Ancestral features - multicellular , photosynthetic, cell contains .pdf
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Ancestral features :- multicellular , photosynthetic, cell contains chloroplast, stores gglucose as starch, cellulose in cell walls, alteration of generation life cycle, sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis. Derived features :- gametangia (sex organs) produce and protect gametes, antheridia produce sperms and archegonia produce eggs, cuticle - a waxy coating that prevents water loss, vascular tissue, development of the seed, easily reproduce, enclosure of sperm within pollen, allows travelling to different areas Solution Ancestral features :- multicellular , photosynthetic, cell contains chloroplast, stores gglucose as starch, cellulose in cell walls, alteration of generation life cycle, sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis. Derived features :- gametangia (sex organs) produce and protect gametes, antheridia produce sperms and archegonia produce eggs, cuticle - a waxy coating that prevents water loss, vascular tissue, development of the seed, easily reproduce, enclosure of sperm within pollen, allows travelling to different areas.
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Pollen grains are male gametophytes and are carried by wind, water, or a pollinator. The whole
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This document discusses plant cells, tissues, and organs. It explains that plant cells can specialize and differentiate into different tissue types to perform specific functions. The main tissues in plants include dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue. Organs are groups of tissues that work together for a specific function, such as leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Each organ contains different tissue types, for example the leaf contains dermal, palisade, mesophyll, and vascular tissues that work together for photosynthesis. The stem provides structure and transports water and nutrients. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil. Flowers contain reproductive organs for pollination and seed production.
credit seminar on synthetic seed.pptx
This document summarizes synthetic seed production techniques for fruit crops. Synthetic seed contains a somatic embryo encapsulated in an artificial medium that provides nutrients. The process involves inducing somatic embryogenesis from explants, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them. Embryos are encapsulated using methods like dropping into a calcium salt solution or molding in a gel. Synthetic seeds allow for mass propagation of identical genotypes at low cost and can be produced and stored year-round. While offering many advantages, synthetic seed production also faces challenges like low germination rates and lack of stress tolerance in embryos.
The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)
This document describes characteristics of bryophytes and their importance. It discusses:
1. Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts which reproduce via alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation.
2. They play important roles through peat formation, use as fuel and horticultural additives, and in providing seed beds, food and shelter.
3. Bryophytes also serve as indicators of environmental conditions like soil pH and acid rain, and have some medicinal uses.
Similar to Ancestral features - multicellular , photosynthetic, cell contains .pdf (20)
Bryophytes: alternation of generation, morphology, anatomy and reproductive c...
Bryophytes: alternation of generation, morphology, anatomy and reproductive c...
The five terrestrial adaptations of the seed plants include, reducti.pdf
The five terrestrial adaptations of the seed plants include, reducti.pdf
More from anandf0099
Riboflavin is required in the conversion of carbo.pdf
Riboflavin is required in the conversion of carbohydrates, fat and protein into
energy required for cell functions.
Solution
Riboflavin is required in the conversion of carbohydrates, fat and protein into
energy required for cell functions..
PbS,Ag2O and CaSO4 are stable as they are insolub.pdf
PbS,Ag2O and CaSO4 are stable as they are insoluble in water .
Solution
PbS,Ag2O and CaSO4 are stable as they are insoluble in water ..
Optio D is the correct one. .pdf
Optio D is the correct choice according to the document. The document states that Optio D is the correct one without providing any other details or context.
Image not seenfound .pdf
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
The document appears to be about an issue where an image is not seen or found. Unfortunately, the document does not contain any other text, so no further details about the problem or solution can be determined from the information given. The document is too brief to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary.
If multiple orbitals of the same energy are avail.pdf
If multiple orbitals of the same energy are available unoccupied orbitals will be
filled before occupied orbitals are reused
Solution
If multiple orbitals of the same energy are available unoccupied orbitals will be
filled before occupied orbitals are reused.
What is a Distributed System Compare it with a computer network sys.pdf
What is a Distributed System? Compare it with a computer network system.
It is a one of the model in the computer network system; these components communicate and
coordinate their actions by interchanging the messages. Process of sharing complex problems
over the network we can use the distributed systems.
Distributed Systems can be configured in Local Area Network like 10\'s of host systems.
The main principles of distributed systems are
Resource Sharing
Concurrency
Transparency
Fault Tolerance.
Coming to the point of comparison computer network just contains the hardware and its software
that will used transfer the data based on the individual working of the network. In case of
Distributed system connect one system to another system and provides data transfer the other
machines outside the systems without know the complete about machine to other systems.
In other main comparison is distributed system have not idea about the multiple processor
methodlgies.While in computer network, explicitly log onto one machine and submit
jobs remotely all files moves around the network . In the distributed system it is not happened.
While another main difference is distributed system is built on the top of the systems.
Solution
What is a Distributed System? Compare it with a computer network system.
It is a one of the model in the computer network system; these components communicate and
coordinate their actions by interchanging the messages. Process of sharing complex problems
over the network we can use the distributed systems.
Distributed Systems can be configured in Local Area Network like 10\'s of host systems.
The main principles of distributed systems are
Resource Sharing
Concurrency
Transparency
Fault Tolerance.
Coming to the point of comparison computer network just contains the hardware and its software
that will used transfer the data based on the individual working of the network. In case of
Distributed system connect one system to another system and provides data transfer the other
machines outside the systems without know the complete about machine to other systems.
In other main comparison is distributed system have not idea about the multiple processor
methodlgies.While in computer network, explicitly log onto one machine and submit
jobs remotely all files moves around the network . In the distributed system it is not happened.
While another main difference is distributed system is built on the top of the systems..
USES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISFINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS .pdf
USES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS:
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS IS STUDIED AND REVIEWED FOR MAKING
BETTER ECONOMIC DECISIONS BY THE USERS. THE THREE MAIN FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS ARE 1.CASH FLOW STATEMENT 2.BALANCE SHEET 3. INCOME
STATEMENT.
THE USERS OF THE FINANCIAL INFORMATION ARE THE
INVESTORS,STAKEHOLDERS,PUBLIC,INVESTORS.
BY USING VARIOUS METHODS OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS LIKE 1. RATIO ANALYSIS
2. DU PONY ANALYSIS 3. HORIZONTAL AND 4. VERTICAL ANALYSIS. BY
STUDYING THE HISTORICAL DATA. WITH A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS WE CAN
PREDICT THE FUTURE PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY, AND ALSO
INVESTIGATE THE CURRENT PERFORMANCE WHICH WILL HELP THEM MAKE A
BETTER INFORMED FINANCIAL DECISION.
THE BALANCE SHEET PROVIDES DATA ON THE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, AND
THE OWNERS\'S EQUITY OF THE COMPANY. THE INCOME STATEMENT BEGINS
WITH GROSS INCOME ANS ENDS WITH NET PROFIT. IT SHOWS THE OPERATING
PROFIT, EBIT, PAT, EBITDA. THE CASH FLOW STATEMENT SHOWS THE CASH
FLOWS OF THE COMPANY COMING FROM VARIOUS ACTIVITIES LIKE
OPERATING,INVESTING AND FINANCING.
WHAT ARE SIC CODES AND HOW THEY ARE USEFUL?
THESE ARE 4 DIGIT CODES ASSIGNED TO EVERY BUSINESS. THEY CAN HELP TO
FIND THE EXACT COMPANY WE ARE SEARCHING FOR IN THE PARTICULAR
INDUSTRY, AND ALSO THE TARGET THE RESULTS TO PARTICULAR REGION OR
DEMOGRAPHIC.
THE WAY TO READ SIC CODE IS SIMPLE ONCE WE KNOW THE INDUSTRY THE
COMPANY IS OPERATING IN.
THE FIRST TWO DIGITS DETERMINES THE MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP.
THE THIRD DIGIT DETERMINES THE INDUSTRY GROUP.
THE FOURTH DIGIT DETERMINES THE INDUSTRY ITSELF.
THESE CODES ARE USEFUL IN THE SENSE THAT, USING THESE CODES CAN
REDUCE THE TIME AND EFFORT IN DOING ENDLESS HOURS OF RESEARCH IN
FINDING WHAT BUSINESSES ARE IN CERTAIN AREAS . WITH THE HELP OF THESE
CODES ,WE CAN EASILY FIND INFORMATION ON THE BUSINESS WE ARE
RESEARCHING ON.
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS:
1. THERE IS A LACK OF A THEORTICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
RATIOS, ITS DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET THE RATIOS. THIS LEADS TO IMPROPER
UNDERSTANDING OF THE RATIOS TO DEEM THEM AS APPROPRIATE OR NOT.
2. THE WIDE RANGE OF PRODUCTS IN WHICH A COMPANY TRADES,MAKES IT
DIFFICULT TO MAKE COMPARISON BETWEEN FIRMS HENCE RELATIVE RATIO
ANALYSIS BECOMES DIFFICULT.
3. WINDOW DRESSING BY FIRMS: SOME FIRMS RESORT TO PRACTICES WHERE
THEY INFLATE THEIR SALES FIGURES, OR SHOW BETTER LIQUIDITY POSITIONS
AND BETTER TURN OVER OF INVENTORY. THESE MALPRACTICES PRESENTS A
ROSY PICTURE TO THE INVESTOR.
WHY DO WE SAY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS IS MANAGEMENT BY
EXCEPTION:
MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION IS THE STUDY OF THE FINANCIALS OF THE
BUSINESS ONLY IF THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DEVIATION OF THE BUDGETED
FROM THE EXPECTED,ONLY THOSE ISSUES ARE BROUGHT UNDER THE SCRUTINY
OF THE MANAGEMENT . IT SAVES TIMES,AND HELP THE MANAGERS
EFFECTIVELY MANAGE THEIR BUSINESS.
IN THE SAME WAY FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS PROVIDES A SUMMARY OF
THE BUSINESS RESULTS IN THE FINANCIAL YEAR AND ONLY STUDIES THE CORE
FINANCIALS OF THE BUSINESS.IT DOES POINT OUT IN.
The movement of watersolvent across the osmotic gradient takes plac.pdf
The movement of water/solvent across the osmotic gradient takes place in the presence of a
semi-permeable membrane. It functionally depends upon the concentration of solute particles
present on the both sides of the solutions which are separated by the semi-permeable membrane.
In a cell where the concentration gradient is such that water tends to move inside the cell, the cell
must be hypertonic with respect to the surroundings. Movement of water takes place across this
concentration gradient from hypotonic to hypertonic solution (from surrounding to cell) until the
osmotic concentration is same on both sides. In a plant cell, this movement will stop as early as
the concentrations are same on both sides.
On the contrary, the animal cells maintain a discrete physiological concentration of each and
every ion inside the cell which is necessary for solute transport, intercellular communication,
action potential and maintenance of electrochemical gradient. For this purpose, the animal cells
have different kind of solute channel protien located in their membranes. Although osmotic
gradient does play a role in solvent transport but maintenance of solute concentration is of
primary importance and thus the general osmotic gradient is different in animal cells as
compared to plant cells. In animal cells, it is more complex and sophisticated in nature and
requires ATP for operation purpose.
Solution
The movement of water/solvent across the osmotic gradient takes place in the presence of a
semi-permeable membrane. It functionally depends upon the concentration of solute particles
present on the both sides of the solutions which are separated by the semi-permeable membrane.
In a cell where the concentration gradient is such that water tends to move inside the cell, the cell
must be hypertonic with respect to the surroundings. Movement of water takes place across this
concentration gradient from hypotonic to hypertonic solution (from surrounding to cell) until the
osmotic concentration is same on both sides. In a plant cell, this movement will stop as early as
the concentrations are same on both sides.
On the contrary, the animal cells maintain a discrete physiological concentration of each and
every ion inside the cell which is necessary for solute transport, intercellular communication,
action potential and maintenance of electrochemical gradient. For this purpose, the animal cells
have different kind of solute channel protien located in their membranes. Although osmotic
gradient does play a role in solvent transport but maintenance of solute concentration is of
primary importance and thus the general osmotic gradient is different in animal cells as
compared to plant cells. In animal cells, it is more complex and sophisticated in nature and
requires ATP for operation purpose..
These groups are closely related not only is SO(2) a subgroup of O(.pdf
These groups are closely related: not only is SO(2) a subgroup of O(2) because any two
reflections gives a rotation.Over the field R of real numbers, the orthogonal group O(n,?R) and
the special orthogonal group SO(n,?R) are often simply denoted by O(n) and SO(n) if no
confusion is possible. They form real compact Lie groups of dimension n(n ? 1)/2. O(n,?R) has
two connected components, with SO(n,?R) being the identity component, i.e., the connected
component containing the identity matrix.
SO(n,?R) is a subgroup of E+(n), which consists of direct isometries, i.e., isometries preserving
orientation; it contains those that leave the origin fixed
Solution
These groups are closely related: not only is SO(2) a subgroup of O(2) because any two
reflections gives a rotation.Over the field R of real numbers, the orthogonal group O(n,?R) and
the special orthogonal group SO(n,?R) are often simply denoted by O(n) and SO(n) if no
confusion is possible. They form real compact Lie groups of dimension n(n ? 1)/2. O(n,?R) has
two connected components, with SO(n,?R) being the identity component, i.e., the connected
component containing the identity matrix.
SO(n,?R) is a subgroup of E+(n), which consists of direct isometries, i.e., isometries preserving
orientation; it contains those that leave the origin fixed.
The probability of atom has zero quanta of energy is P=Number.pdf
The probability of atom has zero quanta of energy is
P=Number of favarable states/Total number of states = 1/4 = 0.25 =25%
Solution
The probability of atom has zero quanta of energy is
P=Number of favarable states/Total number of states = 1/4 = 0.25 =25%.
Copper turns green because it oxidizes. Coppe.pdf
Copper \"turns green\" because it oxidizes. Copper oxide is green in color. The
green layer that forms is called patina, and is actually a protective surface.
Solution
Copper \"turns green\" because it oxidizes. Copper oxide is green in color. The
green layer that forms is called patina, and is actually a protective surface..
CO2 and NO2 are acidic oxides as non-metal form a.pdf
CO2 and NO2 are acidic oxides as non-metal form acidic oxides. Al2O3 is an
amphoteric oxide as it is a lewis acid but forms Al(OH)3 (which is basic) in water. CaO is basic
oxide as metals form basic oxides
Solution
CO2 and NO2 are acidic oxides as non-metal form acidic oxides. Al2O3 is an
amphoteric oxide as it is a lewis acid but forms Al(OH)3 (which is basic) in water. CaO is basic
oxide as metals form basic oxides.
Ques-1 Development of tube feet of CRINOIDEADevelopment of tube f.pdf
Ques-1: Development of tube feet of CRINOIDEA
Development of tube feet is from the larval stage in Crinoidea (echinoderms) and these tube foot
useful for locomotion in adult species. Echinoderms are deuterostomes. Larval forms of
echinoderms possess bilateral symmetry and a mouth arises from opposite end of the blastopore
and alimentary canal forms connecting both during embryonic development (metamorphosis).
Larval form is ciliated & from which this tube foot is developed in adults with pentaradial
symmetry during metamorphosis. Adult echinoderms possess a water vascular system associated
with external tube feet as well as a calcareous endoskeleton along with ossicles interconnected
collagen fibres. Sea urchins often use tube feet along with spines for jerking movement and
peristaltic movement.
Adult echinoderms possess a water vascular system associated with external tube feet as well as
a calcareous endoskeleton along with ossicles interconnected collagen fibres. Sea urchins often
use tube feet along with spines for jerking movement and peristaltic movement. These are
appeared in sea stars, these openings are smaller, and yellow button like warts located on the
aboral surface of sea stars. This opening has other important parts, which perform meticulous
function in water vascular system, and these parts are tube feet, stone canal, ring and radial
canals.
Ques-2:
Spine structure of Ophiuroidea (echinoderm) are arranged in 5 rows i& connected to ligaments
with mutable collagenous substance. These spines are composed of dermal calcareous ossicles or
calcareous spicules
Solution
Ques-1: Development of tube feet of CRINOIDEA
Development of tube feet is from the larval stage in Crinoidea (echinoderms) and these tube foot
useful for locomotion in adult species. Echinoderms are deuterostomes. Larval forms of
echinoderms possess bilateral symmetry and a mouth arises from opposite end of the blastopore
and alimentary canal forms connecting both during embryonic development (metamorphosis).
Larval form is ciliated & from which this tube foot is developed in adults with pentaradial
symmetry during metamorphosis. Adult echinoderms possess a water vascular system associated
with external tube feet as well as a calcareous endoskeleton along with ossicles interconnected
collagen fibres. Sea urchins often use tube feet along with spines for jerking movement and
peristaltic movement.
Adult echinoderms possess a water vascular system associated with external tube feet as well as
a calcareous endoskeleton along with ossicles interconnected collagen fibres. Sea urchins often
use tube feet along with spines for jerking movement and peristaltic movement. These are
appeared in sea stars, these openings are smaller, and yellow button like warts located on the
aboral surface of sea stars. This opening has other important parts, which perform meticulous
function in water vascular system, and these parts are tube feet, stone canal, ring and radial
canals.
Ques-2:
Spi.
Program.csusing System; using System.Collections.Generic; usin.pdf
Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Population_Database
{
static class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Application.EnableVisualStyles();
Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
Application.Run(new Form1());
}
}
}
Form1.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Population_Database
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void cityBindingNavigatorSaveItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Validate();
this.cityBindingSource.EndEdit();
this.tableAdapterManager.UpdateAll(this.cityDataSet);
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// TODO: This line of code loads data into the \'cityDataSet.City\' table. You can move,
or remove it, as needed.
this.cityTableAdapter.Fill(this.cityDataSet.City);
}
private void btnAscPopulation_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Sort the table by population in ascending order
this.cityTableAdapter.FillByAscPopulation(this.cityDataSet.City);
}
private void btnDescPopulation_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Sort the table by population in descending order
this.cityTableAdapter.FillByDescPopulation(this.cityDataSet.City);
}
private void btnName_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.cityTableAdapter.FillByCity(this.cityDataSet.City);
}
private void btnTotal_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Declare variable to hold total population.
double totalPopulation;
// Get the total population.
totalPopulation = (double)this.cityTableAdapter.TotalPopulation();
// Display the total population.
MessageBox.Show(\"Total Population: \" + totalPopulation.ToString(\"n0\"));
}
private void btnAverage_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Declare variable to hold average population.
double averagePopulation;
// Get the average population.
averagePopulation = (double)this.cityTableAdapter.AveragePopulation();
// Display the average population.
MessageBox.Show(\"Average Population: \" + averagePopulation.ToString(\"n0\"));
}
private void btnMaxPopulation_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Declare variable to hold highest population.
double maxPopulation;
// Get the highest population.
maxPopulation = (double)this.cityTableAdapter.MaxPopulation();
// Display the highest population.
MessageBox.Show(\"Highest Population: \" + maxPopulation.ToString(\"n0\"));
}
private void btnMinPopulation_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Declare variable to hold lowest population.
double minPopulation;
// Get the lowest population.
minPopulation = (double)this.cityTableAdapter.MinPopulation();
// Display the lowest population.
MessageBox.Show(\"Lowest Population: \" + minPopulation.ToString(\"n0\"));
}
private void btnExit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Cl.
package chegg;import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List;.pdf
package chegg;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeMap;
public class Vowles {
public static void main(String args[]) {
/* creating instance variable of List */
List letters = new ArrayList();
/* vowels instance variable for holding vowels */
List vowels = new ArrayList();
/* creating HashMap for storing vowels and count */
TreeMap map = new TreeMap();
/* Inserting vowels into treemap */
map.put(\"a\", 0);
map.put(\"e\", 0);
map.put(\"i\", 0);
map.put(\"o\", 0);
map.put(\"u\", 0);
/*
* creating instance variable of Scanner class for taking input from
* console
*/
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
/*
* prompt for user input
*/
System.out.println(\"Please enter the letters with comma seperated\");
String input = scanner.nextLine();
/* closing scanner object */
scanner.close();
String[] letter = input.split(\",\");
/* Inserting letters into List */
for (String values : letter) {
letters.add(values);
}
/* ListIterator for iterating list */
ListIterator itr = letters.listIterator();
while (itr.hasNext()) {
String val = itr.next();
/* checking if value is any vowels */
if (val.equals(\"a\") || val.equals(\"e\") || val.equals(\"i\") || val.equals(\"o\") ||
val.equals(\"u\")) {
/* If vowels already exist in tree map */
if (map.containsKey(val)) {
Integer value = map.get(val);
map.put(val, ++value);
vowels.add(val);
} else {
map.put(val, 1);
vowels.add(val);
}
}
}
/* Removing all element from letters list */
letters.removeAll(letters);
/* Getting size of vowels */
int listSize = vowels.size();
System.out.println(\"There are \" + listSize + \" vowels in the list:\");
/* Iterating treeMap */
Set keys = map.keySet();
for (String key : keys) {
System.out.print(key + \"- \" + map.get(key) + \" \");
}
}
}
/***************output******************/
Please enter the letters with comma seperated
a,f,v,q,e,a,o,g,y,h,e,q,u
There are 6 vowels in the list:
a- 2 e- 2 i- 0 o- 1 u- 1
please rate the answer as best answer.
Thanks
Solution
package chegg;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeMap;
public class Vowles {
public static void main(String args[]) {
/* creating instance variable of List */
List letters = new ArrayList();
/* vowels instance variable for holding vowels */
List vowels = new ArrayList();
/* creating HashMap for storing vowels and count */
TreeMap map = new TreeMap();
/* Inserting vowels into treemap */
map.put(\"a\", 0);
map.put(\"e\", 0);
map.put(\"i\", 0);
map.put(\"o\", 0);
map.put(\"u\", 0);
/*
* creating instance variable of Scanner class for taking input from
* console
*/
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
/*
* prompt for user input
*/
System.out.println(\"Please enter the letters with comma seperated\");
String input = scanner.nextLine();
/* closing scanner object */
scanner.close();
String[] letter = in.
B. propene. Solution B. p.pdf
This document contains a single word answer: propene. The question appears to ask for the name of a chemical compound and the answer given is propene, also known as propylene.
L{e^{-t}} = int _0 to infinty [e^{st}e^{2-t} dt = int _0 to infinty.pdf
L{e^{-t}} = int _0 to infinty [e^{st}*e^{2-t} dt = int _0 to infinty [e^{st}*e^{2} *e^{-t}dt =
e^{2} int _0 to infinty [e^{(s-1)t} dt
L{e^{-t}} = e^2/(s+1)
Solution
L{e^{-t}} = int _0 to infinty [e^{st}*e^{2-t} dt = int _0 to infinty [e^{st}*e^{2} *e^{-t}dt =
e^{2} int _0 to infinty [e^{(s-1)t} dt
L{e^{-t}} = e^2/(s+1).
Issue of Equity or Debt are commonly used methods for business finan.pdf
Issue of Equity or Debt are commonly used methods for business financing.
Buyer\'s of the Comany\'s Debt instruments have no claim to ownership in the business. This
prevents dilution of the Company\'s ownership. The holder of the debt instrument is akin to a
lender being entitled to principal / face value / base value and interest payments on the said
amount at the specified rate. The holder of the debt instrument in the Company has no right to
the future profits of the Company. However, due to the fixed nature of the returns on these
instruments, risk borne by the holder is low. Hence, the Cost of Debt Capital is also lower than
Equity Capital.
Issue of New Equity dilutes the existing ownership interest of the Company. In most cases it also
increases the shareholder base (number of shareholders) of the Company. The major
disadvantage is the possibility of future loss of control and decision making power (if issued to
large investors). However, the Company is not obligated to make payments of interest regularly
as in the case of Debt Instruments. This in turn preserves the cash flow of the Company and
makes profits available for reinvestment into the business. Equity holders take on more risk; due
to the uncertainty of business success and growth leading to uncertainty of cash inflows. This is
further magnified under a complex capital structure where the Company may have several other
obligations to meet in the pecking order first, such as secured debt, convertible hybrid
instruments, etc. The Company may also have obligations to Government Departments. These
factors result in Equity holders demanding a higher rate of return, for absorbing this risk. Thus,
the Cost of Equity is higher than cost of Debt.
When new debt is issued at high finance costs, i.e. high rates of interest, the Company may face
additional turmoil during uncertain or difficult financial situations as it increase the risk of
insolvency. Where the Company is already highly leveraged (high debt to equity ratio) and new
debt is issued at a high rate, the Company may face slower growth rates because of the obligation
to service debt before pumping resources into high growth projects and endeavours. Further, the
cost of debt also determines the cash flow to equity.
However, the one of the biggest advantages of debt over equity is that interest cost is allowed as
a deduction for the computation of tax. This in turn lowers the tax liability. Thus, the actual cost
of debt is lower than stated cost by the amount of the tax saving benefit.
The management of the Company is required to provide regular information for the investors /
shareholders to monitor. Investors / Shareholders regularly seek comprehensive updates about
the business, financial and performance information, guidace for the future, etc. This is
especially true for newer investors that are still gaining comfort about the Company This is
largely avoided when Debt instruments are issued.
Raising equity finance is very d.
In probability we have two types of eventsIndependent Events who.pdf
In probability we have two types of events:
Independent: Events who\'s probability is not affected by the previous event(s).
Dependent: Events who\'s probability can be affected by preious event(s).
What we have in this case is a dependent event because when we don\'t replace the marble, it
changes the amount of total marbles inside the jar and thus the chances of drawing another
marble changes.
Because one event relys on the other we must find their probabilities separately at first. So what
we do is figure out the probability of pulling out a blue marble and then the probability of pulling
out another after not replacing the first. We will call these event 1 and 2.
Event 1: To find the probability of pulling out a blue marble we just divide the amount of blue
marbles we have by the total marbles in the jar:
18/45. We will keep it in this form because this is the standard way of representing chances in
stats classes.
Event 2: Now what we have left are 17 blue marbles and a total of 44 marbles so the chances of
drawing a blue marble now become:
17/45.
To combine these two chances we now multiply them together:
18/45*17/44. We will of course have to find a least common denominator but that\'s not hard and
I\'m sure you could do that part on your own.
Solution
In probability we have two types of events:
Independent: Events who\'s probability is not affected by the previous event(s).
Dependent: Events who\'s probability can be affected by preious event(s).
What we have in this case is a dependent event because when we don\'t replace the marble, it
changes the amount of total marbles inside the jar and thus the chances of drawing another
marble changes.
Because one event relys on the other we must find their probabilities separately at first. So what
we do is figure out the probability of pulling out a blue marble and then the probability of pulling
out another after not replacing the first. We will call these event 1 and 2.
Event 1: To find the probability of pulling out a blue marble we just divide the amount of blue
marbles we have by the total marbles in the jar:
18/45. We will keep it in this form because this is the standard way of representing chances in
stats classes.
Event 2: Now what we have left are 17 blue marbles and a total of 44 marbles so the chances of
drawing a blue marble now become:
17/45.
To combine these two chances we now multiply them together:
18/45*17/44. We will of course have to find a least common denominator but that\'s not hard and
I\'m sure you could do that part on your own..
i have written ths code as per your requirements with clear comments.pdf
i have written ths code as per your requirements with clear comments as shown below with
output
package com.sanfoundry.hardgraph;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Vector;
class Node1
{
int name; // node ID, started from 0 to n-1
Vector preds; // predecessors (String)
Vector neibs; // neighbors (String)
Vector backs; // backward edges -node is end vertex (Integer)
Vector fors; // forward edges -node is start vertex (Integer)
int pNode; // previous node on the augmenting path
int pEdge; // from which edge this node comes on the augmenting
// path
public Node1(int id)
{
name = id;
backs = new Vector();
fors = new Vector();
pNode1 = -1;
pEdge = -1;
}
}
class Edge
{
int name; // edge ID, started from 0 to n-1
int start; // start vertex of this edge
int end; // end vertex of this edge
int direct; // forwards (+1) or backwards (-1) on augmenting path
// if 0 then not part of augmenting path
int capacity; // capacity
int flow; // current flow
public Edge(int id)
{
name = id;
start = -1;
end = -1;
direct = 0; // default is neither
capacity = 0;
flow = 0;
}
public String toString()
{
return name + \": s=\" + start + \" e=\" + end + \" d=\" + direct;
}
}
public class LongestPathinDAG
{
int n; // number of nodes
int target; // destination node
int minLength; // the minimal length of each path
Node1[] v; // used to store Nodes
Edge[] e; // used to store Edges
int[] path; // used to store temporary path
int length = 0; // length of the path
int distance = 0; // distance of the path
int[] bestPath; // used to store temporary path
int bestLength = 0; // length of the longest path
int bestDistance = -1000000; // distance of the longest path
int[] visited; // used to mark a node as visited if set as
// 1
public LongestPathinDAG()
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter the number of vertices: \");
n = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println(\"Enter the number of edges: \");
int m = sc.nextInt();
v = new Node1[n];
e = new Edge[m];
System.out.println(n + \" nodes and \" + m + \" edges.\");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
v[i] = new Node1(i);
int i = 0;
while (i < e.length)
{
Edge edge = new Edge(i);
int sVal = sc.nextInt();
edge.start = sVal;// sc.nextInt();
int eVal = sc.nextInt();
edge.end = eVal;// sc.nextInt();
edge.capacity = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println(\" edge: \" + edge.start + \" - \" + edge.end
+ \" : \" + edge.capacity);
edge.flow = 0;
e[i] = edge;
v[sVal].fors.add(i);
v[eVal].backs.add(i);
i++;
if (i == m)
break;
}
visited = new int[v.length];
path = new int[v.length];
bestPath = new int[v.length];
sc.close();
}
/*
* this function looks for a longest path starting from being to end,
* using the backtrack depth-first search.
*/
public boolean findLongestPath(int begin, int end, int minLen)
{
/*
* compute a longest path from begin to end
*/
target = end;
bestDistance = -100000000;
minLength = minLen;
dfsLongestPath(begin);
if (bestDistance == -100000000)
return false;
else
return true;
}
private void dfsLongestPath(int curr.
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