulants and flocculants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, and various organic polymers. Many of the chemicals discussed are hazardous if not handled properly.
The document discusses catalyst preparation methods. It begins by classifying catalysts based on physical state, chemical nature, and the reactions they catalyze. It then describes different types of catalysts like gaseous, liquid, and solid catalysts. Solid catalysts are further classified as bulk catalysts, supported catalysts, and mixed agglomerates. The key steps in catalyst preparation are described, including precipitation, sol-gel process, impregnation, forming operations, and calcination. Different catalytic agents like metallic conductors, semiconductors, and insulators are also explained. The roles of support materials, promoters, and preparation techniques are summarized as well.
This document summarizes several methods for treating solid waste, including landfilling, incineration, composting, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. It provides details on the landfilling process and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each method. It also describes the Sasol plant in South Africa, the first commercial Fischer-Tropsch plant that converts coal to liquid fuels and chemicals using iron catalysts in fixed-bed reactors.
This document summarizes several methods for treating solid waste, including landfilling, incineration, composting, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. It provides details on the landfilling process and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each method. It also describes the Sasol plant in South Africa, the first commercial Fischer-Tropsch plant that converts coal to liquid fuels and chemicals using iron catalysts in fixed-bed reactors.
The document discusses hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal technologies, including THIONOL catalyst technology. It provides details on THIONOL such as:
1) THIONOL is a liquid-phase catalyst that removes H2S and mercaptans directly in hydrocarbon media without requiring water or caustic chemicals.
2) It has advantages over other technologies like lower costs since it does not require special equipment or facilities.
3) THIONOL converts H2S and mercaptans to disulfides without producing solid sulfur precipitates or generating hazardous byproducts.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
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in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
ANSI(ST)-III_Manufacturing-I_05052020.pdf
1. Manufacturing-I (Process of Raw Sugar
Refining & Decolourisation)
By
M.K.Yadav
National Sugar Institute, Kanpur
2. Function of sugar refining:-
Sugar refining involves purification of sugar to meet food
safety requirements and customers’ demand. There are six
groups of non-sugar: suspended matters, colour, ash,
macromolecules (turbidity), microbes, and heavy metals.
Food safety requirements is mandatory that microbes and
heavy metals in the final sugar products must meet food
grade quality. Turbidity, mostly consists of macromolecules
such as polysaccharides, dextrans, starch, waxes, gum, need
to be removed for customers’ quality control. Microbes,
turbidity and suspended matters can be removed by
carbonation and phosphatation during the processes of
decolourization and finally by tight filtration via filter
presses with diatomaceous earth (DE). Colour and ash
removal are optional, depending on customers
requirements.
4. Melt treatment
❖Melt clarification process can be done by two
different techniques:-
1) Phospho-FloatationProcess.
2) Carbonation Process.
1) Phospho-Floatation Process:-..................................
5. Melt Phosphatation
Low coloured Raw sugar or Affined sugar
Melt liquor Sweet Water
Colour Precipitant Buffer tank
Lime Sucrate Reaction tank Phosphoric Acid
Flocculent Air
Floatation Clarifier
Filtration Scum to
Desweetening
Clear liquor to Decolourisation
6. • Affination:- Treatment of raw sugar crystals
with a concentrated Light molasses to remove the
film of adhering molasses. This is achieved by
mixing sugar with light molasses and then
centrifuging the magma with or without water
washing.
• Affined sugar:- Sugar which is produced
after centrifugation/purging in affination
process.
7. Description of the Phosphatation
Process
❑The mechanism of Phosphatation is primarily the
flocculation of impurity particles (Bennett). The
majority of colouring matter & colloids by nature are
negatively charged and so the addition of cations
such as calcium neutralises these charges and allows
flocculation to take place. The anionic colour bodies
are therefore most effectively removed by this
process, and some soluble colours are absorbed by
the tri-calcium phosphate. The open and bulky
nature of the precipitate allows micro-flocs to be
enmeshed in the precipitate mass. Larger particles
must be screened because they do not float in the
flotation clarifier.
9. Description of the Phosphatation
Process Contd...
This process consists of adding phosphoric acid to hot raw melt
(80-85 deg.c) at 0.02 – 0.05% P2O5 on brix depending on the
sugar quality, i.e. colour and suspended solids. Lime in the
form of lime sucrate/ low brix (2.0-2.5 be) lime slurry is added
almost simultaneously. The reaction produces a precipitate of
tricalcium phosphate, to which is added a flocculent to
coagulate it.
3Ca(OH)2+ 2 H3 PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2+ 6H2O
The precipitate is very fine and cannot be easily filtered;
therefore, the liquor is aerated by dispersed air and subject to
flotation in a clarifier. The precipitate and other debris are
scraped/skimmed off as a scum. The scum is de-sweetened in
several ways, the most popular of which is a series of two or
three counter current clarifiers. The clear liquor underflow is
led to one or two filtration processes where any carry over is
removed.
12. CLARIFICATION STEPS IN THE
PHOSPHATATION PROCESS
The process of floatation can be divided in three main
steps:-
❑Phosphate flocculation.
❑Air floatation.
❑Scum production.
❖Phosphate flocculation:
The objective of first step is to form a floccules that would
occlude, adsorb and absorb the greatest possible portion of
impurities. This process is further classified in to three
steps.
❑Reaction of phosphoric acid and lime.
❑Primary flocculation.
❑Secondary flocculation.
13. Continued......
❖ The reaction between lime and H3PO4 produces a
precipitate of tricalcium phosphate, to which is added a
flocculent to coagulate it.
3Ca (OH)2 + 2 H3 PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O.
❖ The precipitate is very fine & therefore, the liquor is
aerated by dispersed air to flotation in a clarifier.
❖The precipitate and other debris are scraped off as a
scum.
❖The scum is de-sweetened in several ways, the most
popular of which is a series of two or three counter current
clarifiers.
❖The clear liquor underflow is led to one or two filtration
processes where any carryover is removed.
14. Measurement of effectiveness of
reaction
• Residual phosphate in the clarified liquor is most
important parameter to measure the completion
of reaction. Hence frequent measurement of
phosphate content will give the indication about
the performance of the reaction / system.
• Aeration: The aim of this stage is to achieve
complete floatation of the floccules formed in
the first stage.
With the aeration we introduce the greatest
possible population of minute air bubble uniformly
distributed in the liquor. The performance of
floatation is largely depends upon the sufficient
no. Of suitable size of air bubbles.
15. Air bubble parameters
• As air bubbles provides the lifting force for floatation
of the solid floccules, there size and no. Have great
influence on the stability and velocity of floatation.
following equation will help in knowing this phenomenon.
Force F1 casing a body to float in the liquid is
F1 = v.(d2-d1)
Where v = Volume of the body.
d1=Density of the body.
d2=Density of the liquid.
The resistance F2 to a body to float is given by-
F2 = c.d2.A.V2/2g
Where c is the coeff. Of motion resistance and is further
defined as c = 24/Re, (Re= Reynolds no.), A= Sectional
area of the body, V=moving velocity of the body.
16. RAW SUGAR SPECIFICATIONS
The raw sugar manufacturer focuses on the following
criteria to deliver an acceptable finalproduct.
LP VHP VVHP
Pol % 98.00 99.25 99.60
Colour (I.U.) 3500 1500 450
Ash % 0.35 0.20 0.12
Invert % 0.50 0.15 0.10
Starch- mg/l 300 250 110
Dextran -mg/l 285 230 <50
Insoluble's- mg/l NA 250 150
17. Raw Material Specification
RAW SUGAR SPECIFICATIONS :-
VHP VVHP
POLARISATION (%) Min. 99.20 -99.40 99.45-99.70
TOTAL DRY SOLIDS % 99.94 99.96
MOISTURE (%) Max. 0.06 0.04
COLOUR (IU) MAX. 800-1500 425-650
TOTAL R.S.(%) MAX. 0.13 0.07
CONDUCTIVITY ASH (%) 0.12 0.07
GRAIN SIZE
MA / CV ( mm / % ) 0.70–0.80 / 38–40 0.70–0.80 /38-40
INSO. MATTER ( mg/ kg) 250 150
MICROBIOLOGICAL COUNTS ------- ---------
(CFU /10 gm)
Total Mesophilic Bacteria (Max.) ------- --------
Yeast (Max.)
Mould (Max.) --- --- --------
Starch ( mg/ kg) 250 150
Dextran ( mg/ kg) 237 <50
Sulphite ( mg/ kg) NA NA
18. Chemical used in Phosphatation process
❑ Colour precipitant:- It is a high-molecular-weight materials
bearing a positively charged strong base site, which can form an
adduct with colorants, most of which are negatively charged at
processing pH values. High molecular weight, produces a
hydrophobic insoluble precipitate that can be removed with the
clarifier scum. There are three type of colour precipitant which is
used in melt clarification system.
1. dimethyl ditallow ammonium chloride (Talofloc), a waxy material
developed by Bennett at Tate & Lyle Ltd. Talofloc is a semisolid at
ambient temperatures and a solid under cold conditions. Hence, it
is required to heat for liquefied the chemical and then to use it.
19. Contd.........
2. The 2nd colour precipitant is developed by American
Cyanamid is an epichlorohydrin-methylamine Co-
polymer. This substance is prepared as 50 % aqueous
solution and hence it is more easily handled than
Talofloc.
20. Contd.........
3. The 3rd colour precipitant is a cyclic polymer and is
known as Diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride,Talomel.
❑ Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4).
❑ Milk of lime used for neutralization.
❑ Flocculent :- It is a Polyacrylamide flocculants of high
molecular weight co-polymers of sodium acryl ate and
acryl amide. It is very long linear molecular chain
containing high concentration of mobile anionic charges.
21. Colour Removal:-
What is colour? Colour is evaluated by measuring
absorbency at 420nm following the ICUMSA
method which specifies the pH at 7.0.
There are basically four types of colour :-
• Plant pigments
• Melanoidins
• Caramels
• Alkaline Degradation Products of Fructose (ADF)
The first originates from the sugar cane while the
last three are created in factories and prove to be
22. Contd.....
1. Plant pigments:-
❖ The plant pigments are principally phenolics and
flavonoids, which make up about two third of the
colour in the raw sugar. Phenolics are generally
uncoloured, but are oxidised or react with amines or
iron to form colorants during processing.
❖ Flavonoids are polyphenols that exist in the cane plant
and are involved in enzymic browning reactions. Plant
pigments tend to have low to medium molecular
weights (M.W.<1000), but are highly ionised,
particularly at high pH values. Hence they have high
indicator values (IV = colour at pH 9 divided by colour
at pH 4), but are generally readily removed in the
refinery. However , they are readily incorporated in to
the sucrose crystal in the refinery.
23. 2- Melanoidins:-
❖ It is a factory produced pigments that result from Maillard type
reactions of amino acids with reducing sugars (non-enzymic
browning).
❖ They are only produced with the application of heat at high brix and
low purity, but can also form with low heat over long periods.
❖ They are slightly negatively charged at neutral PH, but positive
under acidic conditions.
❖ A sub division of Melanoidinsis melanin'sand it is produced from
phenol-aminereactions. These have a medium MW(>2500)and are
difficult to remove in processing.
❖ Melanoidinsare insensitive to pH and hence have low Ivs.
Contd.....
24. 3- Caramels:- It is form as thermal degradation
products of sucrose, with high molecular weights
that increase with time and temperature as a
result of increasing polymerization. They have
only a slight charge and are not pH sensitive.
4- Alkaline degradation products of fructose ( ADFs.):-
❖ It is formed from thermal decomposition of fructose
mainly, and glucose to a lesser extent, under alkaline
conditions.
❖ The reaction product are brown in coloured and acidic
in nature, leading to inversion of sucrose and further
colour formation. These compounds are usually
uncharged and of medium to high MWs.
Contd.....
25. 5-Colour precursors:- These are the compound
which is not coloured themselves, undergoes
reactions that form colour during processing. They
includes amino acids, simple phenolics
compounds, and 5- hydroxy-2-methylfurfural
(HMF), The last being formed from acidic
decomposition of fructose.
Contd.....
26. Melt treatment by carbonation process
Carbonation is a process used in sugar
refinery to purify and clarify the sugar
liquor. It involves the precipitation of
calcium carbonate through the addition of
lime and gassing with a gas containing
carbon dioxide. The crystallization mass so
formed removes the impurities by
incorporation in the crystals and constitutes
a filter aid for the pressure filtration
process. Carbonation is generally applied to
melt liquor in the refinery ahead of any
decolourising process.
27. Contd.....
Carbonation has a good effect on sugar liquors. It is also purification
process, enabling a colour reduction of about 50 % to 60 % together
with a reduction in ash content of about 20-25 %. The carbonation
processes incorporate a number of physical and chemical processes.
1- First there is a chemical reaction between lime and carbon dioxide
to form a calcium carbonate ppt.
2- second a process of crystallization takes place and required to
produce a mass of calcium carbonate crystals, which are of the right
size, size distribution and degree of conglomeration to facilitate the
subsequent filtration step.
3- Third, the condition of pH and temp dictate the extent to which
inorganic species are ppt. this effecting ash removal, where the
destruction of sucrose , monosaccharide and filterability of the
carbonate cake are also affected by pH and temp conditions.
31. Clarification Steps in carbonation
process
• Process involves precipitation of Calcium Carbonate with addition
of Lime & Carbon Dioxide.
• Carbon dioxide can be scrubbed from Flue gas & then
compressed to fed to Carbonators.
• Proper & effective distribution of CO2 gas for better
precipitation.
• Carbonation can be followed in three stages & in some refineries
within two stages.
• Carbonator -1, pH drops from 10.6 to 9.6 & Retention time in all
saturators – 50 to 60 minutes.
• Carbonator -2, pH drops up to 8.4-8.5
• Carbonator-3, pH drops to 8.0 – 8.2 at 80-850C.
32. CARBONATORS ARRANGEMENT
To ensure the completion of reaction, it is normal practice to use
two saturators in series. About 85% of the reaction is completed in Ist
vessel & remaining 15 % in second vessel.
The arrangements are made as per the capacity & reaction condition
requires.
•Line A only (A1& A2)
•Line B only (B1& B2 )
•Line A and B
•Line AI,AII and BI only
•Line BI,BII and AI only
The first vessel operates at out let pH of 9.5-9.6 & second vessel at
8.1 to 8.2. The higher pH leads to higher Cao in liquor & it is observed
that the soluble bicarbonates are formed below pH 8.0, which is not
only increase the ash % but also detrimental to the filtration.
33. GAS DISTRIBUTION
The proper mixing of the CO2 gas & limed liquor is the
very essential need of the reaction. So the good gas
distributor ( Richter tube) must fulfil the following
conditions.
•Distribute the gas uniformly over the cross-sectional area
of the saturators.
•Distribute gas in the form of very small size bubbles &
more nos. since the smaller the size of the bubble larger
area for mass transfer.
•Sufficient agitation in the vessel is to be provided to
ensure the uniform condition in the vessel & to keep the
boundary layer between gas bubble & liquid as thin as
35. Ca (OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O
❖ Lime is added to melt liquor immediately ahead of the
saturator.
❖ Boiler flue gas is used as source of CO2 required for the
reaction to form calcium carbonate.
❖The concentration CO2 gas is about 12-14% in scrubbed
flue gases.
General Observation on Impurity Removal from Melt during
Carbonation
Colour 55
Turbidity 90
Starch 93
Gums 29
Sulphates 86
Phosphates 100
Magnesium 67
38. PRECIPITATE & CO2 CALCULATION BY
ALKALINITY METHOD
Raw sugar melting 250.00 T/Hr.
Raw sugar Bx.% 99.94
MeltedliquorBx.% 64.00
Meltedliquordensity 1.30
MeltedliquorQTY. 390.40 T/Hr.
300.31 M3/Hr.
Milkof lime addition % 3
MOL. Qty used 9.01 M3/Hr.
Limedliquor qty. 309.32 M3/Hr.
Limedliquor alkalinity 5.20 gm./ltr.
Fine liquoralkalinity 0.17 gm./ltr.
Available CaO at 15 degreebaume 150 gm./ltr.
Densityof 15 Degree Baume MOL. 1150 gm./ltr. CaO + H2O == Ca(OH)2
1.15 kg/m3 56 18 74
Qty. of CaO usedin clarification 1555873.46 Gram/hr.
1555.87 Kg/hr.
Qty. of Ca(OH)2 2055.98 Kg/hr. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 == CaCO3 + H2O
Qty. of CaCO3 Precipitate 2778.35 Kg/hr. 74 44 100
Moisture % of filtercake 30
Weightedmoisture infiltercake 833.50 Kg/hr.
Brix % of the filtercake 3.00
WeightedSolidsinfiltercake 83.35 Kg/hr. 0.083 Tons/hr.
Resultentqty. of precipitate 3695.20 Kg/hr.
3.70 Tons/hr.
Quantity of precipitae % on raw sugar 1.48
CO2 gas pressure 1.00 Barg
CO2 gas temperature 50.00 Deg.cent.
Densityof CO2 1.96 Kg/m3
% of CO2 in flue gas 10.00
% of AbsorptionefficiencyofCO2 42.00
Quantity of CO2 required 1222.47 Kg/hr.
14850.243 Nm3/hr.
39.
40. Filtration:-
❖ The separation of the clear liquor and
the calcium carbonate is done by
pressure filtration.
✓Carbonated liquor pressure filters.
✓Daistar or candle filters.
✓Safety filter.
❖ Filtering elements are generally made up
of polypropylene cloth. Monofilament
polypropylene woven fabric cloth are
used universally.
❖ Periodic cleaning of cloth with sulphamic
acid with inhibitor is generally followed.
❖ Installed capacity of filters is designed
so as to handle worst quality of raw
sugar liquor.
❖ Considering the minimum filterability of
raw sugar, filter area requirement of 15
m2 filtering area per tone of melt per
hour is considered to be standard.
❖ On volumetric basis, filtration rate of 0.1
m3/ m2 / hour is acceptable.
43. FILTERATION
To obtain high quality refined sugar it is important to remove all
suspended matter from the sugar liquor and the liquor to be
crystallized must be brilliant and sparkling for this reason, sugar liquor
are filtered at different stages of the refining operation.
Types of filters used in carbonation process.
•Carbonated liquor pressure filters.
•Daistar or candle filters.
•Safety filter.
SELECTION OF FILTERS:
When selecting a filter, consideration must be given to details and
practical features of design, such as ease and efficiency of operation
and maintenance.
CONSTRUCTION OF FILTER:
carbonated filter having filtering area 220m2 each. It has 55-56
ring and also nozzles on top side provided for filling filter with liquor.
No of nozzles are 102 both sides. For sluicing purpose 55(spray
nozzles). Central shaft having 55 holes for drain the liquor.
44. WORKING
Carbonated liquor is pumped to each filter from pumps. The filtering
period consist of three processes.
1. Maximum flow rate at low pressure.
2. Decreasing flow rate at constant pressure.
3. Decreasing flow rate at increasing pressure.
Before carbonated liquor entering the filter temperature of
liquor is maintained at about 82 – 85 o C for better filterability, As
per Muller & Rungas Scientist.
Each filter having inlet from top through nozzles and distribution plate
are avail below nozzles. Liquor filling up to 15m3 volume. after this
pre-filtration start up to liquor becomes limpid in this period liquor
goes back to CRL tank. The pressure filter cycle maintain 3.5 bar and
flow rate 30 -50 m3/hr. The filtration cycle ends when the filtration
rate dropped to a low level and pressure also. When more cake
thickness is developed on the filter elements then mud is sluiced off
through sluicing device which is through water over the entire surface
side of filter leaf and ensure that cloth can be thoroughly cleaned.
The sweet sludge from the filter returns to sweet sludge tank.
48. D.F. OPERATION SEQUENCES
STEP NAME DURATION
1 Total cycle time 5760sec (96min)
2 Discharge collector empty time 25sec
3 Steam blowing time (D, full) 10sec
4 Steam blowing time (D, empty) 10sec
5 Air matters reforming time 25sec
6 Cloudy filtration time 320sec (5min, 20sec)
7 Wait time before fill circuit
Closing 60sec (1min)
• Discharge collector empty and
Sight glass vent time 55sec
Total cycle time 6255sec (104min, 15sec)
49. FILTER AID USE IN
FILTERATION
Filter aid filtration:
Filtration is the process by which particles are separated from a fluid by passing the
fluid through a permeable material.
HOW FILTER AID WORKS
Filtration using filter aid is a two step operation. First, a thin layer of filter
aid, called a precoat, is built up on the filter septum by recirculation of filter
aid slurry through the filter. After precoating small amounts of filter aid are
regularly added to the liquid to be filtered. As filtering progresses, the filter
aid, mixed with the suspended solids from the unfiltered liquid, is deposited on
the precoat. Thus a new filtering surface is formed continuously; the minute
filter aid particles provide countless microscopic channels that entrap
suspended impurities but allow clear liquid to pass through without clogging.
An efficient, economical filter aid must
•Have rigid, porous, individual particles
•Form a highly permeable, stable filter cake.
•Remove even the fine solids at high rate flow.
•Chemically inert and essentially insoluble in the liquid being filtered.
The purpose of precoating:-
To prevent the filter septum from become clogging by impurities.
•To give immediate clarity, and
•To facilitate cleaning of the septum at the end of the cycle..
50. Calculation for Optimum Filter aid
Thickness in Leaf Filters
Basis : Filter aid Thickness should be about 2.00 mm on filtering discs used in
the filters.
Example : Leaf type Filter having 38 Nos.
A filter Disc with 1.5 mt dia. will have
filtering area ( both sides) = 3.53 m2.
Calculation : Total area available = 38 X 3.53 = 134.14 m2
Qty. of F. A. added for one cycle = 100 kgs ( 4 Bags )
Volume of Filter Aid in Filter = 100 / 380 = 0.263 m3
Filter aid Thickness in filter = 0.263 / 134.14
= 0.00196 mt
= 1.96 mm
51. Plate and frame type filter press
•
• Filtrationunit
• Membrane Filter Press
➢ Single stage filtration involves
filtering of carbonated liquor or
desweetening of carbonated
cake and discharge of dry cake
@ about 30 % moisture.
➢ Very high filtration rate when
compare with conventional
filters. (0.4-0.5 M3/m2/hr
whereas other filters are 0.1 -
0.2 M3/m2/hr.)
➢ Operates at higher pressure 5.5
bar 6.0 bar and facilitates
good filtration for even higher
viscous liquor and handle low
temperature.
➢ Doesn’t require any pre-coat.
•
52. discussion to liquid – solid filtration continued
The liquid–solid filtration is often called “cake–
filtration”, because the separation of solids from
the slurry by the filtering medium is effective during
the initial stages of filtration. Later, the 'cakes' or
deposits collected over the medium act as the filter.
Therefore, cake thickness increases during filtration
and the resistance (hydraulic) offered by the cake–
material is larger than that by the filtering medium.
There are two types of operation:
a. Constant-pressure
b. Constant filtering rate
53. In the 1st case, filtering rate varies with time,
whereas in the 2nd case, pressure–drop increases
with time.
For ideal cake filtration, cake should be stable and
large porosity. There are two common types of
filters:
a. The plate and frame type filter press
b. Rotary-drum filter
c. Pressure filtration by using candle/ leaf filters.
The plate and frame press filter
Consists of series of plates and frames sand
witched alternatively; cakes are built-up inside the
frame–chamber. Cloth, filtering medium, is
supported on a corrugated material. There are
56. Pressure–drop is applied across the filter: Pa > Pb
Assuming that the flow of filtrate is under laminar conditions
(low Re and viscous flow), one can apply the Ergun's
equation, neglecting the inertialforms:
∆P is directly proportionalto µv0
rw
Consider a differential thickness of cake = dL at a distance
of L fromthe filter-medium.
dP/ d L = k1 µf v0 (1- €)2 *(Sp/Vp)2
€ 3
where, µf is the viscosity of the filtrate
€ is the bed-porosity or porosity of the cake.
Sp, Vp is the surface area and volume of the cake-particles,
respectively (Important to note is the time–change of pressure and cake–
thickness) and v is the superficial velocity of filtrate.
57. A calcium–carbonate slurry is to be filtered in a press having a total area of 200 m2 and
operated at a constant pressure drop of 2 atm. The frames are 25 mm thick. Assume that the
filter medium resistance is 1.50*10-4 per ft. Calculate filtration time and the volume of filtrate
obtained in one cycle. Cake density 65 lb / ft3 . The specific cake resistance,
Concentration of slurry