This document provides guidelines for in-text citations of various reference types in APA style, including books with single and multiple authors, and journal articles with single and multiple authors. For books, the in-text citation includes the author's last name, year of publication, and page number if quoting. For journal articles, only the author and year are included, without page numbers. The document demonstrates the different citation formats and provides notes on citing sources with multiple authors.

1. ENG 221
IN-TEXT REFERENCE FORMATS

2. BOOKS (SINGLE AUTHOR)
 According to Rousseau (1760, p.46), “Every man has a right to risk his
own life for the preservation of it.”
 Heideger (1970, p.155) asserts that there is a difference between the
human body and the physical metabolism of our species.
 “When one is in love, one always begins by decieving oneself and ends
by decieving others; that’s what the world calls a romance.” (Wilde,
1890, p.68).
NOTE: The YELLOW parts can be quotations OR paraphrases. The WHITE
parts are in-text referance formats. These are valid for ALL the examples in
this presentation. P means page number.

3. BOOKS (2+ AUTHORS)
 “The identification of the categories is the most crucial step in the process of
content analysis” (Tavşancıl & Aslan, 2001, 72).
 Praktanis, Breckler and Greenwald (1989, p.218) state that “There are three
conditions that should be met in order for attitudes to be consistent with social
behaviors.”
 The term attitude is commonly used in daily life and almost everybody holds a
notion as to what it refers to (Worchel, Cooper, Goethals & Olson, 2000, p.12).
 According to Worchel et. al. (2000, p.492), general attitudes can only be
consistent with general behaviors.
These two references are from the same source that has more than 2 writers (4 here). Use
the first format when you refer to such a source for the first time in your essay. After that,
ALWAYS use the second one. ET AL means AND THE OTHERS.

4. JOURNAL ARTICLES (SINGLE AUTHOR)
 Homework assignments are defined as any piece of school work assigned by
teachers to students to be completed out of school instruction periods
(Wallinger, 2000).
 According to Walzer (2001), The utilization of qualitative research methods may
help students become aware of gender stereotypes.
 Bayraktaroğlu (2012) points out that English preparatory programs need not
necessarily be considered as one-year programs.
NOTE: Please note that we DON’T write page numbers for the
in-text references of journal articles.

5. JOURNAL ARTICLES (2+ AUTHORS)
 An inclination refers to the influence of the residuals of past experiences on an
individuals evaluation of present stimuli (Eagly & Chaiken, 2007).
 Kızılçelik & Erjen (1992) convincingly put forward that any social group is driven
to sustain its existence, unity and flow.
 According to to LaPierre, Wicker & Greenwald (1969), the correlation coefficients
of attitudes and behaviors rarely acceed 0.3.
 LaPierre et. al. (1969) point out that low correlation coefficients between
behaviours and attitudes does not necessarily highlight cognitive dissonance.
These two references are from the same source that has more than 2 writers (3 here). Use
the first format when you refer to such a source for the first time in your essay. After that,
ALWAYS use the second one. ET AL means AND THE OTHERS.

6. THANKS FOR STUDYING THIS PRESENTATION
AND GOOD LUCK!