The document summarizes various weapons and armor used by the Roman army. The gladius was the standard sword used by Roman soldiers, while the pilum was a javelin about 2 meters long. Roman infantry also carried 5 lead plumbatae darts. Roman armor included the lorica segmentata plate armor, lorica hamata mail armor, and lorica squamata scale armor. The Roman scutum was a large oval shield. The ballista, scorpio, and onager were artillery weapons that used torsion springs to launch projectiles over long distances.

1. By: Chi-Yao Nieh

2. Weapons

3. 
 The word Gladius is the Latin word for sword and
was also the name for the main sword for all roman
foot soldiers.
 All Gladii were made of steel and were either double
edged or pointed; the hilt was either made of bone,
wood, or ivory. Here are some more specific details
about the sword.
Gladius
Weight 1.2–1.6 kg
Length 64–81 cm
Blade length 60–68 cm
Width 4–8 cm

4. 
 The pilum was a javelin used by the roman army.
 It was about 2 meters long in length.
 It had a iron shank about 60 cm long that had a
triangular point at the end.
 The total weight for a pilum was between 2-5 kg’s.
 The pilum was had a very smart design; the tip of
the shank would be hardened yet the shaft of the
shank would soft which would make the weapon
useless to the enemy because it would bent out of
shape after throwing it.
Pilum

5. 
 Plumbatae were darts made of lead carried by
infantrymen.
 Each soldier would carry 5 plumbatae on them.
 Each plumbatae would also have a barbed head at
the tip.
Plumbatae

6. 
 Hasta is the Latin word for spear.
 Unlike the pilum the hasta was not used for
throwing but instead for thrusting.
 A hasta was usually 2m long.
 The shaft is generally made from ahs wood and the
head being made of iron.
Hasta

7. Armor

8. 
 This type of armor was considered to be very strong
and impenetrable to most hits, either by missile or
direct hits.
 It was uncomfortable though so most romans wore
an undergarment underneath.
 They also did this to prevent
bruising from hits.
 The armor was made of wide
strips of steel lying horizontally
across the wearer.
Lorica segmentata

9. 
 Lorica Hamata was a type of mail armor as a
standard issue armor for the primary and secondary
troops.
 They were mostly made out of iron but sometimes
made of bronze.
 Each ring had an outside diameter
of about 7-9mm.
 Even though it was very tiresome to
make these suits of armor could be
used for several decades.
Lorica hamata

10. 
 The Lorica squamata was a type of scale armor.
 It was made by small metal scales sewn on to a piece
of fabric.
 The scales were made of iron or bronze, sometimes
both metals would be on the same shirt.
 The metal was not very thick
but since they overlapped
multiple times it made strong
armor.
Lorica squamata

11. 
 Scutum is the Latin word for shield.
 The scutum is a large oval curved shield that weighs
approximately 10 kg’s.
 They are about 1m in height.
 According to Polybius, an ancient Greek writer:
“Their arms also give the men
both protection and confidence
owing to the size of the shield."
Scutum

12. Artillery

13. 
 The Ballista is an ancient missile launcher that fires a
large object at a far distance.
 It operated on two torsion springs which were made
of twisted skeins.
 A torsion spring is a lot like a spring used in
mousetraps.
 The Ballista was commonly used as
a siege weapon.
Ballista

14. 
 The scorpio is described as a “weapon of great
power and precision”.
 The scorpio is like a smaller version of the catapult.
Although, it is more of a sniper than a siege engine.
 It was, in a lot ways an early version of the crossbow.
 The weapon used a system of
torsion springs which allowed
the weapon to fire projectiles
extremely fast.
Scorpio

15. 
 The onager is a catapult that was capable of carrying
flammable projectiles.
 The projectile would be put in a sling against the
tension of lots of twisted ropes and released.
 The arm would be caught by some sort of padded
beam and drawn back to fire again.(picture on next
slide)
Onager

17.  "Ballista." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista>.
 "Gladius." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius>.
 "Hasta." Second Life Marketplace. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<https://marketplace.secondlife.com/p/Hasta/3731068?id=3731068&slug=Hasta>.
 "Hasta (spear)." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta_(spear)>.
 "The Onager." Multimania. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://members.multimania.nl/onager/onager.html>.
 "Onager (siege weapon)." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onager_(siege_weapon)>.
 "Pilum." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum>.
 "Plumbata." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbata>.
 "Roman military personal equipment." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment#Torso_armour>.
 "Roman Weapons." Ancient Military.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://www.ancientmilitary.com/roman-weapons.htm>.
 "Scorpio (weapon)." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_(weapon)>.
 "Scutum (Shield)." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_(shield)>.
Bibliography