The document discusses India's livestock population statistics and role of the livestock sector in the Indian economy. It notes that India has the largest populations of buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, and is a top producer of milk, beef, and goat milk globally. However, it also faces challenges like low milk production per cow compared to global standards. The document outlines various animal disease control programs in India addressing diseases like foot and mouth, rinderpest, and peste des petits ruminants. It provides statistics on budgets for these programs and their goals of disease surveillance and vaccination efforts.
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
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The Rhipicephalus microplus tick is a major economic and veterinary concern on livestock production in tropical regions of the world. In Côte d’Ivoire, this invasive and proliferating tick has occupied almost the entire territory. To assess the prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle following this invasion, a parasitological study was carried out in 179 farms in 54 departments. Blood and tick samples were collected from 895 cattle over one year of age, with 5 individuals per farm. Ten tick species were identified, of which Rhipicephalus microplus the most found. Microscopic analysis of blood smears identified 3 tick-borne haemoparasites: Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and Babesia bovis, with prevalences between 4% and 24% according to departments. Only the Southern, Central, and Northern zones were infested with tick-borne haemoparasites of cattle. The highest prevalence of Babesia bovis (8%) was found in the Southern zone. Agboville’s department was the most infested by A. marginale (24%) and B. bovis (20%). Parasitological analyses revealed a low prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in Côte d’Ivoire. A molecular study should be conducted to confirm these results.
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Safer indigenous pork and healthier ethnic minorities in Vietnam through bett...ILRI
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Causes of ovine’s mortality at the National ovine Center of Bétècoucou in Ben...Innspub Net
The management of animals in pasture at the National ovine Center in the breeding farm of Bétécoucou is confronted by some constraints that make the level of production remain low for several years. This study aims to identify the causes of animal’s mortality at the national ovine center of the Bétécoucou breeding farm in Benin. The biological material consisted of sheep from the National Ovine Center. It is a flock of pregnant ewes, lactating ewes, rams and lambs. The sampling unit is consisted of the small ruminants of the Bétècoucou breeding farm. The study included a population of 576 sheep of the center of which 41 rams, 21 male yearlings, 18 female yearlings, 301 pregnant and lactating ewes, 83 lambs and 112 ewes. The analyzed data relate to the feeding, livestock management, livestock buildings and watering animals at the National ovine Center. During the study, we recorded 38.46% mortality of lambs of the study sample and 15.46% mortality of the total study sample. Thus, we have shown that animal mortality at the center is not only related to pathologies but to feeding, livestock management, operations carried out on animals, consanguinity and livestock buildings.
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
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Presented by Paul Lumu (MAAIF), Henry Kiara (ILRI), Harry Oyas (DVS Kenya), Klaas Dietze (FLI), Martin Barasa (VSF-G), Karl Rich (ILRI) and Peter Lule (ILRI) at the #BuildUganda Stakeholder Meeting, Kampala, Uganda, 7 June 2019
Distribution of cattle tick-borne haemoparasites in 54 Departments of Côte d’...Open Access Research Paper
The Rhipicephalus microplus tick is a major economic and veterinary concern on livestock production in tropical regions of the world. In Côte d’Ivoire, this invasive and proliferating tick has occupied almost the entire territory. To assess the prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle following this invasion, a parasitological study was carried out in 179 farms in 54 departments. Blood and tick samples were collected from 895 cattle over one year of age, with 5 individuals per farm. Ten tick species were identified, of which Rhipicephalus microplus the most found. Microscopic analysis of blood smears identified 3 tick-borne haemoparasites: Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and Babesia bovis, with prevalences between 4% and 24% according to departments. Only the Southern, Central, and Northern zones were infested with tick-borne haemoparasites of cattle. The highest prevalence of Babesia bovis (8%) was found in the Southern zone. Agboville’s department was the most infested by A. marginale (24%) and B. bovis (20%). Parasitological analyses revealed a low prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in Côte d’Ivoire. A molecular study should be conducted to confirm these results.
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This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
African Swine Fever: Nature, Impacts and Threats to the Global Pig Industry Garry D. Lasaga
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1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
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1. Bhoj R Singh
Head, Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
2. As per recent statistics of 2019 India holds
(https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/pop) 535.78
million livestock to be kept healthy and productive.
Buffalo= 109.9 million (No. 1 in world)
Cattle= 192.5 million (No. 1 in the world)
Yak= 0.1 million (No. 1 in the world)
Mithun= 0.4 million (No. 1 in the world with 80% of total)
Sheep = 74.3 million (No. 2 in the world)
Goat = 148.9 million (No. 2 in the world)
Pigs = 9.1 million (No. 7 in the world)
Horses & Ponies= 0.3 million (of >58 million in the world)
Camel= 0.3 million (No. 9 in the world)
Mules and Donkeys= 0.2 million (of >50 million in the world).
Poutry (Duck and chiken)= 851.8 million (No. 4 in the world)
3. As per National Accounts Statistics-2019, Central Statistical
Organisation, GoI Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national
economy and in the socio-economic development of the
country.
20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in
India.
Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total
Agriculture GDP.
Importance Livestock
… FAO statistics
4. India holds 33.38% of the world's number of
cattle and buffaloes in 2020.
India is number one in
Milk Production (176.3 MMT), No. 1 in buffalo milk but at No. 2 in Cow milk
Carabeef Production (4.25 MMT)
Goat Milk Production (5 MMT)
Number 2 in
Bristle Production (a pig industry by-product),
Fish Production
Number 3 in
Sheep Production,
Egg Production (95.2 billion)
4th in
Chicken Production
5th in
Poultry Meat Production
Poultry Production
Meat production
8th in Duck production and 9th in Wool production (41.5 million Kg)
5. Sector Percentage of total output
Milk and Milk Products 65.05 per cent
Meat and Meat Products 19.83 per cent
Dung 6.93 per cent
Eggs 3.77 per cent
Increment in Livestock 3.35 per cent
Wool and Hair 0.2 per cent
Value Output from Livestock Rearing
6. Type of animal Average yield
Exotic/Cross-bred cow 7.71 kg/day
Indigenous/Non-descript
cow
2.93 kg/day
Buffalo 5.47 kg/day
Goat 0.47 kg/day
Limits
Average Yield per In-Milk Animal in 2017-18
Type of bird Average yield
Desi fowl (Backyard) 107.96 eggs/year
Improved fowl (Commercial) 282.02 eggs/year
Desi duck (Backyard) 109.39 eggs/year
Improved duck (Commercial) 199.84 eggs/year
Average Yield per Year per Bird in 2017-18
7. Due to FMD, Indian meat market is limited, export of
Carabeef is possible to Vietnam, Malaysia, Egypt,
Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Vietnam accounted for 48
percent of total Indian exports at 840 thousand metric
tons followed by Egypt (9.4 percent), Malaysia (9.3
percent), Indonesia (4.6 percent) and Saudi Arabia
(4.4 percent).
Though India is number 1 in Livestock population, it is at
12th place in as per Livestock production index- 2018
(https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/livestock_production_index/).
India hold about 16.5% of Dairy cows, highest in the
world produces ~50 MMT milk while USA holds 3.4% of
dairy cows produces >87 MMT milk (No. 1 in the world).
India is not even in top 20 countries as per average milk
production per cow and much behind of global average
(2200 Lt/ cow/annum).
8. 1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS),
Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) & Lumpy skin disease in bovines,
Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in
sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the
productivity of animals.
2. The presence of animal diseases also deters domestic and foreign investment in
the livestock sector.
3. The economic impact of the diseases in livestock results from both morbidity
and mortality and the consequent production losses. This includes the direct
losses due to mortality, reduced production in terms of milk, meat, wool, hide
and skins, as well as indirect loss due to abortions, subsequent infertility,
sterility, and deterioration of semen quality.
4. Authenticity of data about disease reporting.
5. Cow Protection Acts
6. Non-involvement of Disease Control Experts and Epidemiologists in
planning and implementation of Disease Control Programs.
10. Smallpox was the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease
of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.
The world was officially declared free from Rinderpest in 2011.
(….79th OIE General Session,2011)
Many island nations including, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta and the
United Kingdom managed to eliminate rabies during the 20th century,
and recently much of the continental Europe.
(…..OIE)
India is a Guinea Worm disease free country.
(….WHO, 2000)
India is also free from CBPP, ASF and BSE
(…FAO)
Was declared Glanders free in 1993 but from 2007 outbreaks have been
reported in many states.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is
a specialized agency of the United
Nations that is concerned with
international public health.
Established on 7 April 1948,
headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
Agencies for the Animal
Disease Control
National institute of
veterinary epidemiology and
disease informatics,
established in 2013, placed at
Beangaluru.
CADRAD: Centre for Animal Disease Research and
Diagnosis (CADRAD) (CDDL from 2001-2): Established
on 10-03-1986 with The mandate for disease diagnosis and
development/standardization of diagnostic methods/ kits/ reagents.
5 RDDLs
Bengaluru,
Aundh (Pune),
Jallandhar,
Kolkata,
Guwahati
NIHSAD, Bhopal
NRCE, Hisar
19. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental
organization coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
Formerly known as Office International des Epizooties, established January 25,
1924, at Paris.
Agencies for the Agencies for the
Animal Disease Control
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) -
now renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying &
Fisheries (DADF) is one of the Departments in the Ministry of
Agriculture and came into existence on 1st February, 1991.
21. Animal Disease Control
programs in India
Sl.
No.
Component Budget
in Crores
1. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD). Allocation
for 2020-21
438
2. National Project on Rinderpest Surveillance & Monitoring
(NPRSM).
3. Foot & Mouth Disease control Program (FMD-CP) Since 2004 Now
under NADCP
4. Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Program (PPR-CP) Since 2010-
11
5. Brucellosis Control Program (Brucellosis-CP). Since 2010-11, Now
under NADCP
6. Classical Swine Fever Control Program (CSF-CP) since 2014-15
7 National Action Plan for Control and Eradication of Glanders in
India, 2019
8 National Animal Disease Control Program, Launched in 2019 for
FMD & Brucellosis
1300
23. Under this component, assistance is provided to
State/Union Territory Governments for control of
economically important and zoonotic diseases of
livestock and poultry.
Funds are given for immunization, strengthening State
Veterinary Biological Production Units, Diagnostic
laboratories & in-srervice training of veterinarians and
paravets.
Funds are also allocated for Canine rabies vaccination
& parasite control in cattle and buffaloes.
Assistance to States for Control
of Animal Disease (ASCAD).
24. Central Government provide funds for
Funds are provided for functioning of VCI (100%).
Funds to Run State Veterinary Councils (50%)
Funds states for running Continuing Veterinary
Education programs
25. Formerly known as National Project on Rinderpest
Eradication (NPRE). After India was declared Rinderpest free
country by OIE in 2006, & CBPP free (2007) this program is
statrted to maintain the disease free status through.
Conrinuous surveillanceand & monitoring for Rinderpest,
Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumnia (CBPP) and Bovine
Spongiform Encephalophaty (BSE.
National Project on Rinderpest
Surveillance & Monitoring (NPRSM).
26. This is web based animal disease reporting system
working up to village/ block level.
Objective is to record and monitor livestock disease
situation to initiate preventive and curative action in
timely and speedy manner.
Reporting units are set at block and district level
veterinary units.
The diseases reported through NADRS are
communicated to OIE and shown in DAHD annual
reports.
27. Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR) is an acute highly contagious
disease of sheep and goats present worldwide and causes high
morbidity and mortality that may reach up to 100% and 90%,
respectively.
(Kumar et al., 2006, 2013a; Munir et al., 2013)
The disease is caused by Morbillivirus of family Paramyxoviridae
Characterized by pyrexia, occulo-nasal discharge, necrotising
and erosive stomatitis, pneumonia and enteritis.
(Singh et al., 2009)
This disease is also having some specific features like Rinderpest
such as rapid spread in susceptible population, maintenance of
virus in host.
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)
28. The first report of PPR was from Arasur, Tamil Nadu.
(Shaila et al., 1989)
The disease is endemic with 33% sero-prevalence in India.
(Pal et al., 2007; Balamurugan et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2013a)
The reported sero prevalence of PPR virus in India :-
Goats & sheep – 43.56% (Balamurugan et al..2012)
Cattle & buffaloes – 4.58% (Balamurugan et al..2012)
Economic losses due to PPR have been estimated to be 1,800
million INR annually in India.
(Singh et al…2009)
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)
30. PPR Control Program was started in 2010 with 100% central
assistance in vaccination of susceptible animals (sheep and goat)
and three subsequent generations.
In the first phase, states viz., Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa and Union Territories
like Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry were
covered.
The program is extended to all the states under the 12th year
Plan.
Strengthening of ELISA Labs and monitoring of the disease is
also carried on.
Aim: To make India free of PPR by 2025.
PPR-CP
31. Classical Swine Fever (commonly called as Swine Fever or
Hog Cholera) is a highly devastating viral disease of the pigs.
Caused by a Pestivirus from the Flaviviridae family.
Causes serious economic losses directly due to mortality,
retardation of growth, reproductive problems of affected pigs
and indirectly by bringing restrictions on exports of pork and
pork products.
The disease is enzootic in most of the pig producing states
and particularly in the North Eastern states of India.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).
32. During the 10th year Plan, Government of India initiated
National Swine Fever Control Program.
The program mainly targeted North East India.
At present the north east Indian states receives 100% funding
for the CSF vaccines, While other states procure vaccines
through ASCAD a 75:25 funding between center and state.
The national control program with 100% central funding will be
implemented during later part of 12th Plan.
Depending on the vaccine availability, the scope will be enlarged
to cover entire country subsequently.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).
33. Started with the entry of H5N1 influenza virus in India in 1986.
In 2020 a total of 9 outbreaks with 12 epicentres have been reported in
India resulting into culling of about 2 lakh birds.
Guidelines have been formed to monitor the disease in zoological parks
and migratory birds’ sanctuaries.
Assitance for Bird flu containment & control is provided under ASCAD
program.
It is mainly for surveillance & containment of bird flu for transparent
approach of disease reporting and alerting State Governments and
issuing advisories to poultry farmers in timely manner.
Upgrading laboratories to BSL-III, training of manpower and stockpiling
of necessities for disease containment.
Birds are culled within 1 km periphery of the epicentre.
Running Information, Education and Communication campaigns to
sensitize general public about Bird Flu.
Ban on Import of poultry & poultry products from HPAI having
countries.
34. Glanders is common in Indian subcontinent and is
caused by Burkholderia mallei (a potential warfare
and bioterrorism agent) earlier known as
Pseudomonas mallei.
No outbreak was reported in India from 1988 till
August 2006 when it was reported from Maharashtra.
India was declared free of Glanders long ago in 1993
but outbreaks started again in 2006-7 and now
reported from many different parts of the country. In
recent past Glanders is reported from NCT Delhi, UP,
UK, HP.
The program objective is Surveillance, Control and
eradication of Glanders.
Govt. has identified 16 Glanders free Compartments.
36. Action plan for states inflicted by Glanders
Surveillance: Intensive, physical & Clinical, of all susceptible animals
throughout the year covering all equids in villages, equine moving on
transport routes, fares, shows, stables to find out the carriers.
All animals tested positive using CFT/ ELISA or other
serological test be culled and disposed off following all zoo-sanitary
practices recommended.
All suspected animals (weak, debilitated, with nasal catarrh,
nodular growth in skin) and in-contact animals are to be quarantined till
tested.
Compensation for culling Horse Rs. 25000 and mule & donkeys Rs. 16000
37. With an outlay of Rs. 13343 Crore for 5 years (2019-2024) launched on 11-09-
2019 with objectives to 1) Control FMD with Vaccination by 2025 and
eradication by 2030, 2). Control Brucellosis in Livestock.
Reasons:
FMD causes economical loss to the tune of Rs. 20000 Crore every year.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disaese estmated to cause loss of Rs. 24000 Crore
every year.
Methodology:
1. Along with vaccination tagging of animals for systematic monitoring.
2. Third party telephonic survey of farmers about vaccination of their
animals.
3. Three laboratories for Vaccine quality control: a. IVRI Bangalore, b.
ICFMD, Bhubaneswar, c. CCS-NIAH Baghpat.
4. Systematic Sero-surveillance and sero-monitoring in all states
5. Outreach program for creating awareness among farmers at block level
Rs. 15000/ block/ year and at National level through Prashar Bharti.
39. FMD in India
434
165
902
422
701
310
238
109
132 124
159
42
7
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
FMD outbreaks in India as per DAHD
40. Brucellosis is highly contagious disease of cattle, buffalo,
sheep, goats, pig, dogs and human .
B. abortus biotype-1 in cattle and buffaloes and
B. melitensis biotype-1 in sheep, goats and man are the
predominant infective biotypes.
(Chand et al., 2012)
The disease is characterized by abortion, retained placenta,
orchitis, epididymitis and, rarely, arthritis, with excretion of the
organisms in uterine discharges and in milk
(OIE, 2008)
The first report of brucellosis was in 1942 from India.
Economic loss due to this disease is close to Rs. 350 million/year in
India. (PD ADMAS 2012)
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).
44. Bovine brucellosis is endemic in almost all the states of India.
Long term serological studies indicates 5% of cattle and 3% of
buffaloes are infected with brucellosis. (Rajasekhar et al…2002)
Formerly known as National Control Program on
Brucellosis, introduced during the 10th year Plan.
Renamed as Brucellosis Control Program during the 12th
year Plan.
It includes the vaccination of female calves between 6-8
months in all states. Adulthood vaccination will also be taken
up covering all un-vaccinated adult female bovines.
Biannual village level screening of pooled milk samples.
Mass screening & castration of infected bulls.
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).
45. Vaccination is done using B.abortus S19.
Bruvax (Indian Immunological Limited), live freeze dried S19
vaccine for cattle and buffalo calves of age 4 to 8 months, 2ml
S/C.
Brucella vaccine (Intervet India), cattle and buffalo calves of age
4 to 8 months, 5ml S/C.
Periodical survelliance using milk ring test for the pooled milk
samples and ELISA for random or herd screening.
Through this project not only animal cases are reduced but also
human cases.
….NIVEDI,
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).
46. It is an international program under Blue tongue Network.
It is a collaborative project aiming to enhance the netrwork by
providing expertise and resources in culicoides biology, vector
control and vaccinations.
IBVNet is a three year Indo-UK collaborative project jointly
funded by the UK Department for International
Development (DFID), the Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Scottish
Government via the Combating Infectious Diseases of
Livestock for International Development (CIDLID)
initiative. It is coordinated by the Entomology group based at
The Pirbright Institute (TPI) and through the Indian
Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)
….www.bvnet.com
ALL INDIA NETWORK
PROGRAM- BLUE TONGUE
47. Blue tongue is endemic in India with 21 of 26 Blue tongue virus serotypes
recorded.
At least seven potential BTV vector species are reported from India.
* Culicoides actoni ….Smith
* Culicoides brevipalpis ….Delfinado
* Culicoides brevitarsis ….Kieffer
* Culicoides fulvus …Sen and Das Gupta
* Culicoides imicola ….Kieffer
* Culicoides oxystoma ….Kieffer
* Culicoides peregrinus ….Kieffer
48. Increased understanding of which Culicoides species are
involved in BTV transmission and how their ecology and
seasonality varies.
Develop tools that’s can be utilised to predict the likelihood and
severity of BTC outbreaks.
Provide a clearer understanding of epidemiology og BTV
outbreaks.
Installing trap sites using BioQuip UV LED ight sucion traps,
for extensive stud of the Vector.
Extensive training in Culicoides collection and identification for
all inda.
OBJECTIVES
….www.bvnet.com
49. Significant animal health issues and other direct and indirect
benefits compel us for eradication of animal diseases.
Veterinarians, animal health researchers and other para-
veterinary staff will have to take a leadership role in making
suitable control strategies for combating and eradicating
important infectious diseases of animals There is need for a
system for the monitoring as well as surveillance of
occurrence of disease.
By the firm commitment, will and dedication of animal health
professional the goal can be achieved.
The development in the field of scientific medical practices has
led to a much greater understanding of disease epidemiology
and will further help in eradication of several important diseases
of livestock and wild life in near future as well.
CONCLUSION