anatomy cases.docx
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1. The document describes 5 clinical cases involving structures of the head and neck. 2. Case 1 involves a mass in the pterygopalatine fossa caused by the sphenopalatine ganglion, which receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve and parasympathetic/sympathetic roots. 3. Case 2 describes cavernous sinus thrombosis resulting from spread of infection from a nasal septum abscess through venous plexuses and emissary veins.
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The pharynx is a muscular tube located behind the nose, mouth, and larynx. It has 3 parts - the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx anteriorly and is continuous with the esophagus inferiorly. It contains structures like the soft palate, uvula, tonsils, and muscles that help with swallowing and speech. The pharynx receives innervation from the pharyngeal plexus and branches of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. Blood is supplied by branches of the external carotid artery and lymphatic drainage occurs into the retrophary
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1. The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities within the bones of the face and skull. They include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.
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The nasopharynx is located behind the nasal cavities and above the soft palate. Its roof is formed by the base of the skull, and its walls connect it to surrounding structures like the Eustachian tubes. It continues below into the oropharynx. During swallowing, the soft palate and palatopharyngeal sphincter close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. Mucosal folds in the nasopharynx mark locations like the openings of the Eustachian tubes.
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brief anatomy of larynx and its clinical evaluation
The document provides information on the anatomy and clinical evaluation of the larynx. It describes the larynx's location, cartilages, joints, ligaments, cavities, and complaints that may arise. Examination techniques like indirect and direct laryngoscopy are explained. Indirect laryngoscopy allows visualization of the larynx and vocal cords using a mirror. Direct laryngoscopy provides a more direct view but requires general anesthesia. The document outlines what should be examined during these procedures and common mistakes to avoid.
Deep neck infection
1. The document discusses various deep neck spaces and infections that can arise within them, including Ludwig's angina (submandibular space infection), retropharyngeal abscess, and parapharyngeal abscess.
2. These deep neck space infections commonly arise from dental infections or tonsillitis and can spread rapidly, potentially causing airway obstruction.
3. Management involves intravenous antibiotics, incision and drainage of abscesses, and tracheostomy if needed to secure the airway. Proper identification of the involved neck space guides surgical drainage approach.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
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anatomy cases.docx
- 2. Case 1: A 45-year-old female patient presented to the ENT clinic with dry sensation of the nose and, burning sensation in the mucosa covering the hard palate. The condition was accompanied by loss of lacrimation. CT scan of the skull revealed amass measuring (1 cm in diameter) in the pterygopalatine fossa. A. What is the structure responsible for this condition? Sphenopalatine ganglion. B. Enumerate the roots of that structure? Sensory roots: from the maxillary nerve. C. a. Parasympathetic root: Greater superficial petrosal nerve. D. b. Sympathetic root: Deep petrosal nerve. c. Enumerate the branches of that structure? Orbital branches: supply the periosteum of orbit: a. Nasal branches: lateral nasal (short spheno-palatine) and medial nasal (long spheno- palatine) branches b. Palatine branches: greater palatine nerve and lesser palatine nerves. Pharyngeal branches: supply the nasopharynx and the auditory (Eustachian) tube Case 2: A 45 diabetic male patient presented to ophthalmology outpatient clinic with severe headache, high fever and inability to move the right eye. He gave history of nasal septum abscess drainage one week ago. A. What is the most probable diagnosis? Cavernous sinus thrombosis. B. Explain the cause of this condition? Spread of infection from the nasal septum to pterygoid venous plexus then to cavernous sinus by emissary vein passing through the foramen ovale .
- 3. Case 3: A 45-year-old man with a complaint of ear pain and difficulty hearing is diagnosed with tonsillitis. Otoscopic examination reveals fluid in the middle ear cavity. 1- Hypertrophy of which of the following structures would be most likely to compromise the drainage of the auditory tube? a. Lingual tonsil b. Palatine tonsil c. Pharyngeal tonsil d. Superior constrictor muscle e. Uvula 2- The auditory tube passes through the ........... Gap of the pharynx. a.1st b. 2nd C. 3rd d. 4th e. 5th 3- The palatine tonsil is located in: a. Nasopharynx b. Oropharynx c. Laryngopharynx d. Larynx e. Esophagus
- 4. Case 4: A patient suffered from a pharyngeal tumor and it is closely related to the 4th gap of the lateral wall of the pharynx. A. What is the location of the 4th gap? Below inferior constrictor muscle. B. Which structures will be mostly affected? Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery C. What is the arterial supply of the pharynx? Ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery and ascending palatine branch of facial artery Case5: A 2-month-old male infant had a small pit at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle with mucus dripping intermittently from the opening. The pit extended to the tonsillar fossa as a branchial fistula. A. What is the anomaly of this patient? Cleft palate. B. Which pharyngeal pouch is involved in this case? Failure of fusion between the different segments of the palate. C. What is the cause of this anomaly? -Unilateral complete cleft palate. - Bilateral complete cleft palate. - Partial cleft palate. - Cleft uvula.