This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and evaluated metaphors in modern English media. It discusses six criteria for analyzing written or spoken communication as discourse, including grammar, intention, acceptability, information, situation, and intertextuality. The document also examines the structural classification of metaphors based on the term of comparison and supporting word. It analyzes examples of evaluated metaphors in English and their cultural specificity compared to Ukrainian, noting different types of metaphors based on household items, mechanisms, subjects, literature, mythology, professions, natural phenomena, flora, fauna, and food. Frequency comparisons in English media include those relating to people, places, and professions.

1. An evaluated metaphor in
modern English media-
discourse

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TYPOLOGY OF DISCOURSE AND
METAPHORS
AN EVALUATED METAPHOR
CONCLUSION
APPENDICES

3. The Topicality
The Object
The Aim

4. From Latin discursus,
meaning "running to and
from"
"written or spoken
communication"

6. Six criteria which must be executed to apply on any writing or verbal
text as discourse were offered by Robert de Bogrand. To them
belong:
• solidarity is grammatical relations between parts of suggestion,
necessary for his interpretation;
• intention is a report which must be passed intentionally and
consciously;
• acceptability means that a communicative product must be
satisfactory, as it is asserted in an audience;
• informing is some new information, that must be plugged in
discourse;
• situation is circumstances which the done remarks are important
at;
• intertextuality is reference to the world beyond text or
translators’ diagrams.

7. We researched the structural classification of
metaphors. This external structure of
metaphor is presented by two elements:
by the term of
comparison (metaphor’s
component of
combination of words,
word in a portable
meaning);
by the word-argument or
supporting word
(metaphor’s component of
words combination,
questioner the theme of
portable meaning).

8. Material analysis indicates the national-cultural
specificity of evaluated English metaphors when
compared with the Ukrainian language:
1. Metaphors are characteristic for both the English and Ukrainian
languages : wolf, ram, viper, dog-fish, peacock, cock, sheep, magpie,
tiger, lamb, chicken
2. Metaphors are more typical for the Ukrainian language: otter, seal,
hippo, elephant, crocodile, lice, gopher, and others.
3. Metaphors are more characteristic for English: velvet, profit;
starch, stiffness; frost, failure; gull, a fool; rake, thin man; beaver;
butterfly; raccoon; stoat, weasel; whale; canary

9. According to Artyunova N.D. there are 10 kinds of evaluative
metaphors and they have both negative and positive orientation.
Comparison with:
1) household items (dishes, tools, household items): Barrel (barrel
- a complete man), Rag (rag - spineless person);
2) mechanisms: Robot (robot - a man without emotions);
3) subject: Puppet (puppet - dependent person);
4) literary: Witch (witch - evil woman);
5) mythology: Apollo (Apollo - a good man)
6) profession, occupation: Preacher (preacher - man, constantly
reading notation);
7) natural phenomena: Lightning (lightning - inflammatory
person);
8) flora: Bulbouse nose (nose potatoes - big nose);
9) fauna: Sheep (sheep - gentle creature);
10) food: Rotten (rotten - unpleasant, boring people).

10. The main types of substantive structural metaphor
Proposal
metaphor
Metaphor-
combination of
words
Іsolated
metaphor
The idea is blowing
through this state like a
storm wind. (neutral
estimation)
She was a good cook
but worked in a
perpetual lather of
bad temper (negative
estimation)
Pompous old ass!
(negative)
He said: “This is Hilary
Robartss personnel
file. …it merely gives
the background
information; age,
places of education,
degrees, career… The
dry bones of a life.

11. New age hanging in front of my eyes like two of those Mylar balloons
that never come down - новий час висить в мене перед очима, як ті
дві фольгові повітряні кульки, котрі ніколи не здуються (time,
forever remembered in history час)
Comparison
with the subject
We have
identified the
most frequency
comparison.

12. Comparisons with people
Musical references like
Whitney Houston and Cyndi
Lauper - musical message, like
Whitney Houston and Cindy
Lauper have (love song)
We bicker like married people
– we argue as marriage people
(argue, as if it was a habit)

13. Comparison with the place
Sounds like that's
Angela Merkel and the euro: the
new iron chancellor of Germany
Comparison of the
profession
Now he’s like a puppeteer
in theater - right up my
alley – sounds like it's really
my lane (man goes his
own, free way). Now he is a
puppeteer in the theater
(he is main and submits
nobody).