This document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and various SDLC models. It begins by defining software and distinguishing programs from software products. It then describes the importance of SDLC models in structuring the software development process. Several common SDLC models are discussed, including waterfall, spiral, iterative/incremental, agile, and code and fix. The document proposes using a hybrid SDLC model incorporating both project management and development processes. It then discusses each stage of the SDLC in detail, including analysis, design, implementation, testing, documentation, evaluation, and maintenance.
Software Engineering Past Papers (Short Questions)MuhammadTalha436
1. SWOT analysis is a framework for identifying internal and external factors that can impact a project, product, place or person. It analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
2. Software refactoring is changing software code without altering external behavior to improve internal structure.
3. An embedded system is a programmed system within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints and a dedicated function.
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
A PROPOSED HYBRID AGILE FRAMEWORK MODEL FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT ijseajournal
With the increasing in mobile application systems and a high competition between companies, that led to
increase in the number of mobile application projects.
Mobile software development is a group of process for creating software for mobile devices with limited
resources like small screen, low-power. The development of mobile applications is a big challenging
because of rapidly changing business requirements and technical constraints for mobile systems. So,
developers faced the challenge of a dynamic environment and the Changing of mobile application
requirements. Moreover, Mobile applications should adapt appropriate software development methods that
act in response efficiently to these challenges.
However, at the moment, there is limited knowledge about the suitability of different software practices for
the development of mobile applications. According to many researchers ,Agile methodologies was found to
be most suitable for mobile development projects as they are short time, require flexibility, reduces waste
and time to market.
Finally, in this research we are looking for a suitable process model that conforms to the requirement of
mobile application, we are going to investigate agile development methods to find a way, making the
development of mobile application easy and compatible with mobile device features.
A MAPPING MODEL FOR TRANSFORMING TRADITIONAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODS TO ...ijseajournal
Agility is bringing in responsibility and ownership in individuals, which will eventually bring out effectiveness and efficiency in deliverables. Agile model is growing in the market at very good pace.Companies are drifting from traditional Software Development Life Cycle models to Agile Environment for the purpose of attaining quality and for the sake of saving cost and time. Nimbleness nature of Agile is helpful in frequent releases so as to satisfy the customer by providing frequent dual feedback. In Traditional models, life cycle is properly defined and also phases are elaborated by specifying needed input
and output parameters. On the other hand, in Agile environment, phases are specific to methodologies of Agile - Extreme Programming etc. In this paper a common life cycle approach is proposed that is applicable for different kinds of teams. The paper aims to describe a mapping function for mapping of traditional methods to Agile method.
Empirical Study of Software Development Life Cycle and its Various ModelsCSCJournals
A process used by the software industry to design, develop and test high quality software is called software development life cycle. The main aim of SDLC is to produce high quality software that meats customer expectation. We can also refer SDLC as Application Development Life Cycle. SDLC is not a methodology it is a description of various phases that are involved in software development starting from project definition to deployment and sustainment. These SDLC phases serve as a programmatic guide to project activity. In our paper we have explain various SDLC models (Waterfall, Spiral, V-Model, Iterative, Big Bang, Agile and Rapid Application Model).
This document summarizes a study on the impact of software development models on software delivery time. It analyzes the waterfall and spiral models. A survey was conducted of 22 software projects in India. The results showed that the waterfall model had a higher success rate of 76.4% for on-time delivery compared to 40% for iterative models. The waterfall model was used for 17 of the 22 projects and 13 of those 17 projects delivered on time. This suggests that the waterfall model has a more positive impact on software delivery time than the spiral model based on the sample of projects studied.
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
A software Process model is a standardised format for planning, organising, and runninga new software development project. The need to complete and deliver software projects faster require using a suitable model.
There are several different kind of models being used which have evolved over the years, in this paper we carried out survey on the following main types of model; waterfall model, V-model, Component assembly model, Chaos model, Incremental model, Prototyping model, Spiral model, Rapid application development (RAD) model, Agile model, rational unified process (RUP), Iconix process and Software ecosystem (SECO) model by describing their characteristic features.
We concluded the study by listing the strengths and weaknesses of each of this models.
Software Engineering Past Papers (Short Questions)MuhammadTalha436
1. SWOT analysis is a framework for identifying internal and external factors that can impact a project, product, place or person. It analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
2. Software refactoring is changing software code without altering external behavior to improve internal structure.
3. An embedded system is a programmed system within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints and a dedicated function.
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
A PROPOSED HYBRID AGILE FRAMEWORK MODEL FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT ijseajournal
With the increasing in mobile application systems and a high competition between companies, that led to
increase in the number of mobile application projects.
Mobile software development is a group of process for creating software for mobile devices with limited
resources like small screen, low-power. The development of mobile applications is a big challenging
because of rapidly changing business requirements and technical constraints for mobile systems. So,
developers faced the challenge of a dynamic environment and the Changing of mobile application
requirements. Moreover, Mobile applications should adapt appropriate software development methods that
act in response efficiently to these challenges.
However, at the moment, there is limited knowledge about the suitability of different software practices for
the development of mobile applications. According to many researchers ,Agile methodologies was found to
be most suitable for mobile development projects as they are short time, require flexibility, reduces waste
and time to market.
Finally, in this research we are looking for a suitable process model that conforms to the requirement of
mobile application, we are going to investigate agile development methods to find a way, making the
development of mobile application easy and compatible with mobile device features.
A MAPPING MODEL FOR TRANSFORMING TRADITIONAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODS TO ...ijseajournal
Agility is bringing in responsibility and ownership in individuals, which will eventually bring out effectiveness and efficiency in deliverables. Agile model is growing in the market at very good pace.Companies are drifting from traditional Software Development Life Cycle models to Agile Environment for the purpose of attaining quality and for the sake of saving cost and time. Nimbleness nature of Agile is helpful in frequent releases so as to satisfy the customer by providing frequent dual feedback. In Traditional models, life cycle is properly defined and also phases are elaborated by specifying needed input
and output parameters. On the other hand, in Agile environment, phases are specific to methodologies of Agile - Extreme Programming etc. In this paper a common life cycle approach is proposed that is applicable for different kinds of teams. The paper aims to describe a mapping function for mapping of traditional methods to Agile method.
Empirical Study of Software Development Life Cycle and its Various ModelsCSCJournals
A process used by the software industry to design, develop and test high quality software is called software development life cycle. The main aim of SDLC is to produce high quality software that meats customer expectation. We can also refer SDLC as Application Development Life Cycle. SDLC is not a methodology it is a description of various phases that are involved in software development starting from project definition to deployment and sustainment. These SDLC phases serve as a programmatic guide to project activity. In our paper we have explain various SDLC models (Waterfall, Spiral, V-Model, Iterative, Big Bang, Agile and Rapid Application Model).
This document summarizes a study on the impact of software development models on software delivery time. It analyzes the waterfall and spiral models. A survey was conducted of 22 software projects in India. The results showed that the waterfall model had a higher success rate of 76.4% for on-time delivery compared to 40% for iterative models. The waterfall model was used for 17 of the 22 projects and 13 of those 17 projects delivered on time. This suggests that the waterfall model has a more positive impact on software delivery time than the spiral model based on the sample of projects studied.
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
A software Process model is a standardised format for planning, organising, and runninga new software development project. The need to complete and deliver software projects faster require using a suitable model.
There are several different kind of models being used which have evolved over the years, in this paper we carried out survey on the following main types of model; waterfall model, V-model, Component assembly model, Chaos model, Incremental model, Prototyping model, Spiral model, Rapid application development (RAD) model, Agile model, rational unified process (RUP), Iconix process and Software ecosystem (SECO) model by describing their characteristic features.
We concluded the study by listing the strengths and weaknesses of each of this models.
MODEL DRIVEN WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH AGILE PRACTICESijseajournal
Model driven development is an effective method due to its benefits such as code transformation, increasing
productivity and reducing human based error possibilities. Meanwhile, agile software development
increases the software flexibility and customer satisfaction by using iterative method. Can these two
development approaches be combined to develop web applications efficiently? What are the challenges and
what are the benefits of this approach? In this paper, we answer these two crucial problems; combining
model driven development and agile software development results in not only fast development and
easiness of the user interface design but also efficient job tracking. We also defined an agile model based
approach for web applications whose implementation study has been carried out to support the answers we
gave these two crucial problems.
The document discusses the system development life cycle and its phases. It describes the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, and data gathering techniques. The phases discussed include planning, analysis, design, implementation, operation, support, and security. Activities like requirements gathering, process modeling, documentation, and alternative solutions are discussed for the analysis phase.
A Software System Development Life Cycle Model for Improved Students Communic...IJCSES Journal
This document describes a proposed software development life cycle (SDLC) model to improve student communication and collaboration. The model uses a spiral development process simulated using Simphony.NET. This allows the project manager to determine the optimal number of team members needed for each phase. The goal is to increase productivity by keeping all members busy at all times. Key aspects of the model include using Edmodo to create an online student learning network for communication and collaboration, dividing projects into small, medium, and large scales, and specifying time distributions for phases and resource needs.
A study of critical success factors for adaption of agile methodologyIAEME Publication
This document discusses critical success factors for adopting agile methodology. It conducted a survey of 200 IT professionals, though only 40 responded. The survey found that management involvement, team member readiness, and organization size significantly impact adopting agile software methodology. The document also reviews various agile methods like extreme programming, scrum, crystal and feature driven development, and compares them to traditional waterfall methods. It notes advantages of agile include short cycles, test-first development, and empowering teams, while waterfalls struggle with changing requirements.
The document discusses various topics related to systems development including:
1) The traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) which includes 7 phases from planning to maintenance.
2) Component-based development methodologies like rapid application development and extreme programming which focus on reusable components.
3) Selfsourcing where end users develop systems with little IT help using prototyping.
4) Prototyping which involves building models to demonstrate system features to users.
5) Outsourcing systems development work to third parties.
Majority of agile projects currently involve interactive user interface designs, which can only be possible by following UCD in agile software model. But the integration of UCD is not clear in the current agile models. Both Agile models and UCD have iterative nature but agile models focus on coding and development of software; whereas, UCD focuses on user interface of the software. Similarly, both of them have testing features where the agile model involves automated tested code while UCD involves an expert or a user to test the user interface. In this paper, a new agile usability model is presented and tested in companies and are presented. Key results from these projects clearly shows: the proposed agile model incorporates usability evaluation methods, improve the relationship between usability experts to work with agile software experts; in addition, allows agile developers to incorporate the result from UCD into subsequent interactions.
Actually, software products are increasing in a fast way and are used in almost all activities of human life.
Consequently measuring and evaluating the quality of a software product has become a critical task for
many companies. Several models have been proposed to help diverse types of users with quality issues. The
development of techniques for building software has influenced the creation of models to assess the quality.
Since 2000 the construction of software started to depend on generated or manufactured components and
gave rise to new challenges for assessing quality. These components introduce new concepts such as
configurability, reusability, availability, better quality and lower cost. Consequently the models are
classified in basic models which were developed until 2000, and those based on components called tailored
quality models. The purpose of this article is to describe the main models with their strengths and point out
some deficiencies. In this work, we conclude that in the present age, aspects of communications play an
important factor in the quality of software.
Technology Integration Pattern For Distributed Scrum of ScrumIOSR Journals
This document discusses technology integration patterns for distributed scrum projects. It notes that past work has addressed integration issues for distributed components using scrum, but has ignored the technology factor - components may use different technologies that affect functionality. The document proposes a new pattern to control technology integration for distributed components in scrum projects. It found this pattern increases project survival chances by 80% by reducing risks and improving maintainability and scalability. Previous patterns for distributed scrum of scrum are also discussed.
This document compares five models of software engineering: the waterfall model, iteration model, V-shaped model, spiral model, and extreme programming model. It first provides background on software process models and development life cycles in general. It then describes each of the five models in more detail, highlighting their key stages and features, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The goal is to represent different software development models and compare their characteristics to understand their various features and limitations.
This document discusses several system development approaches and models, including the waterfall model, incremental model, spiral model, and V-model. It provides details on the key stages and principles of the waterfall model. The incremental model aims to address some limitations of the waterfall model by developing the system incrementally in successive stages with client feedback between each increment. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis into system development through a series of cycles or iterations. The V-model emphasizes the connection between development stages and corresponding testing stages to help ensure quality.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions, characteristics of software, software engineering layers, processes, methods, tools, and process models. It discusses software quality focus, process frameworks, generic process models, and prescriptive process models including the waterfall model, incremental process model, and RAD model.
Software Engineering with Objects (M363) Final Revision By Kuwait10Kuwait10
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in various course units. It begins with introductions to approaches to software development, requirements concepts, and modeling. Key topics covered include the software development life cycle, requirements elicitation and analysis techniques, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), modeling languages like UML, and risks and traceability in software projects. The document also lists contents for each of the 14 course units.
Integrated Analysis of Traditional Requirements Engineering Process with Agil...zillesubhan
In the past few years, agile software development approach has emerged as a most attractive software development approach. A typical CASE environment consists of a number of CASE tools operating on a common hardware and software platform and note that there are a number of different classes of users of a CASE environment. In fact, some users such as software developers and managers wish to make use of CASE tools to support them in developing application systems and monitoring the progress of a project. This development approach has quickly caught the attention of a large number of software development firms. However, this approach particularly pays attention to development side of software development project while neglects critical aspects of requirements engineering process. In fact, there is no standard requirement engineering process in this approach and requirements engineering activities vary from situation to situation. As a result, there emerge a large number of problems which can lead the software development projects to failure. One of major drawbacks of agile approach is that it is suitable for small size projects with limited team size. Hence, it cannot be adopted for large size projects. We claim that this approach can be used for large size projects if traditional requirements engineering approach is combined with agile manifesto. In fact, the combination of traditional requirements engineering process and agile manifesto can also help resolve a large number of problems exist in agile development methodologies. As in software development the most important thing is to know the clear customer’s requirements and also through modeling (data modeling, functional modeling, behavior modeling). Using UML we are able to build efficient system starting from scratch towards the desired goal. Through UML we start from abstract model and develop the required system through going in details with different UML diagrams. Each UML diagram serves different goal towards implementing a whole project.
International journal of computer science and innovation vol 2015-n2-paper3sophiabelthome
This document provides an overview and comparison of the Scrum and FDD agile methodologies. It finds that Scrum is more iterative, delivers working software frequently in sprints, emphasizes teamwork and adaptability. FDD focuses more on upfront design, code ownership, and quality control through inspections. Both have benefits and limitations. Overall, combining practices from different agile methods may produce the most effective software development process.
Since the system had been began to gain importance in the place of the software, intended to help better the work done. Waterfall method of software development methods, agile methods are constantly changing and evolving process is hardly surprising given that the development becomes clear. Practices applied in the software development work is most basically the same, however, has changed the practices described in the application form is shown in various sources. Basic software development cycle to determine the requirements, design, modified, implementation, testing and deployment phases is composed.
Agile methods are almost the beginning of the end of the loop with the development of test event, be considered as almost the first, has progressed to a place of importance given to the prediction, the progress continues. In this study,one of agile development practice e of the Test-Driven Development is applied by considering the exchange tried to test effectiveness.
This document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which outlines the formal steps for developing software products. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC as problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. Each phase is then further explained in terms of its goals and activities. The document also notes some strengths of the SDLC model for structured development environments and weaknesses for iterative development models.
The document provides an overview of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including:
- The SDLC is a process consisting of planned activities to develop or alter software products. It aims to produce high-quality software that meets requirements.
- Common SDLC models include waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, agile, RAD, and prototyping. Each has distinct phases and approaches.
- The waterfall model is sequential with distinct phases like planning, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for small, stable projects but not for complex projects with changing requirements.
The document provides solutions to exercises from the textbook "Software Engineering 9th edition". It begins with a preface explaining that the solutions manual is intended to help teachers mark student homework and that answers are only provided for about half the exercises. For exercises without answers provided, the preface gives reasons such as the answers being in the text, there being multiple valid solutions, or the questions being intended to stimulate discussion. The solutions provided are meant as a guide and teachers should reward students' credible answers that show thought and knowledge.
A Comparative Study of Different types of Models in Software Development Life...IRJET Journal
This document compares and contrasts three common software development models: the waterfall model, iterative enhancement model, and prototyping model. It discusses the key stages and processes in each model, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model is described as the classic sequential model, while the iterative and prototyping models allow for more flexibility and user feedback. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and concludes each model tries to improve on the limitations of previous ones. The iterative model is seen as overcoming issues of the waterfall by allowing feedback, while the prototyping model is useful for complex or unestablished requirements.
Software testing is a key part of software engineering used to evaluate software quality and identify errors. There are various software testing techniques and methods, but thoroughly investigating a complex software is more important than following a specific procedure. Testing complex software cannot discover all errors, but can help improve quality. Software engineering involves defining requirements, design, development, testing, and maintenance of software using methodologies like agile development.
This document provides an overview and comparison of agile processes for software development. It defines agile processes as iterative and incremental based approaches that emphasize adaptability, customer collaboration, and rapid delivery of working software. The document then discusses characteristics of agile projects like being iterative, modular, and people-oriented. It also describes popular agile methodologies like extreme programming, scrum, and feature-driven development. The paper aims to serve as a guide for understanding agile processes and comparing them to other software development life cycle models.
This document provides an overview and comparison of agile processes for software development. It defines agile processes as iterative and incremental based approaches that emphasize adaptability, customer collaboration, and rapid delivery of working software. The document then discusses characteristics of agile projects like being iterative, modular, and people-oriented. It also describes popular agile methodologies like extreme programming, scrum, and feature-driven development. The paper aims to serve as a guide for software development process models by outlining the advantages and disadvantages of agile approaches.
MODEL DRIVEN WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH AGILE PRACTICESijseajournal
Model driven development is an effective method due to its benefits such as code transformation, increasing
productivity and reducing human based error possibilities. Meanwhile, agile software development
increases the software flexibility and customer satisfaction by using iterative method. Can these two
development approaches be combined to develop web applications efficiently? What are the challenges and
what are the benefits of this approach? In this paper, we answer these two crucial problems; combining
model driven development and agile software development results in not only fast development and
easiness of the user interface design but also efficient job tracking. We also defined an agile model based
approach for web applications whose implementation study has been carried out to support the answers we
gave these two crucial problems.
The document discusses the system development life cycle and its phases. It describes the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, and data gathering techniques. The phases discussed include planning, analysis, design, implementation, operation, support, and security. Activities like requirements gathering, process modeling, documentation, and alternative solutions are discussed for the analysis phase.
A Software System Development Life Cycle Model for Improved Students Communic...IJCSES Journal
This document describes a proposed software development life cycle (SDLC) model to improve student communication and collaboration. The model uses a spiral development process simulated using Simphony.NET. This allows the project manager to determine the optimal number of team members needed for each phase. The goal is to increase productivity by keeping all members busy at all times. Key aspects of the model include using Edmodo to create an online student learning network for communication and collaboration, dividing projects into small, medium, and large scales, and specifying time distributions for phases and resource needs.
A study of critical success factors for adaption of agile methodologyIAEME Publication
This document discusses critical success factors for adopting agile methodology. It conducted a survey of 200 IT professionals, though only 40 responded. The survey found that management involvement, team member readiness, and organization size significantly impact adopting agile software methodology. The document also reviews various agile methods like extreme programming, scrum, crystal and feature driven development, and compares them to traditional waterfall methods. It notes advantages of agile include short cycles, test-first development, and empowering teams, while waterfalls struggle with changing requirements.
The document discusses various topics related to systems development including:
1) The traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) which includes 7 phases from planning to maintenance.
2) Component-based development methodologies like rapid application development and extreme programming which focus on reusable components.
3) Selfsourcing where end users develop systems with little IT help using prototyping.
4) Prototyping which involves building models to demonstrate system features to users.
5) Outsourcing systems development work to third parties.
Majority of agile projects currently involve interactive user interface designs, which can only be possible by following UCD in agile software model. But the integration of UCD is not clear in the current agile models. Both Agile models and UCD have iterative nature but agile models focus on coding and development of software; whereas, UCD focuses on user interface of the software. Similarly, both of them have testing features where the agile model involves automated tested code while UCD involves an expert or a user to test the user interface. In this paper, a new agile usability model is presented and tested in companies and are presented. Key results from these projects clearly shows: the proposed agile model incorporates usability evaluation methods, improve the relationship between usability experts to work with agile software experts; in addition, allows agile developers to incorporate the result from UCD into subsequent interactions.
Actually, software products are increasing in a fast way and are used in almost all activities of human life.
Consequently measuring and evaluating the quality of a software product has become a critical task for
many companies. Several models have been proposed to help diverse types of users with quality issues. The
development of techniques for building software has influenced the creation of models to assess the quality.
Since 2000 the construction of software started to depend on generated or manufactured components and
gave rise to new challenges for assessing quality. These components introduce new concepts such as
configurability, reusability, availability, better quality and lower cost. Consequently the models are
classified in basic models which were developed until 2000, and those based on components called tailored
quality models. The purpose of this article is to describe the main models with their strengths and point out
some deficiencies. In this work, we conclude that in the present age, aspects of communications play an
important factor in the quality of software.
Technology Integration Pattern For Distributed Scrum of ScrumIOSR Journals
This document discusses technology integration patterns for distributed scrum projects. It notes that past work has addressed integration issues for distributed components using scrum, but has ignored the technology factor - components may use different technologies that affect functionality. The document proposes a new pattern to control technology integration for distributed components in scrum projects. It found this pattern increases project survival chances by 80% by reducing risks and improving maintainability and scalability. Previous patterns for distributed scrum of scrum are also discussed.
This document compares five models of software engineering: the waterfall model, iteration model, V-shaped model, spiral model, and extreme programming model. It first provides background on software process models and development life cycles in general. It then describes each of the five models in more detail, highlighting their key stages and features, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The goal is to represent different software development models and compare their characteristics to understand their various features and limitations.
This document discusses several system development approaches and models, including the waterfall model, incremental model, spiral model, and V-model. It provides details on the key stages and principles of the waterfall model. The incremental model aims to address some limitations of the waterfall model by developing the system incrementally in successive stages with client feedback between each increment. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis into system development through a series of cycles or iterations. The V-model emphasizes the connection between development stages and corresponding testing stages to help ensure quality.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions, characteristics of software, software engineering layers, processes, methods, tools, and process models. It discusses software quality focus, process frameworks, generic process models, and prescriptive process models including the waterfall model, incremental process model, and RAD model.
Software Engineering with Objects (M363) Final Revision By Kuwait10Kuwait10
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in various course units. It begins with introductions to approaches to software development, requirements concepts, and modeling. Key topics covered include the software development life cycle, requirements elicitation and analysis techniques, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), modeling languages like UML, and risks and traceability in software projects. The document also lists contents for each of the 14 course units.
Integrated Analysis of Traditional Requirements Engineering Process with Agil...zillesubhan
In the past few years, agile software development approach has emerged as a most attractive software development approach. A typical CASE environment consists of a number of CASE tools operating on a common hardware and software platform and note that there are a number of different classes of users of a CASE environment. In fact, some users such as software developers and managers wish to make use of CASE tools to support them in developing application systems and monitoring the progress of a project. This development approach has quickly caught the attention of a large number of software development firms. However, this approach particularly pays attention to development side of software development project while neglects critical aspects of requirements engineering process. In fact, there is no standard requirement engineering process in this approach and requirements engineering activities vary from situation to situation. As a result, there emerge a large number of problems which can lead the software development projects to failure. One of major drawbacks of agile approach is that it is suitable for small size projects with limited team size. Hence, it cannot be adopted for large size projects. We claim that this approach can be used for large size projects if traditional requirements engineering approach is combined with agile manifesto. In fact, the combination of traditional requirements engineering process and agile manifesto can also help resolve a large number of problems exist in agile development methodologies. As in software development the most important thing is to know the clear customer’s requirements and also through modeling (data modeling, functional modeling, behavior modeling). Using UML we are able to build efficient system starting from scratch towards the desired goal. Through UML we start from abstract model and develop the required system through going in details with different UML diagrams. Each UML diagram serves different goal towards implementing a whole project.
International journal of computer science and innovation vol 2015-n2-paper3sophiabelthome
This document provides an overview and comparison of the Scrum and FDD agile methodologies. It finds that Scrum is more iterative, delivers working software frequently in sprints, emphasizes teamwork and adaptability. FDD focuses more on upfront design, code ownership, and quality control through inspections. Both have benefits and limitations. Overall, combining practices from different agile methods may produce the most effective software development process.
Since the system had been began to gain importance in the place of the software, intended to help better the work done. Waterfall method of software development methods, agile methods are constantly changing and evolving process is hardly surprising given that the development becomes clear. Practices applied in the software development work is most basically the same, however, has changed the practices described in the application form is shown in various sources. Basic software development cycle to determine the requirements, design, modified, implementation, testing and deployment phases is composed.
Agile methods are almost the beginning of the end of the loop with the development of test event, be considered as almost the first, has progressed to a place of importance given to the prediction, the progress continues. In this study,one of agile development practice e of the Test-Driven Development is applied by considering the exchange tried to test effectiveness.
This document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which outlines the formal steps for developing software products. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC as problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. Each phase is then further explained in terms of its goals and activities. The document also notes some strengths of the SDLC model for structured development environments and weaknesses for iterative development models.
The document provides an overview of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including:
- The SDLC is a process consisting of planned activities to develop or alter software products. It aims to produce high-quality software that meets requirements.
- Common SDLC models include waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, agile, RAD, and prototyping. Each has distinct phases and approaches.
- The waterfall model is sequential with distinct phases like planning, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for small, stable projects but not for complex projects with changing requirements.
The document provides solutions to exercises from the textbook "Software Engineering 9th edition". It begins with a preface explaining that the solutions manual is intended to help teachers mark student homework and that answers are only provided for about half the exercises. For exercises without answers provided, the preface gives reasons such as the answers being in the text, there being multiple valid solutions, or the questions being intended to stimulate discussion. The solutions provided are meant as a guide and teachers should reward students' credible answers that show thought and knowledge.
A Comparative Study of Different types of Models in Software Development Life...IRJET Journal
This document compares and contrasts three common software development models: the waterfall model, iterative enhancement model, and prototyping model. It discusses the key stages and processes in each model, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model is described as the classic sequential model, while the iterative and prototyping models allow for more flexibility and user feedback. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and concludes each model tries to improve on the limitations of previous ones. The iterative model is seen as overcoming issues of the waterfall by allowing feedback, while the prototyping model is useful for complex or unestablished requirements.
Software testing is a key part of software engineering used to evaluate software quality and identify errors. There are various software testing techniques and methods, but thoroughly investigating a complex software is more important than following a specific procedure. Testing complex software cannot discover all errors, but can help improve quality. Software engineering involves defining requirements, design, development, testing, and maintenance of software using methodologies like agile development.
This document provides an overview and comparison of agile processes for software development. It defines agile processes as iterative and incremental based approaches that emphasize adaptability, customer collaboration, and rapid delivery of working software. The document then discusses characteristics of agile projects like being iterative, modular, and people-oriented. It also describes popular agile methodologies like extreme programming, scrum, and feature-driven development. The paper aims to serve as a guide for understanding agile processes and comparing them to other software development life cycle models.
This document provides an overview and comparison of agile processes for software development. It defines agile processes as iterative and incremental based approaches that emphasize adaptability, customer collaboration, and rapid delivery of working software. The document then discusses characteristics of agile projects like being iterative, modular, and people-oriented. It also describes popular agile methodologies like extreme programming, scrum, and feature-driven development. The paper aims to serve as a guide for software development process models by outlining the advantages and disadvantages of agile approaches.
“Scrumbear” framework for solving traditional scrum model problemsjournalBEEI
Software engineering is a discipline that is little understood by people. It defines how software is developed and maintained to meet the clients’ requirements. Software engineers follow certain systems and standards in their work to meet the clients’ desires. It is on this background that engineers follow specific models in coming up with the final product. One of the models highly used is scrum, which is one of the agile methodologies. However, despite being highly used, it has inherent flaws that need to be corrected. Those flaws are product owner continues changing; do not accept changes in working scrum, sprint’s release time limitation, finally wasting team time within each sprint. This paper presents a new framework, which is an updated version of the current Scrum, to overcome the scum models mentioned issues. In this study, a new framework is presented in a way that is understandable and needed by software developer’s team upon the collected qualitative and quantitative data. The implementation was by making some changes to the current scrum model leading to the “Scrumbear”, certain flaws can be corrected. One of the presented changes involve adding the control master rule to ensure controlling the requirements changing.
This document provides an overview and comparison of five software engineering models: waterfall, iteration, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. It first defines what a software process model is and discusses some general models. It then focuses on describing the key aspects of each of the five models in more detail, including the waterfall model which consists of sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The document highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document compares five models of software engineering: waterfall, iterative, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. It provides descriptions and comparisons of each model. The waterfall model is described as one of the oldest and most widely used models, with distinct phases from requirements to maintenance. However, it lacks flexibility. The iterative model allows for overlapping phases and faster results. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing and has deliverables at each phase but lacks flexibility. The spiral model focuses on risk analysis through iterations called spirals. It is useful for large projects but costly. Extreme programming emphasizes teamwork, customer involvement, and frequent small releases but may not work for all projects. In summary, the document examines the features, advantages, and
Software Development Life Cycle: Traditional and Agile- A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In the field of software development, software development lifecycle is the most important component. There is a number of software development methodologies used in software industry today. The paper discussed below focuses on the modern SDLC which are traditional methods and the agile methods. It also explains the compensation and shortcomings of the traditional as well as agile methods. Along with this, it suggests some improvements which could help in improving current agile development
This document provides an overview of software engineering and a generic process model. It discusses that software should be engineered to meet 21st century challenges. A software engineering process involves communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities applied iteratively. It also involves umbrella activities like tracking, reviews, and configuration management. Finally, it presents a schematic of a generic process model showing the relationship between framework activities, actions, and tasks.
Project Management System Evaluation PaperJill Lyons
The document discusses and evaluates different software development methodologies and models. It describes the project of developing a computer system for a real estate company to monitor assets. The authors conclude that an agile methodology like Scrum is most suitable for their project due to its flexibility and ability to incorporate changes. They found trial-and-error and frequent testing beneficial to refine the design without overcomplicating it.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC), outlining its key phases: problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall and agile, noting strengths like structure but weaknesses like lack of iteration. The conclusion reinforces that the SDLC aims to develop high-quality, on-time and on-budget systems that are inexpensive to maintain.
A Guideline Tool for Ongoing Product Evaluation in Small and Medium-Sized Ent...IJECEIAES
As consumer demand for user friendly software increases, usability evaluation is crucial to develop software systems which are easy to learn and use. However, implementation of usability evaluation is challenging for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) due to factors such as lack of technical expertise, knowledge and experience of methods and standards. This results in neglect, or poorly executed evaluations of projects, resulting in software that disappoints and frustrates clients. To overcome this loss of competitiveness, we propose here a visual incorporation tool derived from ISO standards that would assist software development teams in SMEs in understanding and implementing usability evaluations. It shows fundamental Usability Engineering (UE) and Software Engineering (SE) activities and artifacts relevant to the usability evaluation and software development process, with potential incorporation points being highlighted. Dependencies and relationships are shown by links between activities and artifacts. Additionally, convergent artifacts of both disciplines were identified and shown. Evaluation of the proposed tool was based on the questionnaire results of software development practitioners from SMEs.
FISHBONE ANALYSIS ON WASTES IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT USING THE LEAN I.T. PRINC...ecij
The transformative global economy posed challenges to businesses in service management. In this computing age, the perceptual and operational edge of a certain business or organization manifested on the kind of technology it offers in the Service Management. Organizations have long recognized the
importance of managing key resources such as people and information. Information has now moved to its rightful place as a key resource in the organization and therefore management of the same can be instituted by employing methodology. To keep their brand promise, technology has been used;The number of new entrants to every sectors of economy has grown significantly in recent years, and each firm strives to make their daily operation efficient in which demand for business software or application software getting higher and businesses or organizations opted to build or buy this software. Because of
new entrants, it had offered opportunity to software developers to translate business processes into systems. This study investigates waste in the software development by application of Lean principles. Like any conventional projects, software becomes buggy and oftentimes it fails. Software failure is always attributed to the software engineering, not the incompetence of project managers, inadequacy of the
people on the project, or lack of clear goal. The researchers’ contentions are there wastes in the software development and serve as mechanism and evidence to why software fails. Software failure is not attributed to the software itself, it includes however the acceptance of the clients and end-users. Descriptive secondary data analysis, participant observation and Fishbone Analysis were the methodology used in the study. Wastes include unfinished or partially done work, extra features,
relearning, handoffs, delays, task switching, and defects.
This document provides an overview and summary of a project report for a password manager application. The project aims to develop a graphical user interface application that allows users to store login credentials for various websites and applications. It will feature functionality to add, update, and remove login details, as well as generate secure random passwords. The report outlines the objectives, analysis, design, and testing approach for the project. It describes the features and benefits of a password manager, as well as the tools and technologies that will be used such as Python, Tkinter for the GUI, and a MySQL database.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and provides details on its key phases and models. It begins with defining SDLC as a process used in the software industry to design, develop, and test high-quality software. It then describes the common phases of the SDLC as planning and analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Finally, it discusses different SDLC models including the waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document discusses various software development life cycle models including the V-Model, Prototyping Model, Extreme Programming, Synchronize-and-Stabilize Model, Fountain Model, and Spiral Model. It provides an overview and description of each model, outlining their key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The models are classified based on features of software projects to determine the most appropriate life cycle approach.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Modern gadgets and machines such as medical equipments, mobile phones, cars and even military hardware run on software. The operational efficiency and accuracy of these machines are critical to life and the well being of modern civilization. When the software powering these machines fail it exposes life to danger and can cause the failure of businesses. In this paper, software quality measure is presented with the emphasis on improving standard and controlling damages that may result from badly developed application. The research shows various software quality standards and quality metrics and how they can be applied. The application of the metrics in measuring software quality in the research produced results which shows that the code metrics performance is better than the design metrics performance and points to a new way of improving quality by refactoring application code instead of developing new designs. This is believed to ensure reusability and reduced failure rate when software is developed
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJShildredzr1di
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-2, Issue-3, July 2012
251
Abstract— In recent years, software testing is becoming more
popular and important in the software development industry.
Indeed, software testing is a broad term encircling a variety of
activities along the development cycle and beyond, aimed at
different goals. Hence, software testing research faces a collection
of challenges. A consistent roadmap of most relevant challenges is
proposed here. In it, the starting point is constituted by some
important past achievements, while the destination consists of two
major identified goals to which research ultimately leads, but
which remains as reachable as goals. The routes from the
achievements to the goals are paved by outstanding research
challenges, which are discussed in the paper along with the
ongoing work.
Software testing is as old as the hills in the history of digital
computers. The testing of software is an important means of
assessing the software to determine its quality. Since testing
typically consumes 40~50% of development efforts, and consumes
more effort for systems that require higher levels of reliability, it is
a significant part of the software engineering
Software testing is a very broad area, which involves many
other technical and non-technical areas, such as specification,
design and implementation, maintenance, process and
management issues in software engineering. Our study focuses on
the state of the art in testing techniques, as well as the latest
techniques which representing the future direction of this area.
Today, testing is the most challenging and dominating activity
used by industry, therefore, improvement in its effectiveness, both
with respect to the time and resources, is taken as a major factor
by many researchers
The purpose of testing can be quality assurance, verification,
and validation or reliability estimation. It is a tradeoff between
budget, time and quality. Software Quality is the central concern
of software engineering. Testing is the single most widely used
approach to ensuring software quality.
(Keywords: SDLC, Software quality, Testing techniq
Technique .)
I. INTRODUCTION
I. Introduction: Software Testing
Software testing is the process of executing a program or
system with the intent of finding errors. Software is not unlike
other physical processes where inputs are received and
outputs are produced. Where software differs is in the manner
in which it fails. Most physical systems fail in a fixed (and
reasonably small) set of ways. By contrast, software can fail in
Manuscript received: on July, 2012
Maneela Tuteja, Department of Information TechnologyDronacharya
College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana,.
Gaurav Dubey, Amity School of Computer Sciences, Amity University,
Uttar Pradesh,India.,
.
many bizarre ways. Detec ...
Similar to An Innovative Research on Software Development Life Cycle Model (20)
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJS
An Innovative Research on Software Development Life Cycle Model
1. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10445
An Innovative Research on Software
Development Life Cycle Model
Sucharita Bansal1
, Ankush Goyal2
PG Student, Dept. of CSE, Shri Ram College of Engineering and Management, Affiliated to Maharshi Dayanand
University, Palwal, India1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, Shri Ram College of Engineering and Management, Affiliated to Maharshi
Dayanand University, Palwal, India2
ABSTRACT: The Software Life Cycle Model (SLCM) is a process of building a good software & its lifecycle stages
provides Quality & Correctness of good software. All the stages of lifecycle are important in itself. One wrong step in
lifecycle can create a big mistake in the development of Software.
Being an owner of Software Company we must know the development life cycle of the software. Even our buyer may
also be aware of this life cycle. So, everyone wants to know that how its development begins, which are the
development processes, which is the end portion of development life cycle.
KEYWORDS: Software, System Development Life Cycle Model (SDLC) and Project Management, Software
Development Process or Activities, Stakeholders
I. INTRODUCTION
Software is basically the combination of computer programs, data structure and documentation. The Aim of the
Software Engineering is to estipulate a concrete framework to build a high quality of software.
The software industry includes many different processes, for e.g., analysis, development, maintenance and
publication of software. This industry includes software services, such as training, documentation and consulting [1].
Programs
Software is a set of computer programs or instructions that provides the desired function and performance.
Data Structure
Software is a data structure that enables the program to adequately manipulate information.
Documentation
Documentation describes the operation and use of programs.
Hence, Software is composed of computer programs, data structure & documentation.
Software = Programs + Data Structure + Documentation
A. Difference between Software & Program?
i. Programs are developed by individual for Personal use. They are therefore, small in size & have limited
functionality, but Software Products are extremely large.
ii. In case of Program, A single developer is involved and user interface may not be so important because the
programmer him/herself is the sole user. But In case of Software Products, A large number of developers
are involved but users who are not involved with the development are attached.
iii. A Program can be developed according to the programmer’s individual style of development. But Software
Products must be development using software Engineering Principles.
2. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10446
II. IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MODELS OR ACTIVITIES
A Software Life Cycle Model (SLCM) is also called a Software Development Process Model. System
development is the process of defining, designing, testing and implementing a software application. This is a structure
imposed on the development of a software product. A system development project includes all the activities from the
time a potential requirement has been identified until the system has been fully implemented [2].
There are several Models for such processes, each describing approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that take
place during the process. ISO/IEC 12207 is an international standard for software lifecycle processes. It aims to be the
standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and maintaining software.
The Analysis, Designing, Implementation, Testing, Documenting, Evaluation and Maintenance are the steps in the
Software life cycle development process. We have numerous types of SDLC Models like Waterfall, Agile, and Spiral
etc. Several Models exist to streamline the development process [2] [3].
Waterfall Model
In this model, after each phase is completed, it proceeds to the next stage. Reviews may occur before moving to the
next phase, which allow for the possibility of changes. Waterfall discourages revisiting any prior phase once it is
complete. This "inflexibility" is the main limitation of this model [4].
The waterfall model depicts a process, where developers are to adopt the following phases in order:
1) Requirement Specification (Requirement Analysis)
2) Software Design
3) Integration
4) Testing (or Validation)
5) Deployment (or Installation)
6) Maintenance
Spiral Model
The main characteristic of a Spiral model is risk management at regular stages in the development cycle. Barry
Boehm proposed a formal software system development "spiral model", with emphasis on a key area of risk
analysis that is neglected by other methodologies. The spiral model is visualized as a process passing through a
number of iterations. The first stage is to formulate a plan, and then strive to find and remove all potential risks
through careful analysis and, if necessary, by constructing a prototype. If some risks cannot be ruled out, the user
has to decide whether to terminate the project or to ignore the risks [5].
Iterative and incremental development Model
Iterative development model prescribes the construction of initially small but ever-larger portions of a software
project to help all those involved to uncover important issues early before problems or faulty assumptions can lead
to disaster. Iterative processes can assist with revealing and refined definition of design goal [6].
Agile development Model
Agile software development uses iterative development as a basis but advocates a lighter and more people-centric
viewpoint. Agile processes use feedback as primary control mechanism. First, one writes automated tests, to
provide concrete goals for development. The next step is coding by a pair of programmers, which is complete
when all the tests are successfully passed. The incomplete but functional system is demonstrated for the users. At
this point, the practitioners start again on writing tests for the next most important part of the system [7].
Code and fix
"Code and fix" development is not a deliberate strategy and schedule pressure on software developers. With
incomplete design, programmers begin producing code. At some point, testing begins (often late in the
development cycle), to fix the bugs before shipment [8].
3. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10447
III. PROPOSED WORK
A Software Process consisting of many different components processes. Most important being Project Management
(PM) & Development Process (DP).
Project Management (PM) is a task that requires a lot of time and effort. A Software life cycle model is allowing
focus on important features of the work, downplaying excessive detail. It is providing a standard work unit hierarchy
for progressive decomposition of the work into manageable chunks. It also provides a framework for definition and
storage of the deliverables product produced by the projects and communicates our development strategy to project
stakeholders [2] [9].
All this SDLC Model must follow the steps for developing errorless software [4]. There are seven types of software
development Activities that are mentioned as below:-
(i) Analysis or Planning
(ii) Design
(iii) Implementation
(iv) Testing
(v) Documenting
(vi) Evaluation or Deployment
(vii) Maintenance
For the moment, it is worth trying to learn the steps (Fig. 1) in the correct order. I usually use a silly mnemonic for
this: A Dance In The Dark Every Monday which helps me remember ADITDEM:
Fig. 1 Activity of the System Development Life cycle (SDLC)
We might be able to make up a better mnemonic than this one – so long as it helps you, then it’s OK! Next, we will
take a closer look at each of the stages.
IV.PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, now we discuss about the Development Process (DP), it focuses on how the software is to be
engineered. Before we think about how software is developed, it is worth considering how any product is developed,
because the process is essentially the same [10]. For example (Fig. 2), think about the process of developing a new
model of TV.
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Testing
Documentation
Evaluation
Maintenance
4. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10448
Fig. 2 Example of the developing a new model of TV
Stage 1: Analysis
The main purpose of the analysis stage is to be absolutely clear about what the program is supposed to do. Often, a new
program will start from a rough idea. Before a new product is developed, someone within the company, probably in the
marketing department, analyses what people want. They consider which products are selling well, look at what rival
companies are producing, and maybe even carry out a survey to find out what people want. From this they can work
out which features are required in their newest model, including its size, target price range and various technical
requirements.
They use this information to produce a specification for the new model of TV. This state’s clearly all the features that
it must have [10] [11].
Stage 2: Design
The next stage is to turn the specification into a design. Designers will get to work, alone or in groups, to design
various aspects of the new TV. What will it look like? How will the controls be laid out? Sketches will be drawn up and
checked against the specification. Another team of designers will be planning the internal circuitry, making sure it will
allow the TV to do all the things set out in the specification [12].
Two common ones are called pseudocode and structure diagrams. There are many others, but we will only consider
these two. It is easy to understand these if we think about an everyday example, rather than a computer program.
Think about making tea. Here is a list of instructions for this task:
1. Get a mug out of the cupboard
2. Put a teabag in it
3. Boil the kettle
4. Pour boiling water from the kettle into the mug
5. Stir.
This is an example of pseudocode. It is a numbered list of instructions written in normal human language (in this case,
English). It doesn’t go into all the details, but it gives the main steps.
Another way of showing this is as a structure diagram (Fig. 3). It could look like this:
Fig. 3 Example of the structure diagram
Each instruction goes into a separate box. We read pseudocode from top to bottom. We read a structure diagram
from left to right.
Making tea
StirPour water
from kettle
into mug
Get
mug
from
mug
cupbo
ard
Put
teabag
in mug
Boil
kettle
5. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10449
Stage 3: Implementation
Once the design phase is over, engineers will get to work to actually build a prototype. Some will build the case
according to the design, while others will develop the electronics to go inside. Each part will be tested on its own, then
the whole thing will be assembled into a (hopefully) working TV set [13].
Stage 4: Testing
Before the new model can be put on sale, it will be thoroughly tested. A wide range of tests will be carried out. We
looked at testing at the start of this section. Whether we are talking about a new TV, a new item of clothing, or a new
computer program, the manufacturers will spend a great deal of time on testing. This will be carefully planned to test a
wide range of conditions [14].
We can divide it up into three types of testing.
• Testing normal conditions
Making sure the program does what it should do when used ‘normally’. It might be tested under ‘normal’
conditions. It could be put in a room at normal room temperature, and checked to see that all the controls work
correctly, the display is clear, it is nice and stable, and so on.
• Testing extreme conditions
Making sure the program can handle situations that are at the edge of what would be considered normal. If it
passes this type of testing, it might next be tested under ‘extreme’ conditions.
For example, does it still work if the temperature is below freezing, or very hot and humid, if it used for long
periods of time, or with the volume or the brightness or contrast set to their maximum values.
• Testing exceptional conditions
Making sure it can handle situations or inputs that it has not been designed to cope with. Finally, it could be tested
under ‘exceptional’ conditions. What happens if a 2-year old picks up the remote and presses all the buttons at
once? What happens if there is a power cut, or a power surge?
If it fails any of these tests, it might be necessary to go back to the implementation (or even design) stage and do
some further work, before re-testing.
If it passes all the tests, then the new TV can go into production.
Stage 5: Documentation
However, the development isn’t yet complete! Some documentation will be needed to go with the TV – a User Manual
containing all the instructions about how to work the new TV, and probably a Technical Manual for repair engineers.
When we buy a product, whether it is a computer program or anything else, we usually get some kind of User Guide
with it (e.g. Fig. 4). This tells us how to use the product. Some software comes with a big fat book called User Guide or
Manual; others come with the User Guide on a CD [15].
Fig. 4 Example of the User Guide or Manual
Stage 6: Evaluation
Once the model is in production, the company will want to evaluate it. Evaluation involves reviewing the software
under various headings to see if it is of the quality required.
We will review software under these headings: Does it do what it is supposed to do? Is it easy to use? And, from the
engineer’s point of view, is it easy to repair? [16]
6. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10450
Stage 7: Maintenance
Stage 6 should be the end of the story, but in the real world, there needs to be stage 7 – maintenance [17].
There are different types of maintenance that might be required. These are called corrective maintenance, perfective
maintenance and adaptive maintenance. We don’t need to know these names until Higher level, but it is useful to think
about what they mean.
Fig. 5 Example of the Maintenance improving the design
Corrective Maintenance means fixing any bugs that appear once the program is in use. Of course, these should all
have been discovered during testing. However, most programs (but not the ones you will be writing) are so huge and
complex that some bugs are bound to slip through unnoticed. If the bugs are serious in nature, the software company
might issue a free ‘patch’ on its website, so that users can download the patch, and install it with the software, so fixing
the bug. If it is a minor bug, they may not bother.
Perfective Maintenance is adding new features to the software. These might be suggested as a result of the evaluation
stage, or they might be suggested by users. These new features will then be added to the software, and re-issued as a
new version. That’s why software often has version numbers. Each version results from corrective and perfective
maintenance of the earlier versions. So (for e.g.), BloggProg 3.2 will be similar to BloggProg 3.1, but with bugs fixed,
and some new features added.
The third type of maintenance is Adaptive Maintenance. This is where the software has to be changed to take account
of new conditions. The most obvious example is when a new operating system comes out. Perhaps BloggProg 3.2 was
designed to run under Windows 2000. When Windows XP came along, changes had to be made to BloggProg so that it
would work under the new operating system.
These seven stages are an essential part of the production process.
Most software projects fail in the group of companies. In fact, they reports that more than 75% software projects are
unsuccessful because they are over budget, late, missing functions or a combination of all three.
Moreover, 30% of software projects are so poorly executed that they are cancelled before completion. In my
experience, software projects using modern technologies such as Java, Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), XML and
Web services are no exception to this rule [1].
B. What is a Stakeholder?
A Stakeholder in the architecture of a system is an individual, team, group, organization, or classes thereof, having an
interest in the realization of the system.
Most system development projects include representatives from most if not all of these stakeholders groups, although
their relative importance will obviously vary from project to project.
The architect must ensure that there is adequate stakeholder representation across the board, including non-technology
stakeholders (such as acquires and users) and technology-focused ones (such as developers, system administrators, and
maintainers) [18].
We classify stakeholders according to their roles and concerns as in the following table 1:-
7. ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 11, November 2015
Copyright to IJIRCCE DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2015. 0311012 10451
Table 1: Stakeholders Roles and Responsibility
Stakeholders Name Roles and Responsibilities
Acquires Oversee the procurement of the system
or product.
Assessors Oversee the system’s conformance to
standards and legal regulation.
Developers Construct and deploy the system from
specifications (or lead the teams that do
this).
Maintainers Manage the evolution of the system
once it is operational.
Production Engineers Design, deploy, and manage the
hardware and software environments in
which the system will be built, tested,
and run.
Suppliers Build and/or supply the hardware,
software, or infrastructure on which the
system will run.
Support Staff Provide support to users for the product
or system when it is running.
System Administrators Run the system once it has been
deployed.
Testers Test the system to ensure that it is
suitable for use.
Users Define the systems, functionality and
ultimately make use of it.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
After completing this research, it is concluded that Testing is necessary on each phase of Software Development Life
Cycle. It defines each step in the software development process describing how to develop, how to maintain and how to
replace specific software. There are various types of SDLC Models for developing systems for different sizes of
projects and requirements, but all of them start testing after implementation. In future, it will possible to relate new
coming testing techniques with phases of SDLC, because it reduces the development time. Timing is very crucial in
software development. If a delay happens in the development phase, the Market could be taken over by the
competitor. Also if a ‘bug’ filled product is launched in a short period of time (quicker than the competitors), it may
affect the reputation of the company. So, there should be a trade-off between the development time and the quality
of the product. Customers don’t expect a bug free product but they expect a user-friendly product that they can give
a thumbs-up to.
REFERENCES
[1] Introduction to Software Engineering /Process available at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Software_Engineering/Process
[2] Several software development approaches available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process#Approaches
[3] Software Life Cycle Model (SLCM) available at http://www.tutorialspoint.com/software_engineering/software_development_life_cycle.htm
[4] Systems development life cycle models (SDLC) available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle
[5] Software Analysis available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#System_analysis
[6] Software Testing available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#Testing
[7] Software Evaluation available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#Evaluation
[8] Rlewallen, "Software Development Life Cycle Models", 2005 http://codebeter.com.