This document discusses opportunities for integrating printed text and audible sound in academic publishing. It argues that while publications have increasingly included some sound elements like embedded clips, text and sound have remained disconnected. New audio formats like podcasts and audiobooks allow text to be presented as sound itself, collapsing the distinction between analytical text and analyzed material. The author outlines adapting their own ethnographic work into an audio edition combining podcast and audiobook elements, with narrated text interwoven with field recordings. This format positions text and sound as equal partners that can speak directly to each other, moving beyond imperfect representations and allowing theory to be sounded.
1. Marcel Cobussen presents an inaugural lecture titled "Towards a 'New' Sonic Ecology" in which he argues for considering sound as more than just an aesthetic element.
2. He proposes a new sonic ecology that examines the interactions between humans, their environment, and sound in a bidirectional way.
3. Cobussen acknowledges that words cannot fully capture the sonic experience, so he includes references to sounds throughout his text to allow the subject to speak for itself.
This document provides an introduction to applied ethnomusicology. It discusses how applied ethnomusicology aims to put ethnomusicological knowledge to practical use by intervening in communities in ways that benefit them, such as through cultural preservation efforts, advocacy, and education. Specifically, it outlines some common areas of practice for applied ethnomusicologists in North America, including promoting traditional music through cultural policy work, advocacy on behalf of music communities, and developing educational curricula that incorporate diverse musical traditions. The introduction emphasizes partnership with communities and using knowledge gained from fieldwork to help address communities' needs and goals.
This document provides an overview of active noise control and discusses several key topics:
- It introduces active noise control and describes how it uses adaptive feedforward control to reduce noise.
- It discusses fundamentals of sound such as sound waves, frequency analysis, and human perception of sound.
- It covers passive and active approaches for noise control in free space, enclosed spaces, and ducts.
- It provides an overview of the components and requirements of an active noise controller, including the digital filter, adaptive algorithm, and cancellation path modeler.
This document provides details about Katie Wilkie's PhD research which aims to identify conceptual metaphors used by musicians to understand musical concepts like pitch, melody, and harmony. The research will involve discussions with musicians to elicit these metaphors, which will then be used to evaluate existing music interaction designs and inform the creation of new, more intuitive designs. The contributions will include increased knowledge of how metaphors aid musical understanding and guidelines for designing music interactions based on conceptual metaphors.
This document discusses a research project focused on sound in public spaces. It examines how headphones are used to create acoustic privacy in public and how this affects social interactions. The project includes creating "Mobile Privacy Units" which are decorated headphones meant to express messages around acoustic privacy. It also involves measuring and drawing ambient sounds in various public locations in Melbourne. The goal is to better understand the relationship between private and public sound and how headphones are changing public spaces.
An Introduction To Speech Sciences (Acoustic Analysis Of Speech)Jeff Nelson
1) Speech science is the study of speech production, transmission, perception, and comprehension through various disciplines including acoustics, anatomy, physiology, and neurology.
2) Acoustic analysis of speech involves studying the physical characteristics of speech sounds using methods like waveform analysis, measurements of voice onset time, and formant frequency analysis.
3) Characteristics of disordered speech differ from normal speech and may include shorter and lower amplitude vowels in stuttered speech compared to fluent speech.
This document discusses opportunities for integrating printed text and audible sound in academic publishing. It argues that while publications have increasingly included some sound elements like embedded clips, text and sound have remained disconnected. New audio formats like podcasts and audiobooks allow text to be presented as sound itself, collapsing the distinction between analytical text and analyzed material. The author outlines adapting their own ethnographic work into an audio edition combining podcast and audiobook elements, with narrated text interwoven with field recordings. This format positions text and sound as equal partners that can speak directly to each other, moving beyond imperfect representations and allowing theory to be sounded.
1. Marcel Cobussen presents an inaugural lecture titled "Towards a 'New' Sonic Ecology" in which he argues for considering sound as more than just an aesthetic element.
2. He proposes a new sonic ecology that examines the interactions between humans, their environment, and sound in a bidirectional way.
3. Cobussen acknowledges that words cannot fully capture the sonic experience, so he includes references to sounds throughout his text to allow the subject to speak for itself.
This document provides an introduction to applied ethnomusicology. It discusses how applied ethnomusicology aims to put ethnomusicological knowledge to practical use by intervening in communities in ways that benefit them, such as through cultural preservation efforts, advocacy, and education. Specifically, it outlines some common areas of practice for applied ethnomusicologists in North America, including promoting traditional music through cultural policy work, advocacy on behalf of music communities, and developing educational curricula that incorporate diverse musical traditions. The introduction emphasizes partnership with communities and using knowledge gained from fieldwork to help address communities' needs and goals.
This document provides an overview of active noise control and discusses several key topics:
- It introduces active noise control and describes how it uses adaptive feedforward control to reduce noise.
- It discusses fundamentals of sound such as sound waves, frequency analysis, and human perception of sound.
- It covers passive and active approaches for noise control in free space, enclosed spaces, and ducts.
- It provides an overview of the components and requirements of an active noise controller, including the digital filter, adaptive algorithm, and cancellation path modeler.
This document provides details about Katie Wilkie's PhD research which aims to identify conceptual metaphors used by musicians to understand musical concepts like pitch, melody, and harmony. The research will involve discussions with musicians to elicit these metaphors, which will then be used to evaluate existing music interaction designs and inform the creation of new, more intuitive designs. The contributions will include increased knowledge of how metaphors aid musical understanding and guidelines for designing music interactions based on conceptual metaphors.
This document discusses a research project focused on sound in public spaces. It examines how headphones are used to create acoustic privacy in public and how this affects social interactions. The project includes creating "Mobile Privacy Units" which are decorated headphones meant to express messages around acoustic privacy. It also involves measuring and drawing ambient sounds in various public locations in Melbourne. The goal is to better understand the relationship between private and public sound and how headphones are changing public spaces.
An Introduction To Speech Sciences (Acoustic Analysis Of Speech)Jeff Nelson
1) Speech science is the study of speech production, transmission, perception, and comprehension through various disciplines including acoustics, anatomy, physiology, and neurology.
2) Acoustic analysis of speech involves studying the physical characteristics of speech sounds using methods like waveform analysis, measurements of voice onset time, and formant frequency analysis.
3) Characteristics of disordered speech differ from normal speech and may include shorter and lower amplitude vowels in stuttered speech compared to fluent speech.
The document discusses soundscapes from a geographical perspective and the importance of context in human experiences of sound. It argues that human perception of sound is multi-sensory and influenced by activities, environmental factors, and cultural contexts. Preferred soundscapes are specific to the place and congruent with the functions and expectations of that place.
The study of Sound-SpaceHarishJariwala_21161691_DissertationHarish Jariwala
This document discusses the study of sound-space and how it can inform the work of an aural architect. It provides context on the history of spatial sound, including early experiments with speaker placement in churches and developments in 20th century works. Technologies like multichannel systems, ambisonics, and wavefield synthesis allowed more advanced spatialization. Composers such as Schaeffer, Stockhausen, and Boulez incorporated spatial techniques. Contemporary applications include binaural audio in VR and games. The document argues understanding sound-space through concepts like spectromorphology can benefit composition by considering spatial qualities of sound objects.
ADA Mesh Cities - Dr Janine Randerson - Ecologies of Practice workshop Auckla...exitstagewest
This document discusses post-nature ecologies and interdisciplinary collaborations related to art and the environment. It provides examples of art projects that measure air quality using sensors to create real-time visualizations and soundscapes. The document suggests that sensor networks can augment human senses to include registers of light, temperature, and location. Effective collaborations require moving beyond disciplinarity through open dialogue between diverse practitioners. Modest, situated ecological art projects may provide conditions for new interconnections rather than large conceptual schemes.
Towards an Ethics of Creative SoundJ A M ES A N D E A N.docxturveycharlyn
This document examines some of the ethical issues involved in creatively working with sound. It discusses issues such as sound ownership, the differences between sound and vision as determinants of identity, recorded sound, sound as a physical phenomenon versus a symbol, copyright and trademark laws, community ownership of sound, awareness and responsibility of composers and listeners, contextualization of sounds, and intercultural dialogue regarding sounds. The document aims to outline existing social and ethical factors that impact creative sound work without prescribing a specific ethical framework.
Ur[ban]sonate: Echoes of Twentieth Century Sound Art in the Urban Elementary ...Kevin Summers
Here, the history of experimental music and sound art are used to integrate shared art making and free inquiry into an elementary science curriculum. The historic arc of sound art from Russolo to Bell Labs to Cage is used to activate student interest and situate student investigations into the nature of sound and vibration.
Dimension based quality modeling of transmitted speechSpringer
This chapter provides an overview of the research context regarding mouth-to-ear speech transmission quality. It describes the basic components of the speech chain including speech production, transmission, and perception. The transmission system is represented as a "black box" from the speaker's mouth to the listener's ear. Quality is understood as the listener's appreciation that can be influenced by signal distortions, though comprehension may still be reliable. The central assumption is that speech quality can be explained by its underlying perceptual features, influenced by the transmission path and listener perception processes.
COST Workshop Brighton April 2011 - KC LamByford Tsang
The document discusses the importance of context in how humans perceive soundscapes. It explains that human experience is multi-sensory and that the sounds people hear are influenced by the activities they are engaged in, the environment surrounding them, and whether the sounds match their expectations for a particular place. The perception of soundscapes is shaped by both physical and social context factors.
The relevance of phonology to communication studiesAlexander Decker
The document discusses the relationship between phonology and communication studies. It argues that phonology, which involves the sounds of a language, is highly relevant to communication studies since communication inherently involves the use of language and its sounds. The document provides definitions of communication and phonology, describes the vowel and consonant sounds of the English language using phonetic transcription, and suggests including phonology in communication curriculum to help achieve accurate expression.
The Electric Revolution extended themes from the Industrial Revolution and added new effects. It harmonized the world using consistent frequencies of 25, 40, 50, and 60 cycles per second transmitted by electricity. This increased the speed sounds could be produced and spread, multiplying sound producers and allowing amplification to broadcast sounds imperialistically. The Electric Revolution also established a new tonal center of prime unity against which all other sounds are balanced, relating to the operating electrical current.
Sonic localization-cues-for-classrooms-a-structural-model-proposalCemal Ardil
The document describes a proposed structural model for sonic localization cues in classrooms. It discusses two primary cues for localization - interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) created by sounds reaching each ear. While these cues provide azimuth information, they do not provide elevation information. Elevation information is provided by spectral filtering effects of the head, torso and outer ears (pinnae) known as the head related transfer function (HRTF). The proposed structural model aims to produce well-controlled horizontal and vertical localization cues through a signal processing model of the HRTF that mimics how sounds interact with the body. The effectiveness of the model is tested through synthesized spatial audio experiments with human subjects
Andreas c. lehmann, john a. sloboda, robert h. woody psychology for musicians...Valentina Daldegan
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of psychology for musicians. It discusses how psychology can help musicians better understand their own skills and development. The chapter outlines some key concepts in psychology relevant to music, such as cognition, perception, memory, emotion, and motivation. It also introduces the idea that music skills are complex and involve both innate abilities and learning through practice and experience.
The Listener as producer. presentation at Prix Europa 2013Tiziano Bonini
This document discusses how radio audiences have evolved over time from invisible listeners to visible, networked publics due to new technologies like social media. It outlines Walter Benjamin's vision of radio as a more participatory medium that reduces distance between broadcasters and listeners. The emergence of social networks has actualized this vision by making listeners visible and their opinions measurable. It has also changed relationships between broadcasters and listeners from hierarchical to more peer-to-peer by allowing two-way communication and connection on and off air. Listeners can now also connect with each other through supporting a radio program's social media presence.
Essay About SWOT Analysis For Wondermusic, A Non-Profit...Dawn Robertson
Here are some examples of metalinguistic feedback:
- S: "I goed to the store." T: "Think about the past tense of 'go'."
- S: "She drinked the water." T: "The past tense of 'drink' sounds a bit different."
- S: "I eated the food." T: "How do we normally make verbs past tense in English?"
- S: "I have three years." T: "We don't usually use 'have' with ages, we use..."
- S: "Biggest is her." T: "The word order seems a bit off, can you rearrange it?"
- S: "They
Halsey Burgund created an interactive sound installation called Scapes for exhibition at deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum. Visitors use smartphones to record sounds as they walk through the park, which are then integrated into a collective soundscape accessible to all visitors. The piece aims to raise awareness of the sonic environment and how individual actions can shape a shared auditory experience of a place. It draws on the participatory and process-based works of John Cage and Brian Eno to create an evolving sound composition influenced by visitor contributions over its four-month duration.
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design of auditoriums in general. The document presents the methodology used to study the Connexion@Nexus auditorium. It includes an acoustic analysis of the auditorium's design, materials, sound sources, and sound propagation. Diagrams and photographs are also included.
THE ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF CONNEXION@NEXUSYen Min Khor
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design considerations for an auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data. Finally, the acoustic analysis section evaluates the auditorium design and materials based on measurements and observations taken at the site.
Difference Between Alphabet And International Phonetic TheorySandy Harwell
The document discusses the differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics is the study of human sounds and how they are physically produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology studies how sounds function and relate to each other in the sound system of a language. It focuses on abstract concepts like phonemes and allophones. While phonetics looks at actual sound production, phonology examines the underlying patterns of a language. The document provides examples of phonological concepts like distinctive sounds, phonemes that distinguish word meanings, and tone in tonal languages to illustrate the differences between the two fields of study.
Bottoms Up - The Cocktail Party ProblemPatricia Hill
This document summarizes research on the "cocktail party problem" from a communication perspective. It discusses two phenomena: 1) humans can selectively attend to one conversation in a noisy environment like a cocktail party, tuning out other stimuli, and 2) certain words in the ignored conversation, like one's name, can capture attention. The document reviews literature on practical applications of this problem in fields like engineering and design. It also discusses previous research that approached the problem from acoustic and psychological perspectives. The present study aims to understand what factors of the unintended ignored message influence attention, specifically looking at how message relevance to goals affects listening. It uses surveys and interviews to collect data on how instrumental and self-presentation goals relate to attention.
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
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Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
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Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
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LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
More Related Content
Similar to Analysing SoundsIn The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data An.docx
The document discusses soundscapes from a geographical perspective and the importance of context in human experiences of sound. It argues that human perception of sound is multi-sensory and influenced by activities, environmental factors, and cultural contexts. Preferred soundscapes are specific to the place and congruent with the functions and expectations of that place.
The study of Sound-SpaceHarishJariwala_21161691_DissertationHarish Jariwala
This document discusses the study of sound-space and how it can inform the work of an aural architect. It provides context on the history of spatial sound, including early experiments with speaker placement in churches and developments in 20th century works. Technologies like multichannel systems, ambisonics, and wavefield synthesis allowed more advanced spatialization. Composers such as Schaeffer, Stockhausen, and Boulez incorporated spatial techniques. Contemporary applications include binaural audio in VR and games. The document argues understanding sound-space through concepts like spectromorphology can benefit composition by considering spatial qualities of sound objects.
ADA Mesh Cities - Dr Janine Randerson - Ecologies of Practice workshop Auckla...exitstagewest
This document discusses post-nature ecologies and interdisciplinary collaborations related to art and the environment. It provides examples of art projects that measure air quality using sensors to create real-time visualizations and soundscapes. The document suggests that sensor networks can augment human senses to include registers of light, temperature, and location. Effective collaborations require moving beyond disciplinarity through open dialogue between diverse practitioners. Modest, situated ecological art projects may provide conditions for new interconnections rather than large conceptual schemes.
Towards an Ethics of Creative SoundJ A M ES A N D E A N.docxturveycharlyn
This document examines some of the ethical issues involved in creatively working with sound. It discusses issues such as sound ownership, the differences between sound and vision as determinants of identity, recorded sound, sound as a physical phenomenon versus a symbol, copyright and trademark laws, community ownership of sound, awareness and responsibility of composers and listeners, contextualization of sounds, and intercultural dialogue regarding sounds. The document aims to outline existing social and ethical factors that impact creative sound work without prescribing a specific ethical framework.
Ur[ban]sonate: Echoes of Twentieth Century Sound Art in the Urban Elementary ...Kevin Summers
Here, the history of experimental music and sound art are used to integrate shared art making and free inquiry into an elementary science curriculum. The historic arc of sound art from Russolo to Bell Labs to Cage is used to activate student interest and situate student investigations into the nature of sound and vibration.
Dimension based quality modeling of transmitted speechSpringer
This chapter provides an overview of the research context regarding mouth-to-ear speech transmission quality. It describes the basic components of the speech chain including speech production, transmission, and perception. The transmission system is represented as a "black box" from the speaker's mouth to the listener's ear. Quality is understood as the listener's appreciation that can be influenced by signal distortions, though comprehension may still be reliable. The central assumption is that speech quality can be explained by its underlying perceptual features, influenced by the transmission path and listener perception processes.
COST Workshop Brighton April 2011 - KC LamByford Tsang
The document discusses the importance of context in how humans perceive soundscapes. It explains that human experience is multi-sensory and that the sounds people hear are influenced by the activities they are engaged in, the environment surrounding them, and whether the sounds match their expectations for a particular place. The perception of soundscapes is shaped by both physical and social context factors.
The relevance of phonology to communication studiesAlexander Decker
The document discusses the relationship between phonology and communication studies. It argues that phonology, which involves the sounds of a language, is highly relevant to communication studies since communication inherently involves the use of language and its sounds. The document provides definitions of communication and phonology, describes the vowel and consonant sounds of the English language using phonetic transcription, and suggests including phonology in communication curriculum to help achieve accurate expression.
The Electric Revolution extended themes from the Industrial Revolution and added new effects. It harmonized the world using consistent frequencies of 25, 40, 50, and 60 cycles per second transmitted by electricity. This increased the speed sounds could be produced and spread, multiplying sound producers and allowing amplification to broadcast sounds imperialistically. The Electric Revolution also established a new tonal center of prime unity against which all other sounds are balanced, relating to the operating electrical current.
Sonic localization-cues-for-classrooms-a-structural-model-proposalCemal Ardil
The document describes a proposed structural model for sonic localization cues in classrooms. It discusses two primary cues for localization - interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) created by sounds reaching each ear. While these cues provide azimuth information, they do not provide elevation information. Elevation information is provided by spectral filtering effects of the head, torso and outer ears (pinnae) known as the head related transfer function (HRTF). The proposed structural model aims to produce well-controlled horizontal and vertical localization cues through a signal processing model of the HRTF that mimics how sounds interact with the body. The effectiveness of the model is tested through synthesized spatial audio experiments with human subjects
Andreas c. lehmann, john a. sloboda, robert h. woody psychology for musicians...Valentina Daldegan
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of psychology for musicians. It discusses how psychology can help musicians better understand their own skills and development. The chapter outlines some key concepts in psychology relevant to music, such as cognition, perception, memory, emotion, and motivation. It also introduces the idea that music skills are complex and involve both innate abilities and learning through practice and experience.
The Listener as producer. presentation at Prix Europa 2013Tiziano Bonini
This document discusses how radio audiences have evolved over time from invisible listeners to visible, networked publics due to new technologies like social media. It outlines Walter Benjamin's vision of radio as a more participatory medium that reduces distance between broadcasters and listeners. The emergence of social networks has actualized this vision by making listeners visible and their opinions measurable. It has also changed relationships between broadcasters and listeners from hierarchical to more peer-to-peer by allowing two-way communication and connection on and off air. Listeners can now also connect with each other through supporting a radio program's social media presence.
Essay About SWOT Analysis For Wondermusic, A Non-Profit...Dawn Robertson
Here are some examples of metalinguistic feedback:
- S: "I goed to the store." T: "Think about the past tense of 'go'."
- S: "She drinked the water." T: "The past tense of 'drink' sounds a bit different."
- S: "I eated the food." T: "How do we normally make verbs past tense in English?"
- S: "I have three years." T: "We don't usually use 'have' with ages, we use..."
- S: "Biggest is her." T: "The word order seems a bit off, can you rearrange it?"
- S: "They
Halsey Burgund created an interactive sound installation called Scapes for exhibition at deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum. Visitors use smartphones to record sounds as they walk through the park, which are then integrated into a collective soundscape accessible to all visitors. The piece aims to raise awareness of the sonic environment and how individual actions can shape a shared auditory experience of a place. It draws on the participatory and process-based works of John Cage and Brian Eno to create an evolving sound composition influenced by visitor contributions over its four-month duration.
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design of auditoriums in general. The document presents the methodology used to study the Connexion@Nexus auditorium. It includes an acoustic analysis of the auditorium's design, materials, sound sources, and sound propagation. Diagrams and photographs are also included.
THE ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF CONNEXION@NEXUSYen Min Khor
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design considerations for an auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data. Finally, the acoustic analysis section evaluates the auditorium design and materials based on measurements and observations taken at the site.
Difference Between Alphabet And International Phonetic TheorySandy Harwell
The document discusses the differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics is the study of human sounds and how they are physically produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology studies how sounds function and relate to each other in the sound system of a language. It focuses on abstract concepts like phonemes and allophones. While phonetics looks at actual sound production, phonology examines the underlying patterns of a language. The document provides examples of phonological concepts like distinctive sounds, phonemes that distinguish word meanings, and tone in tonal languages to illustrate the differences between the two fields of study.
Bottoms Up - The Cocktail Party ProblemPatricia Hill
This document summarizes research on the "cocktail party problem" from a communication perspective. It discusses two phenomena: 1) humans can selectively attend to one conversation in a noisy environment like a cocktail party, tuning out other stimuli, and 2) certain words in the ignored conversation, like one's name, can capture attention. The document reviews literature on practical applications of this problem in fields like engineering and design. It also discusses previous research that approached the problem from acoustic and psychological perspectives. The present study aims to understand what factors of the unintended ignored message influence attention, specifically looking at how message relevance to goals affects listening. It uses surveys and interviews to collect data on how instrumental and self-presentation goals relate to attention.
Similar to Analysing SoundsIn The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data An.docx (20)
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
Your Name
Practical Connection
Your Name
NOTE: To insert a different Cover Page select the Insert tab from the Ribbon, then the cover page you want. Insert Your Name. Enter Your Industry and Phase below. You can use this template if you wish. Please erase this note before you submit.
Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
NOTE: To include a Word generated TOC select the References tab from the Ribbon, then Table of Contents. Select the format you wish. Remember, to use the built-in TOC you must use the MS Word “Styles” format from the Ribbon, specifically “Heading 1” for each phase heading, “Heading 2” for the phase sub-headings and “Normal” for the body.
Remember to update the TOC after adding any data to the body of the paper. To update the TOC simply click anywhere in the TOC, select Update Table, then select Update entire table and OK.
Please erase this note before you submit.Phase 1: Educational and Employment HistoryEducational History and Goals (Include Certifications)
Type Your Data Here.
NOTE: For each Phase you must have at least 2 references. Please use the References feature of Microsoft Word to manage your references.
To add a reference to the database do the following:
Select References from the Ribbon
Select Style, then APA
Select Insert Citation
Select Add New Source
Select Type of Source
Fill in the required information, select OK
To insert a reference from the database do the following:
Place the cursor just before the period at the end of the sentence. Then select Insert Citation and select the correct reference from the list (Sewart, 2014).
Please erase this note before you submit.Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about).
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Da.
Your namePresenter’s name(s) DateTITILE Motivatio.docxnettletondevon
Your name:
Presenter’s name(s):
Date:
TITILE:
Motivation(s)/Statement of problem(s):
Objective(s):
Approach(s):
a. Materials:
b. Methods:
Findings:
Conclusions
LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
Your nameProfessor NameCourseDatePaper Outline.docxnettletondevon
Your name
Professor Name
Course
Date
Paper Outline
Thesis: Thesis statement here
I. Rough draft of introduction to essay/paper
II. First Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
III. Second Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
IV. Third Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
(If there are more points, add them as items V, VI, etc. appropriately)
1
V. Rough draft of conclusion of essay/paper
A. Summary of discussion
B. Final observations
Works Cited
Livingston, James C. Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Rodrigues, Hillary, and John S. Harding. Introduction to the Study of Religion. Routledge, 2009.
.
Your name _________________________________ Date of submission _.docxnettletondevon
Your name: _________________________________ Date of submission: ______________________
ENG201 Milestone 4: #MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#wordschangelives
Instructions: Save this document on your own computer. Type into each box and expand it as needed for the length of your response. Answer thoroughly!
PART 1: PERSONAL REFLECTION
TOPIC: What is one problem, issue, or need in the world, or in your own community, that you care a lot about?
PERSONAL CONNECTION: Why is this particular issue important to you? Is there something in your life experience or academic studies that relates?
ROOT CAUSE HYPOTHESIS: What do you think are some of the root causes of this issue? Explain.
AUDIENCE HYPOTHESIS: Based on the causes you have identified, who would be a good audience for you to try to make a change on this issue? Why?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The next step is research, What are 3 questions related to your issue that you want to answer during your research? Think of information that might help you better understand the issue in order to address or solve it.
PART 2: RESEARCH SUMMARY
SOURCE #1: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #2: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #3: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
PART 3: PROJECT PLANNING OUTLINE
CREATE YOUR OWN TEXT-BASED CAMPAIGN!
Start outlining the components of your final project here.
You will explain each choice in greater detail and polished prose for your final project.
Headline: What is the “headline” of your campaign? What phrase or hashtag will you use? Why those words?
Message: What is the subtext of the campaign? In other words, what messages are you communicating by the headline?
Audience: With whom is your campaign de.
Your NameECD 310 Exceptional Learning and InclusionInstruct.docxnettletondevon
Your Name
ECD 310: Exceptional Learning and Inclusion
Instructor
Date
Inclusive and Differentiated Learning and Assessments
Hint 1: This template is intended to guide you; however, you’re encouraged to add or delete from this format as long as your final product aligns with the assignment requirements found under Week 3>Assignment.
Hint 2: Delete these highlighted “hints” before final submission.
Hint 3: Delete the prompt text included on each slide and replace it with your own content.
Only use this template if you are enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education
Introduction
On this slide, provide a brief introduction to the topic of standardized assessment.
Hint: For help creating and editing slides in PowerPoint, see this guide on Creating PowerPoint Presentations.
Including All Students
On this slide, describe how you will ensure that all students are included in assessments and how you will make decisions about how children participate in assessments.
Accessibility for All
Summarize how you will make sure that the assessments are designed for accessibility by all.
Ensuring Fairness and Validity
Explain how you will make sure the assessment results are fair and valid.
Reporting the Results
Describe the importance of reporting the results of the assessment for all students.
Evaluating the Process
Examine how you will continually evaluate the assessment process to improve it and ensure student success.
Hint: Use scholarly sources in your presentation to support your ideas. Remember to include in-text citations.
Rationale
Explain your rationale, based on the age of children you plan to work with, the reasons why you would use standardized assessments.
Some reasons might be programmatic planning, differentiating instruction, identifying individual needs, and ensuring alignment with standards.
Hint: Make sure to support your reasoning with at least one scholarly source.
Collaboration
Discuss how, as an early childhood educator, you will collaborate with your colleagues to differentiate the assessment tools you will use to support the children you work with.
Conclusion
Include a brief conclusion to bring closure to your presentation.
.
Your Name University of the Cumberlands ISOL634-25 P.docxnettletondevon
The document discusses defensible space and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). It defines defensible space as using barriers and surveillance to control an environment and divide it into zones. CPTED is defined as a multidisciplinary approach to reducing crime through the design of environments in a way that improves safety and allows for better physical and operational controls.
Your Name Professor Name Subject Name 06 Apr.docxnettletondevon
Your Name:
Professor Name:
Subject Name:
06 April 2019
Active exhibition
For most people, a hospital is a place that we don't want to go, but we may have to go if
we get ill. Pain and death brought by diseases terrify us, which make us avoid thinking
of a hospital, not to mention visiting a hospital if not necessary. As for me, a hospital is a
special place. My father is a doctor who helps thousands of patients get well. I spent my
childhood watching him cure patients and bring happiness back to their life. A hospital
represents hope and wellness to patients and their loved ones, and we cannot simply
correlate it with the negative image brought by diseases, form an idea for illness and
even hospital fear. I want to propose a series of exhibitions to awaken people's outdated
and even prejudiced views, just like “A Hacker Manifesto” taught us. We need to bring
this spirit to break the perception in the traditional sense. This exhibition, I hope to let
patients or visitors think more deeply about what disease or disability has brought us.
Inspired by ‘A Hacker Manifesto’, I want to subvert mundane ideas and provide a
completely new experience to hospital visitors through this exhibition. Many relate their
past bad experiences and sad stories with hospitals. Thus, they hold a negative and
prejudice attitude toward the hospital and refuse to change. In this exhibition, I will
present the ‘hope’ and ‘wellness’ side of the hospital. Instead of breaking us down, a
hospital is protecting us from losing health or even life. Also, I want to exhibit the
optimism and fortitude the patients have when they fight against diseases. The shining
qualities they maintain to win the battle of life are so inspiring. We can understand the
meaning of life better from the hospital exhibition.
To organize an impressive exhibition, I choose a comprehensive hospital with a large
amount of patients. In this way, more people will be attracted to the exhibition in the
hospital than in smaller hospitals. They can enjoy the exhibition works when they wait in
line. There are many kinds of patients in general hospitals. I hope to bring some new
concept or idea to the patient.
After comparing several local hospitals in San Francisco, I decided to choose the
hospital in Kaiser Permanente. Kaiser's hospitals are widely distributed, and almost all
of California's medical systems are involved. Exhibitions can have more widely flowed,
and the community around Kaiser is rich. There are companies as well as residential
areas and even schools. The success of the exhibition can benefit the surrounding
communities more broadly.
Kaiser Permanente Campus in San Francisco
For a specific location, I chose the Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center
and Medical Offices (2425 Geary Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94115). In the lobby of the
entrance, you can see a very wide area, on the righ.
Your muscular system examassignment is to describe location (su.docxnettletondevon
Your muscular system exam/assignment
is to describe location (superior & inferior attachments, action and innervations of the following muscles: please make sure to describe that mentioned above on each muscles.
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Sartorius
Iliotibial tract/band
Tensor Fascia Lata
Describe glenohumeral joint (anatomy, ligaments, and movements at this articulation).
.
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choos.docxnettletondevon
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choose one of the following to complete:
-Website (sites.google.com or wordpress.com)
-Blog (blogger.com or tumblr)
-Vlog
You have to find a way to tie in
ALL
of the following topics in your multimedia midterm project:
-Cellular Reproduction
-Meiosis
-DNA structure/Function
-Bacteria and Archaea
-Protists
You'll either have to explain your information at an elementary, lay (someone not familiar with science), or the scientific level.
Your midterm project will be due on February 26, 2020 at 11:59 pm.
In your project you aren’t giving definitions, you’re explaining in a unique way how all the topics tie in together. If you choose elementary you need to be creative and engaging as they have a short attention span and have little to no knowledge of science. For the lay audience you’ll need to relate it to the real world or real world events. Think of this audience as explaining these subjects to your mother or grandmother. For the scientific audience, you must use scientific language and present your information in a matter of fact way. This requires an innovative mindset.
.
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to.docxnettletondevon
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to works of art from one of the following movements:
Modernism
You may use Word or PowerPoint to design your gallery.
You will design your gallery as if you were guiding a visitor to each work of art.
In your gallery, include the following:
A brief introduction to your gallery, which includes a description of the movement and the time period to which your gallery is dedicated.
Six images of works of art that incorporate the characteristics significant to movement and time period. Along with each image of a work of art, include the citation for the work of art. A summary of how the media (materials), methods, and subject are significant to that time period and region, using appropriate art terminology.
A summary of how iconographic, historical, political, philosophical, religious, and social factors of the movement are reflected in the work of art.
Make use of at least three scholarly sources
Cite your sources
.
Your letter should include Introduction – Include your name, i.docxnettletondevon
Your letter should include:
Introduction – Include your name, if you are a full-time or part-time student, your program name and your semester of study.
Body of letter – Why do you think you qualify for an award? Include your volunteer work within the community.
Conclusion – Show your appreciation for being considered and include how receiving an award will assist with your education.
.
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 wordsDetermine.docxnettletondevon
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 words
Determine whether Mr. Johnson discriminated against Ms. Djarra based on religion.
Discuss whether Mr. Johnson offered reasonable accommodations to Ms. Djarra.
Identify the amount and type of damages to be awarded, if any.
The Religious Discrimination – Reasonable Accommodations analysis
Tip for what I need for the analysis section: An analysis section draws meaning from the events that occurred. Go in depth about the implications of their viewpoints or actions.
.
Your Last Name 1Your Name Teacher Name English cl.docxnettletondevon
Your Last Name 1
Your Name
Teacher Name
English class number
Due Date
Title
Start typing here. Delete the notes below after you read through them.
Indent each paragraph and use double spacing and the following formatting:
1 inch margins
Times New Roman
12 point font type
DO NOT use any of the following:
NO border,
NO word art,
NO drawings,
NO ALL CAPS,
NO exclamation points!,
Your Last Name 2
NO underlining,
NO bold,
NO italics (except for references to literature)
NO different font types, sizes or colors.
.
Your job is to delegate job tasks to each healthcare practitioner (U.docxnettletondevon
Delegate tasks to healthcare practitioners during the day shift by filling out a staffing table or describing each person's tasks. Use a primary, team, or modular nursing staffing model to help make delegation decisions. Follow APA style guidelines by typing responses into a Microsoft Word document and uploading the completed staffing table or document.
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of pa.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of paper) the topology based on the information in the routing tables. All of the LANS have the first address (.1). Your deliverable is to draw the topology, with the router names, with the interface names and addresses based on the information given. Please take a picture of your drawing and attach it to the dropbox.
I already did this assignment. i am attaching my work also, i am so confused about these ports. i am attaching, my professors note as well. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY. and fix it
you did not list the serial ports correctly. The serial ports are what connect the routers together. 2 connecting serial ports will have addresses on the SAME network. The serial port does not stick out of the router like the LANs, the serial ports connect the routers to each other.
.
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto balls that are drawn when drawing up to balls from 5 total of 30 balls.
Use 5 image elements to display the ball images from this zipfile:
lottoballs.zip
(I WILL ATTACH THE FILE)
Use a button to perform the drawing.
Use a Lotto class object in the script lotto-class.js to simulate drawing the balls.
Use a CSS file to set the fonts, colors, and sizes of the elements on your page.
Include a link back to your index page. ** ONLY SHOW FIVE BALLS IN HTML
The Lotto class object draws the balls with replacement and sorts them in numeric order before outputting them.
Allow the user to choose how many balls from which to draw and how many balls to draw. This provides a variety of Lotto games to play.
.
Your Introduction of the StudyYour Purpose of the stud.docxnettletondevon
Your
Introduction
of the Study
Your
Purpose
of the study
Your
Methodology
Add your ethical considerations for the survey to your Methodology
Add your measurement strategy to your Methodology
Include a copy of the questionnaire or survey in the Methodology
Provide your
Data Analysis
with survey results
Data results should be provided in graphic form, making them user-friendly information
Provide your
Conclusion
regarding the study. Be sure to tell how well you answered your research question, the status of your hypothesis (true/false), and the value of your survey results for your topic moving forward
USE the attached paper to complete final.
.
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fell.docxnettletondevon
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fellow student's Week 1 materials and provide substantive and constructive feedback to them on the direction for their final paper (250 word minimum). Is something useful missing from the outline? Do you know additional sources (or places to find good sources) the person might want to include? Do you understand clearly his or her topic and thesis?
Fellow Student week I material:
Title of Paper: Long Term Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Introduction:
The voice that is hardly heard. Child abuse and neglect have become predators within human history. As time has passed the outstanding cases that have come about over the many years have raised many eyebrows and society has become appreciative to the revilement of these evil acts within all communities. Child abuse and neglect can take place in a home as well as outside a home places many couldn’t even imagine such as within our school system as well as playgrounds. Even though many times these evil acts take place within a home it can be done by family, friends and acquaintances of the child. Child abuse and neglect can be performed in various ways such as neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and emotional abuse.
Direct Statement and Research Question:
The voice that is hardly heard. Can child abuse and child neglect affect an individual?
Proposal:
The paper that I am presenting to you today will explore the aspects of child abuse, child neglect, effects of the abuse, signs of abuse, signs of neglect, symptoms, risk factors, treatment and prevention. Individuals have their own presumptions of their definition of child abuse as well as child neglect. Some of those presumptions that I have heard were the failure to provide enough love to a child, the failure to provide enough necessities to a child. Child neglect and abuse goes deeper than this the emotional neglect, physical neglect and medical neglect. Where a child sustained physical injuries due to the act of hitting, shaking, burning and kicking describes physical abuse. Sexual activity that the child cannot consent of or comprehend refers to sexual abuse. These acts involve anal and genital intercourse, oral contact, and fondling. Emotional as well as psychological abuse involves those words of putting children down, vulgar language, screaming and yelling can all involve emotional as well as psychological abuse towards a child.
Methodology and Data:
I plan on delivering my methodology through statistics such as research journals and individuals in society that also work with children who have been abused as well as neglected such as interviewing social workers, teachers, health professionals and individuals within society. Understanding that many abused children do not come forward because of that fear that has been placed in them. The fear of becoming the blame, the fear of being rejected or refused, the fear of the blame and the fear of being ashamed so.
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work youve c.docxnettletondevon
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work you've chosen before you read about it. In order to describe what you see, you might consider:
What do you notice first? Why? What do the colors convey? How? How is the space occupied? Is there a foreground and a background (2D) or is the piece sculptural (3D) with mass and volume? Is there an implied shape, such as a triangle, square, or circle, that brings balance to the composition? Are there diagonal lines that make it dynamic?
Next, read the materials provided about the work of art. You are welcome to do additional research on the internet as long as you use reputable websites, such as those from museums and art publications. Go back to your piece and take an even closer look. Think about what you've read and what you see. How does its meaning deepen from additional information the work of art?
Then, consider how the formal elements play into the artist's intention or audience's interpretation of the work. Making connections and observations about form and content are the key to writing a strong analysis. Remember to cite as appropriate.
Include several of areas from the first and second points to bring you to the third point.
1. Initial Reading (what do you see and understand when you first look at the work?)
Medium (materials)
Formal Elements
Subject
2. Contextual Research
Content
History
Emphasis
Effect
Symbolism
Relevance
Political Parallels
Social Implications
Audience?
Influences?
Captions/Title/Text
Ethical/Logical/Emotional Appeal?
3. Meaning
Bring it together. What does the work of art mean? Develop a persuasive, cohesive analysis that includes what you see through form and context.
.
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due .docxnettletondevon
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due
no later than Wednesday 11:59 PM EST/EDT.
The day you post this will count as one of your required four unique postings.
Identify the standard that courts use to qualify someone as an expert witness. Then discuss the standards used to allow that individual's testimony in court. Here, you will want to refer to the Federal Rules of Evidence as well as the Daubert Standard and several other important landmark cases. Include in your response the Saint Leo core value of integrity.
Saint Leo Core Value of Integrity:
The commitment of Saint Leo University to excellence demands that its members live its mission and deliver on its promise. The faculty, staff, and students pledge to be honest, just, and consistent in word and deed.
.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. even whole cities constantly generate acoustic environments
that people live in. This fact of a ubiquitous acoustic
sphere simultaneously being produced by social action and
surrounding that social action as a context has largely
been ignored by qualitative research. Obviously there are some
domains, like conversation analysis (Silverman, 1998;
also see Toerien, Chapter 22, this volume) or the ethnography
(see Gubrium and Holstein, Chapter 3, this volume) of
communication (Keating, 2001) that bring into focus a
particular aspect of the acoustic world, namely, speech. In their
ethnographical study of the workplace, Karine Lan Hing Ting
and Barbara Pentimalli (2009) refer to noise as an
important and functional resource used by hearing, or
overhearing, non-linguistic acoustics like noisy typing on the
keyboard, the snapping of fingers, the clapping of hands, etc.
They argue that becoming a member of the workforce
in a call center is based on the capacity to recognize and
interpret significant sounds of this kind within an
environment, which is acoustically demanding due to the
general noise level of such operations. But these
acoustically aware approaches restrict their interest to sound as
language and as a form of communication. In this
realm the amount of literature is vast, and highly sophisticated
methods for research are accessible. The same holds
true for music, where ethnomusicology, starting from the oral
tradition of music like folk songs passed on without the
use of notation (McLucas, 2011) and going up to a ‘Global
Music Theory’ (Hijleh, 2012), covers the field.1 But if we
take the acoustic environment, sonic effects, auditory cultures,
and sound practice as topics each in their own right,
the outlook changes. By mainly considering the non-linguistic
and non-musical aspects of sound in society, we are
challenged by a whole new field of study (Vannini et al., 2010).
And this becomes even more apparent when we try to
blend sound analysis with qualitative research.
3. Before I turn to the practice and the methods in what might turn
out to become qualitative sound research, I introduce
the development of some perceivable strands of research on
sound: sound ecology, sonic experience, and sound
culture. My purpose is to explain selected important concepts
that might be new, or that might need some elucidation
for those who are not familiar with the field of what today is
only loosely captured in the term ‘sound studies.’
The Development of Sound Studies
Sound studies are obviously not yet a consolidated and fully
established field of qualitative research in the social
sciences. And there are knowing voices suggesting that sound
studies may stay an emerging field for ever: ‘Perhaps
sound study is doomed to a position on the margins of various
fields of scholarship, whispering unobtrusively in the
background while the main action occurs elsewhere’ (Hilmes,
2005: 249). At least a geographical and linguistic spread
of sound studies is observable. For a long time it seemed that
sound studies were only systematically available in
English and French. But a German branch has now emerged
around the University of Arts in Berlin (see Schulze,
2008). However, research on the audio-sphere, the acoustic
environment, the soundscape and even sound culture as
we know it today remains an often confusing composition of
different disciplines and perspectives. Those involved
neither share a common method or theory, nor systematically
take notice of each other. For instance, studies in
architecture (Blesser and Salter, 2007; Hedfors, 2008), cultural
anthropology (Hammou, 2011), art (LaBelle, 2006),
philosophy (Ihde, 2007), history (Sterne, 2003; Szendy, 2008),
film and cinema science (Altman, 1992), sociology
(Attali, 1985), and others have made important and valuable
contributions to the undertaking of making sound in
5. which sounds in turn also create. And the mainly French
approach of (b), with its idea of the sonic effect as a core
concept, stands somewhere in the middle of (a) and (c). It does
not offer a clear-cut and systematic link between the
two, but nevertheless incorporates some ideas from each side.
Sound Ecology and Acoustic Communication
The work to make sound a topic in its own right in the social
sciences goes back to Murray R. Schafer's ‘World
Soundscape Project’ in the 1970s.2 The essence of this research
is published in Schafer's (1994) book Soundscape.
Originally published in English in 1977, the book was not
translated into French until 1991, and was only translated
into German in 2010. The initial project at the Simon Fraser
University in Vancouver not only created a place where
sound studies could be pursued at university level for
presumably the first time, but also triggered the development of
what is known today as the field of ‘acoustic communication’
(Truax, 2001), where, as well as the features of acoustic
communication, the impact of technology on acoustic design by
means of electro-acoustics is singled out as a
dominant issue for research. Looking back, it is fair to say that
everything to do with sound studies has been initiated,
or at least has profited, in one way or another, from the
groundbreaking work of Schafer and his group. In retrospect
this approach can be labeled ‘sound ecology,’ because it looks
at the phenomena of sounds in society in an
encompassing and holistic way.
The key concept introduced by these studies is the term
soundscape, by analogy to landscape:
The soundscape is any acoustic field of study. We may speak of
a musical composition as a soundscape, or
7. http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-
qualitative-data-analysis/n13.xml
etc., to which we are exposed as functional sounds in everyday
life. Some of these signals can turn out to become
soundmarks:
The term soundmark is derived from landmark and refers to a
community sound which is unique or
possesses qualities which make it specially regarded or noticed
by the people in that community. Once a
soundmark has been identified, it deserves to be protected, for
soundmarks make the acoustic life of the
community unique. (Schafer, 1994: 10)
Soundscapes can, furthermore, be split into lo-fi and hi-fi
environments by looking at the signal-to-noise ratio. In
sound studies a hi-fi environment is one in which sounds may
be heard and perceived clearly by a listener, while a lo-
fi environment has overcrowded and masked signals, and lacks
clarity.
Besides the soundscape and its particular features, Schafer also
developed an almost completely encompassing
taxonomy of the first natural soundscape up to the post-
industrial one. The two big changes for human lives and
living, in this perspective, have been the introduction of the
engine during the process of the Industrial Revolution and
the mastery of electro-acoustics (radio, sound recording, the
telephone, etc.). Since the olden days of the pre-
industrial society, natural and rural soundscapes are receding
for more and more of us and are being replaced by
artificial, engineered acoustic environments. These changes are
sometimes regarded as unfavorable, and hence
8. demand what is nowadays called acoustic ecology and noise
reduction (Wrightson, 2000).3
The combined work of Schafer and his colleagues points toward
an innovative and promising, though not easily
applicable, perspective for qualitative research: innovative
because they turn our attention to the acoustic dimension
of society beyond mere communication; and promising because
they have introduced new concepts like the
soundscape for the observation of our physical and social
environment.4 But the endeavor remains very challenging
due to its multidisciplinary way of thinking about the sonic
sphere, and because some ‘non-compatible’ theorems of
social theory are used.
Sonic Experience and Sonic Effects
Another approach, which judges that the soundscape is too wide
and imprecise to let the researcher work at the scale
of everyday practice and at the scale of urban spaces at the
same time (Augoyard and Torgue, 2006: 7), has
developed in France. At the National School of Architecture of
Grenoble the philosopher, urban planner and
musicologist Jean-François Augoyard founded the ‘Centre de
recherche sur l'espace sonore et l'environnement
urbain’ (CRESSON) in 1979. He and his co-workers focused on
the effects of sound on listeners and hearers. They
developed the concept of the ‘sonic effect’ in order to describe
and analyse the experience of everyday sounds in
architectural and urban contexts. In their pivotal publication,
Sonic Experience: A Guide to Everyday Sounds,
Augoyard and Torgue defined 66 such effects and grouped them
into 16 effects, which they defined as ‘basic …
always existing in concrete space or in the listening process …
10. than as a strictly defined concept of cause and effect. As the
authors write:
Halfway between the universal and the singular, simultaneously
model and guide, it allows a general
discourse about sounds. … Rather than defining things in a
closed way, it opens the field to a new class of
phenomena by giving some indication of their nature and their
status. Finally, it characterizes the modal or
instrumental dimensions of sound. (Augoyard and Torgue, 2006:
9)
Put in a nutshell, the sonic effect bridges the gap between sound
ecology (i.e., the concept of the soundscape as
acoustic sensations that are just there and observable) and the
phenomenology of sound as something linked to
individual experience and social practice. But since these
authors present the concept of sound effect as a complex
array following its own logic, the link is somewhat obscure and
incomplete.
The human ear as a sensory organ has some remarkable
properties and capacities. Since there is no ‘ear lid,’ sounds
once in the air must be heard. And this holds true over the 360
degrees around the receiving subjects. Our ears are
permanently screening the acoustic environment, even when we
would prefer them not to operate in such a manner.
Think of yourself alone in a mountain hut where the wooden
beams creak and crack in the wind. The effect of such a
situation frightens us, and has been named ‘the uncivilized ear’
(‘l'oreille primitive’) by Pierre Schaeffer (1982). The
fact that we are hearing nearly all the time makes it necessary to
adapt our ears continuously to the acoustic
environment. The adjustment of hearing sounds ‘in’ and ‘out’
consists of two parallel processes or effects (Augoyard
and Torgue, 2006: 123f.). The processes are at the center of
11. auditory perception and enable metamorphosis as
described earlier. They are called synecdoche and asyndeton.
The synecdoche effect is the aptitude to extract one
specific audible element through selection. Selective listening is
a fundamental competence in everyday practice and
is complementary but antithetic to asyndeton, the selective
deletion or ‘overhearing’ of sounds. These two effects of
perceptive organization are the basis of any meaningful
interpretation of the acoustic environment, because ‘they
make it possible to create a gap between the physical sound of
reference and the object of listening. In this sense,
they are at the basis of the idea of sonic effect itself’ (Augoyard
and Torgue, 2006: 174). The culture to which someone
belongs thus has a central function in shaping the way they
hear, evaluate, and valorize sounds and their capacity to
do this. Schaeffer therefore introduced the term ‘l'objet sonore’
in France, as early as the late 1940s (Schaeffer, 1982,
quoted in Schafer, 1994: 129), defining it as something from the
audio-sphere which is chosen and experienced by
one person but might be irrelevant for others. If we perceive the
sonic environment as just a physical phenomenon,
which can be recorded and displayed as waveforms, we
obviously miss what sounds can and do mean to people, and
how actors create social order by the use of sounds. This has
already been clearly formulated in the acoustic
communication approach:
Whether an environmental sound has a meaning or not (i.e.,
whether it is ‘just’ a noise) depends entirely on its context
and how it is understood. The ‘sound object’ (an environmental
sound isolated on tape from its context) cannot mean
anything except itself as an aural sensation. (Truax, 2001: 53)
Auditory Culture and Sound Culture Studies
SAGE Research MethodsSAGE
13. and even infuses sense into the time spent in the car.
But – and this is the critical part of the analysis – the individual
is still embedded in, and controlled by, larger social
structures, and might overestimate his or her individuality and
freedom ‘by sound’ in the car. A further example of this
kind is Bull's study on portable electronics, namely the iPod
(Bull, 2007). I consider the Auditory Culture Reader of
Bull and Back (2003) a major step forward for qualitative
methods in the study of sounds in society. But the book is
still structured to cover the acoustic social sphere of sounds in
an encompassing way, similar to the sound ecology
approach, because it is divided into ‘Thinking about Sound,’
‘Histories of Sound,’ ‘Anthropologies of Sound,’ ‘Sounds
in the City,’ and ‘Living and Thinking with Music.’ Given the
year of publication and the pioneering character of the
book, this should not be read as a criticism of the editors, but as
a hint of where certain difficulties and challenges lie
for the sound researcher. If we make the field too wide, it
becomes difficult to develop a succinct approach.
A concise perspective has, however, been introduced in one of
the latest efforts concerning sound and everyday life,
where social places (the metro, the home, the sidewalk, the
street, the shopping mall, the sky) as acoustic territories
are systematically arranged as locales for acoustic practice:
To map out the features of this auditory paradigm, I have sought
to explore in greater detail the particular
behavior or figures of sound. It is my view that sonic
materiality operates as ‘micro epistemologies,’ with the
echo, the vibration, the rhythmic, for instance, opening up to
specific ways of knowing the world. Accordingly,
I have traced each chapter by following a particular sonic
figure. For instance, in exploring the underground I
tune in to the specific ways in which subterranean spaces are
conditioned and bring forward the echoic … in
15. practice to the bigger levels of the social order. And this
is happening in real time for the participants or hearers.
Last, but not least, there is the idea of sonic fieldwork and the
creation of audio documentaries (Makagon and
Neumann, 2009). It is correct to say that some of the most
important archives of sound recordings have not come from
scientists in the academy but from radio reporters, journalists,
and other audiophiles (2009: 3–6, 9–14). The famous
John Lomax Collection in the Library of Congress, which is
available online today, is but one good example. The idea
behind such collections was and still is to document and
preserve the acoustic culture. The tokens in the collection do
not follow any scientific logic or approach, but they represent
what was remarkable for the collectors in those days. In
this sense the collection is noteworthy in at least two ways:
first, we can hear the historical sounds of a particular
culture; and, second, we can discover what was considered a
remarkable sound by those involved in recording. In the
ever- and rapidly changing world we live in, audio
documentaries can present and preserve the cultural richness
and
particularities of society in the audio-sphere.
Analysing Sounds: From Soundscapes to Sound Culture
Depending on the line of approach toward sound research taken
by a scholar, he or she will use different data and
varying concepts for the description and analysis of the
relationship between social practice and the acoustic
environment. As described in the previous part of this chapter,
we can split the whole endeavor of sound studies, in
an idealized manner, into those approaches that present sound
and the corresponding analysis and those that focus
on the sonic aspects of a social situation or social structures and
embed them in everyday practice and culture.
16. The technology of digital sound recording available today
makes it comparably easy to record sound. But suitable
sound recording is quite challenging for many practical reasons.
The practical aspects of sound recording or sonic
documentation are interferences from wind, reverberations,
echoes, distances, ephemerality of the sound objects,
access problems, and many other disturbing factors. Wind,
especially, is a constant source of trouble for the
recording researcher. This is why high-level recording devices
provide special windjammers. These are hairy hoods
attached to the microphone lessening the sound of the wind.
Anyone who seriously engages in sound recording in
outside live settings will need a device like this. Echoes and
reverberations are related to the topography of the space
where the sound is recorded. There is no device which provides
an easy cure to this except a good set of headphones
plus test-driving with the recorder in ‘pre-hearing mode.’ This
offers an opportunity to listen to the sound before it is
stored on the recorder. While checking an acoustic environment
in this mode, other nuisances like wind or strong
foreground sounds overriding the targeted source will be heard.
The recording system can then be configured
accordingly. Basic digital recording is usually done on a device
that can record formats (*.mp3, *.wma, *.wav, and
others), which are suitable for storing and editing on the
computer. Once recorded, elementary sound analysis
concerned with the ‘pure’ aspects of sound can be applied:
pitch, intensity, timbre, attack, duration, release, shape of
the signal, etc., are the concepts used here (see Augoyard and
Torgue, 2006: 17). The matter can become quite
technical and even sophisticated for the enthusiast. But for the
average researcher the standard options offered by
widely available recorders from manufacturers like Olympus,
Marantz, Tascam, or Sony are already demanding
enough and are usually more than adequate. These recorders are
18. analysis should be defined beforehand, or at the latest during
the fieldwork. Here the famous phrase ‘the perceptual
“something” is always in the middle of something else, it
always forms a part of a “field”’ by Merleau-Ponty (1962: 4)
applies, and might stand as a reminder and a warning against a
purely positivistic approach to collecting data. In this
regard Bauer and Gaskell (2000) offer helpful concepts for
analysing sounds (noise and music) as social data.
Classical soundscape research usually records whole acoustic
surroundings or environments (as, for instance, the
World Soundscape Project did in Vancouver: see the section on
sound ecology) at selected times, and presents
selected exemplars of the sound objects and soundscapes in a
rather artistic way. These recordings are finally
documented on a CD and/or the Web and refer to a certain body
of related text. Indeed the Web might turn out to
become the appropriate medium in the future for the
presentation of sound studies, which operate with recorded
specimens of sounds. Whereas photographic data can be
displayed in printed matter, and even video data can to a
certain degree be presented in a similar manner, sound and print
do not coexist as well. So we need some
procedures to make sound visible. There are different options
available for the display of sound in such studies,
where plots of intensity (or amplitude) against time, or
frequency against amplitude, or time against frequency are the
best known. Such displays allow a quick visual distinction
between lo-fi and hi-fi environments. But, as we have
learnt, humans hear differently from machines due to their
capacity of selective listening. So: ‘I want the reader to
remain alert to the fact that all visual projections of sounds are
arbitrary and fictitious’ (Schafer, 1994: 127; italics in the
original). In principle, sounds can be classified according to
their physical quality (acoustics), the hearer's perception
of their effects (sound effect), their function and meaning
19. (semiotics and semantics), and their emotional qualities
(aesthetics). Thus a soundscape cannot be understood or
analysed by dividing it up into single parameters of, let us
say, acoustics. Having a soundscape is like having a book
compared to having just the letters of an alphabet and
some rules of the grammar, to use an analogy from linguistics.
Single-sound events such as, for instance, the barking
of a dog, the ringing of a church bell, or the blast of a foghorn,
but not complete soundscapes, might be described
and analysed according to their physical and their referential
aspects. The physical aspects in soundscape studies
are (Schafer, 1994: 134–7): distance, intensity in decibels,
distinctness of hearing (distinctly, moderate distinctly,
indistinctly), texture of ambiance (hi-fi, lo-fi, natural, human,
technological), occurrence (isolated, repeated, part of a
larger context), and environmental factors (no reverberation,
short reverberation, long reverberation, echo, drift,
displacement). The referential aspects of functions and the
meanings of sounds can only be organized arbitrarily
according to their empirical occurrence. A model of such a
catalogue is presented in the ‘Tuning of the World’
(Schafer, 1994: 137–9). Finally comes the mapping of whole
soundscapes. For this purpose so-called ‘sample sound
notation systems,’ the isobel, and the sound event map (Schafer,
1994: appendix I), have been developed. An isobel
map shows the distribution of the acoustic intensity within a
landscape along lines of equal intensity. The picture
produced looks very similar to the one produced by ordinary
contour lines on a geographic map but holds different
information. A sound event map reproduces the sound events at
a certain location over time. But even with these
techniques, the fundamental problem of hearing versus seeing
remains unsolved. All that visualization work can – at
its best – do is to soften the fact that sounds have to be heard
and cannot be seen. The fact still holds true today:
there is no best way to visualize sounds and soundscapes in
21. soundscape, or an acoustic environment. A study worth
reading in this realm is that by Panayotis Panopoulos (2003). He
analyses the meanings and functions of animal bells
with regard to gender, families, reputations, and economy in a
pastoral culture. Although some romanticism of the
kind of à la recherche du temps perdu in the study cannot be
ignored, the text demonstrates in an exemplary and
stunning way how sound, artifacts, and culture are interwoven
phenomena.6 One of the few sociological contributions
using ethnography with a focus on sound is Daniel Lee's study
on barbershop quartet singing (2005). He deals with
the important question of the distinction between noise and
music, and he shows how vocal noise can be turned into
music in a complex way and only in a particular culturally
embedded context. But sound practice can become even
more complex than singing, which is already not simple. If we
take the techno-sphere as a medium for sound
production and reproduction, as Steve Wurtzler (1992) does in
his study ‘“She sang live, but the microphone was
turned off”: The live, the recorded and the subject of
representation,’ we become aware of how intertwined culture
and
sound and the corresponding analysis can become. This brings
us to the dark side of sounds, where sonic warfare
(Goodman, 2010) is addressed. Sound can also be deployed to
produce fear and dread. The sonic dimensions of
conflict are old, and the militarization of sound has a long
history from antiquity up to the torture of prisoners in
Guantanamo Bay by very loud rock music. So it does not come
as a surprise that sonic force and sonic power can be
topics for sound research too. And finally we should not
overlook the fact that when we turn our computers on we
receive a sound logo. This is not only a functional sound,
providing information on the status of the technical system,
but also, as a logo, a symbolic part of our economies. So it is no
23. qualitative-data-analysis/n30.xml
http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-
qualitative-data-analysis/n20.xml
http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-
qualitative-data-analysis/n24.xml
http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-
qualitative-data-analysis/n30.xml
1 . T h e p u b l i s h e r A s h g a t e d e v o t e s a s p e c i
a l e d i t i o n t o t h e t o p i c o f e t h n o m u s i c o l o g
y . S e e :
http://www.ashgate.com/music (accessed 15 May 2013).
2. An informative description of the project and even some
audio samples are available at the website:
http://www.sfu.ca/~truax/wsp.html (accessed 15 May 2013).
3. See the website of the World Forum for Acoustic Ecology:
http://wfae.proscenia.net/about/index.html (accessed 15
May 2013).
4. The concept of the soundscape appears to be very attractive,
but it is also contested and often misunderstood
(Kelman, 2010).
5. One of the reviewers of this text remarked, ‘if you think loud
car sound systems are limited to the inside of the car,
you don't live in a big urban city, with “Boombox” culture!’
This is certainly true, and I do not want to overstretch my
argument. But the sound of ‘Boomboxes’ obviously exactly
constitutes a particular urban space for those involved.
6. An inspiring impression of how anthropology approaches
sounds was actually the program for a conference on
‘Milieux Sonores (MILSON)’ held in Paris in 2011. The link is: