The ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is a promising short-range communication technology for most wireless applications. The UWB works at higher frequencies and is affected by interferences with the same frequency standards. This manuscript has designed an efficient and lowcost implementation of IEEE 802.15.4a-based UWB-digital transceiver (DTR). The design module contains UWB transmitter (TX), channel, and UWB-receiver (RX) units. Convolutional encoding and modulation units like burst position modulation and binary phase-shift keying modulation are used to construct the UWB-TX. The synchronization and Viterbi decoder units are used to recover the original data bits and are affected by noise in UWB-RX. The UWB-DTR is synthesized using Xilinx ISE® environment with Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and implemented on Artix-7 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The UWB-DTR utilizes less than 2% (slices and look-up table/LUTs), operates at 268 MHz, and consumes 91 mW of total power on FPGA. The transceiver achieves a 6.86 Mbps data rate, which meets the IEEE 802.15.4a standard. The UWB-DTR module obtains the bit error rate (BER) of 2×10-4 by transmitting 105 data bits. The UWB-DTR module is compared with similar physical layer (PHY) transceivers with improvements in chip area (slices), power, data rate, and BER.
Design of an efficient binary phase-shift keying based IEEE 802.15.4 transce...IJECEIAES
The IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer (PHY) standard is one of the communication standards with wireless features by providing low-power and low-data rates in wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. In this paper, an efficient IEEE 802.15.4 digital transceiver hardware architecture is designed using the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) technique. The transceiver mainly has transmitter and receiver modules along with the error calculation unit. The BPSK modulation and demodulation are designed using a digital frequency synthesizer (DFS). The DFS is used to generate the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals and also provides better system performance than the conventional voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO) and look up table (LUT) based memory methods. The differential encoding-decoding mechanism is incorporated to recover the bits effectively and to reduce the hardware complexity. The simulation results are illustrated and used to find the error bits. The design utilizes less chip area, works at 268.2 MHz, and consumes 108 mW of total power. The IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver provides a latency of 3.5 clock cycles and works with a throughput of 76.62 Mbps. The bit error rate (BER) of 2×10-5 is achieved by the proposed digital transceiver and is suitable for real-time applications. The work is compared with existing similar approaches with better improvement in performance parameters.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using deliberate clipping. It begins with an introduction to WiMAX technology and OFDM. It then discusses the PAPR problem in OFDM systems and different techniques to reduce PAPR, including signal scrambling and signal distortion methods. It focuses on deliberate clipping as a simple method to limit PAPR by distorting the signal before amplification. The document presents a simulation of an OFDM system using deliberate clipping at the Nyquist sampling rate to investigate its effect on bit error rate performance compared to an unclipped system.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB. Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB.
Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Data Transmission Analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz Frequency IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an experiment on data transmission analysis using a MW-5000 module at 5.8 GHz frequency. The experiment found that the duration for data transmission depends on the length of the message and the baud rate setting. Testing various message lengths at a fixed baud rate of 4800 resulted in similar transmission durations. However, transmitting the same message at different baud rates showed that higher baud rates reduced the transmission duration. Specifically, a message sent at 4800 baud took 1.14 seconds while at 9600 baud it took 0.60 seconds. The document concludes that transmission duration is influenced by message length and baud rate.
Design of an efficient binary phase-shift keying based IEEE 802.15.4 transce...IJECEIAES
The IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer (PHY) standard is one of the communication standards with wireless features by providing low-power and low-data rates in wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. In this paper, an efficient IEEE 802.15.4 digital transceiver hardware architecture is designed using the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) technique. The transceiver mainly has transmitter and receiver modules along with the error calculation unit. The BPSK modulation and demodulation are designed using a digital frequency synthesizer (DFS). The DFS is used to generate the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals and also provides better system performance than the conventional voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO) and look up table (LUT) based memory methods. The differential encoding-decoding mechanism is incorporated to recover the bits effectively and to reduce the hardware complexity. The simulation results are illustrated and used to find the error bits. The design utilizes less chip area, works at 268.2 MHz, and consumes 108 mW of total power. The IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver provides a latency of 3.5 clock cycles and works with a throughput of 76.62 Mbps. The bit error rate (BER) of 2×10-5 is achieved by the proposed digital transceiver and is suitable for real-time applications. The work is compared with existing similar approaches with better improvement in performance parameters.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using deliberate clipping. It begins with an introduction to WiMAX technology and OFDM. It then discusses the PAPR problem in OFDM systems and different techniques to reduce PAPR, including signal scrambling and signal distortion methods. It focuses on deliberate clipping as a simple method to limit PAPR by distorting the signal before amplification. The document presents a simulation of an OFDM system using deliberate clipping at the Nyquist sampling rate to investigate its effect on bit error rate performance compared to an unclipped system.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB. Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB.
Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Data Transmission Analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz Frequency IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an experiment on data transmission analysis using a MW-5000 module at 5.8 GHz frequency. The experiment found that the duration for data transmission depends on the length of the message and the baud rate setting. Testing various message lengths at a fixed baud rate of 4800 resulted in similar transmission durations. However, transmitting the same message at different baud rates showed that higher baud rates reduced the transmission duration. Specifically, a message sent at 4800 baud took 1.14 seconds while at 9600 baud it took 0.60 seconds. The document concludes that transmission duration is influenced by message length and baud rate.
Software defined radios (SDRs) are highly motivated for wireless device modelling due to their flexibility and scalability over alternative wireless design options. The evolutionary structure of finite impulse response (FIR) filters was designed for a proposed reconfigurable canonical sign digit (CSD) approach. Considering the complex trade-off, this is accomplished with many FIR taps, which is a challenging assignment. On the baseband processing side, design is given with parameterization-controlled FIR filter tap selection. Optimal processing models to overcome the reconfigurable design issues associated with the SDR system for a multi-standard wireless communication system root cosine filter standard are often used to implement multiple FIR channelization topologies, each of which is tied to a particular in-phase and quadrature (IQ) symbol. Additionally, it demonstrates the viability of using a multi-modulation baseband modulator in the SDR system for next-generation wireless communication systems to maximise adaptability with the least amount of computational complexity overhead. The proposed multiplier-less FIR filter-based reconfigurable baseband modulator, according to the experimental results, offers a 6% complexity reduction and a 47% improvement in performance efficiency over the current SDR system
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of WiMAX systems using FEC zigzag coding and MIMO techniques. It first provides background on WiMAX and discusses how OFDM, MIMO, and various channel coding schemes like zigzag codes work. It then evaluates the bit-error rate performance of WiMAX systems using zigzag-coded modulation with different code rates and lengths. The results show zigzag coding presents stronger error correction than Reed-Solomon with Convolutional coding. Encoding and decoding of zigzag codes is explained, along with how concatenated zigzag codes provide even stronger error correction through interleaving and turbo processing.
Design and performance analysis of human body communication digital transcei...IJECEIAES
Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a prominent technology for resolving health-care concerns and providing high-speed continuous monitoring and real-time help. Human body communication (HBC) is an IEEE 802.15.6 physical layer standard for short-range communications that is not reliant on radio frequency (RF). Most WBAN applications can benefit from the HBC's low-latency and low-power architectural features. In this manuscript, an efficient digital HBC transceiver (TR) hardware architecture is designed as per IEEE 802.15.6 standard to overcome the drawbacks of the RF-wireless communication standards like signal leakage, on body antenna and power consumption. The design is created using a frequency selective digital transmission scheme for transmitter and receiver modules. The design resources are analyzed using different field programmable gate array (FPGA) families. The HBC TR utilizes <1% slices, consumes 101 mW power, and provides a throughput of 24.31 Mbps on Artix-7 FPGA with a latency of 10.5 clock cycles. In addition, the less than 10-4bit error rate of HBC is achieved with a 9.52 Mbps data rate. The proposed work is compared with existing architectures with significant improvement in performance parameters like chip area, power, and data rate.
The Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer in the Basis of Bit ...IJCI JOURNAL
Fixed Broadband Wireless Access is a promising technology which can offer high speed data rate from transmitting end to customer end which can offer high speed text, voice, and video data. IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN is a standard that specifies medium access control layer and a set of PHY layer to fixed and mobile BWA in broad range of frequencies and it supports equipment manufacturers due to its robust performance in multipath environment. Consequently WiMAX forum has adopted this version to develop the network world wide. In this paper the performance of IEEE 802.16 OFDM PHY Layer has been investigated by using the simulation model in Matlab. The Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models are selected for the performance evaluation of this standard. The Ideal Channel estimation is considered in this work and the performance evaluation is observed in the basis of BER.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of WiMAX Physical Layer Using Spatial Multiplexing Under Different F...CSCJournals
WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum and its industry. WiMAX is basically a wireless digital communication system which is also known as IEEE 802.16 standard intended for wireless \"metropolitan area networks\". WiMAX is based upon OFDM multiplexing technique. It was developed in order to provide high speed data rates to the users located in those areas also where broadband wireless coverage is not available. MIMO systems also play an important role in the field of wireless communication by allowing data to be transmitted and received over different antennas. WiMAX-MIMO systems are developed to improve the performance of WiMAX system. This paper analyzes WiMAX-MIMO system for different modulation schemes with different CC code rates under different fading channels (Rician and Nakagami channel). Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO system is used for the simulation purpose. Analysis has been done in the form of Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) vs Bit Error Rate (BER) plots.
Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)Bindia Kumari
This document compares different digital modulation techniques that can be used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and WiMAX networks. It simulates BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation in MATLAB and measures their performance in terms of bit error rate and throughput. The results show that higher order modulations like 64-QAM provide much higher throughput but also higher bit error rates compared to lower order modulations at a given signal-to-noise ratio. The best configuration balances low bit error rates and high throughput.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Mobile Networking and Ad hoc routing protocols validationIOSR Journals
This document discusses mobile networking and ad hoc routing protocols. It begins with an overview of cellular phone networks and their growth in usage. It then describes mobile ad hoc networks and some of the challenges in designing routing protocols for them. The document evaluates two model checking tools, SPIN and UPPAAL, and discusses their ability to verify properties of ad hoc routing protocols through formal validation methods.
Design and modification of circular monpole uwb antenna for wpan applicationAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and modification of a circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the return loss is better than -10 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 at the operating frequency of 7 GHz. The proposed antenna geometry was designed and simulated using HFSS11 software. Details of the antenna design, geometry, and measured results are presented.
Simulation of IEEE 802.16e Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract : Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed Internet access. IEEE
802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) is a wireless communication standard with high data transfer rates and good
performance. It not only is efficient as compared to its counterpart technologies today (Wi-Fi and 3G), but also
lays the foundation for 4G mobile communication. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a
precious resource, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users
within a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance,
Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). This paper describes the
simulation of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e using Simulink in Matlab 7.0 (R2010a). The system
performance is evaluated considering the Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error rate (BER) parameters.
Keywords: 802.16e, OFDMA, Mobile WiMAX.
Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 Transceiver System under Adaptive White...IJECEIAES
Zigbee technology has been developed for short range wireless sensor networks and it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard. For such sensors, several considerations should be taken including; low data rate and less design complexity in order to achieve efficient performance considering to the transceiver systems. This research focuses on implementing a digital transceiver system for Zigbee sensor based on IEEE 802.15.4. The system is implemented using offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation technique with half sine pulse-shaping method. Direct conversion scheme has been used in the design of Zigbee receiver in order to fulfill the requirements mentioned above. System performance is analyzed considering to BER when it encountered adaptive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), besides showing the effect of using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique.
IRJET - Range Enhancement of IoT Devices using LoRaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to enhance the range of IoT devices using LoRa technology. The project involves developing a prototype with a transmitting and receiving end to send data from the transmitter to receiver over long ranges without internet, WiFi, Bluetooth, or other technologies, using only LoRa. The objective is to demonstrate long-range communication and connectivity in rural areas without internet. LoRa uses chirp spread spectrum modulation and can trade off data rate for sensitivity by varying the spreading factor. The project aims to prove data can be transmitted over distances of kilometers with low power consumption using LoRa.
Turbo codes are error-correcting codes with performance that is close to the
Shannon theoretical limit (SHA). The motivation for using turbo codes is
that the codes are an appealing mix of a random appearance on the channel
and a physically realizable decoding structure. The communication systems
have the problem of latency, fast switching, and reliable data transfer. The
objective of the research paper is to design and turbo encoder and decoder
hardware chip and analyze its performance. Two convolutional codes are
concatenated concurrently and detached by an interleaver or permuter in the
turbo encoder. The expected data from the channel is interpreted iteratively
using the two related decoders. The soft (probabilistic) data about an
individual bit of the decoded structure is passed in each cycle from one
elementary decoder to the next, and this information is updated regularly.
The performance of the chip is also verified using the maximum a posteriori
(MAP) method in the decoder chip. The performance of field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) hardware is evaluated using hardware and timing
parameters extracted from Xilinx ISE 14.7. The parallel concatenation offers
a better global rate for the same component code performance, and reduced
delay, low hardware complexity, and higher frequency support.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
This document discusses the scalability concerns of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation for Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) applications. CSS is a prominent modulation technique used in LPWAN technologies like LoRaWAN. While CSS provides noise resilience, long transmission range and low power requirements making it suitable for sensor networks, its ability to scale to a very large number of simultaneous transmissions has not been adequately modeled. The document aims to evaluate the performance and scalability of CSS at different spreading factors through simulations of simultaneous transmissions over an AWGN channel. Key performance metrics like collision rate, packet error rate and bit error are analyzed to assess the suitability of CSS for future large-scale sensor network deployments.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet er
IEEE 802 Standard Network’s Comparison under Grid and Random Node Arrangement...Eswar Publications
The IEEE 802 standard well-known as 802.11 called as Wi-Fi network, 802.15.4 called as ZigBee or sensor network and 802.15.1 called as Bluetooth network. The network such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi works in 2.4 GHz ISM band. All the above networks works in same ISM band of 2.4 GHz, but the performance of the network varies. The performance of simulation depends upon the coverage area, data rates, and power consumption in each network. The heterogeneous network performances is evaluated with static and mobility model in random and grid node placement by varying the traffic loads of one CBR and with five CBR for each network. The
simulation result is compared in terms of jitter, average end to end delay and throughput to analyze the network performance in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11 network shows the low jitter and delay value with high throughput compared with sensor network.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless applications on the field-programmable gate array platform
Software defined radios (SDRs) are highly motivated for wireless device modelling due to their flexibility and scalability over alternative wireless design options. The evolutionary structure of finite impulse response (FIR) filters was designed for a proposed reconfigurable canonical sign digit (CSD) approach. Considering the complex trade-off, this is accomplished with many FIR taps, which is a challenging assignment. On the baseband processing side, design is given with parameterization-controlled FIR filter tap selection. Optimal processing models to overcome the reconfigurable design issues associated with the SDR system for a multi-standard wireless communication system root cosine filter standard are often used to implement multiple FIR channelization topologies, each of which is tied to a particular in-phase and quadrature (IQ) symbol. Additionally, it demonstrates the viability of using a multi-modulation baseband modulator in the SDR system for next-generation wireless communication systems to maximise adaptability with the least amount of computational complexity overhead. The proposed multiplier-less FIR filter-based reconfigurable baseband modulator, according to the experimental results, offers a 6% complexity reduction and a 47% improvement in performance efficiency over the current SDR system
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of WiMAX systems using FEC zigzag coding and MIMO techniques. It first provides background on WiMAX and discusses how OFDM, MIMO, and various channel coding schemes like zigzag codes work. It then evaluates the bit-error rate performance of WiMAX systems using zigzag-coded modulation with different code rates and lengths. The results show zigzag coding presents stronger error correction than Reed-Solomon with Convolutional coding. Encoding and decoding of zigzag codes is explained, along with how concatenated zigzag codes provide even stronger error correction through interleaving and turbo processing.
Design and performance analysis of human body communication digital transcei...IJECEIAES
Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a prominent technology for resolving health-care concerns and providing high-speed continuous monitoring and real-time help. Human body communication (HBC) is an IEEE 802.15.6 physical layer standard for short-range communications that is not reliant on radio frequency (RF). Most WBAN applications can benefit from the HBC's low-latency and low-power architectural features. In this manuscript, an efficient digital HBC transceiver (TR) hardware architecture is designed as per IEEE 802.15.6 standard to overcome the drawbacks of the RF-wireless communication standards like signal leakage, on body antenna and power consumption. The design is created using a frequency selective digital transmission scheme for transmitter and receiver modules. The design resources are analyzed using different field programmable gate array (FPGA) families. The HBC TR utilizes <1% slices, consumes 101 mW power, and provides a throughput of 24.31 Mbps on Artix-7 FPGA with a latency of 10.5 clock cycles. In addition, the less than 10-4bit error rate of HBC is achieved with a 9.52 Mbps data rate. The proposed work is compared with existing architectures with significant improvement in performance parameters like chip area, power, and data rate.
The Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer in the Basis of Bit ...IJCI JOURNAL
Fixed Broadband Wireless Access is a promising technology which can offer high speed data rate from transmitting end to customer end which can offer high speed text, voice, and video data. IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN is a standard that specifies medium access control layer and a set of PHY layer to fixed and mobile BWA in broad range of frequencies and it supports equipment manufacturers due to its robust performance in multipath environment. Consequently WiMAX forum has adopted this version to develop the network world wide. In this paper the performance of IEEE 802.16 OFDM PHY Layer has been investigated by using the simulation model in Matlab. The Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models are selected for the performance evaluation of this standard. The Ideal Channel estimation is considered in this work and the performance evaluation is observed in the basis of BER.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of WiMAX Physical Layer Using Spatial Multiplexing Under Different F...CSCJournals
WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum and its industry. WiMAX is basically a wireless digital communication system which is also known as IEEE 802.16 standard intended for wireless \"metropolitan area networks\". WiMAX is based upon OFDM multiplexing technique. It was developed in order to provide high speed data rates to the users located in those areas also where broadband wireless coverage is not available. MIMO systems also play an important role in the field of wireless communication by allowing data to be transmitted and received over different antennas. WiMAX-MIMO systems are developed to improve the performance of WiMAX system. This paper analyzes WiMAX-MIMO system for different modulation schemes with different CC code rates under different fading channels (Rician and Nakagami channel). Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO system is used for the simulation purpose. Analysis has been done in the form of Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) vs Bit Error Rate (BER) plots.
Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)Bindia Kumari
This document compares different digital modulation techniques that can be used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and WiMAX networks. It simulates BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation in MATLAB and measures their performance in terms of bit error rate and throughput. The results show that higher order modulations like 64-QAM provide much higher throughput but also higher bit error rates compared to lower order modulations at a given signal-to-noise ratio. The best configuration balances low bit error rates and high throughput.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Mobile Networking and Ad hoc routing protocols validationIOSR Journals
This document discusses mobile networking and ad hoc routing protocols. It begins with an overview of cellular phone networks and their growth in usage. It then describes mobile ad hoc networks and some of the challenges in designing routing protocols for them. The document evaluates two model checking tools, SPIN and UPPAAL, and discusses their ability to verify properties of ad hoc routing protocols through formal validation methods.
Design and modification of circular monpole uwb antenna for wpan applicationAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and modification of a circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the return loss is better than -10 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 at the operating frequency of 7 GHz. The proposed antenna geometry was designed and simulated using HFSS11 software. Details of the antenna design, geometry, and measured results are presented.
Simulation of IEEE 802.16e Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract : Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed Internet access. IEEE
802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) is a wireless communication standard with high data transfer rates and good
performance. It not only is efficient as compared to its counterpart technologies today (Wi-Fi and 3G), but also
lays the foundation for 4G mobile communication. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a
precious resource, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users
within a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance,
Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). This paper describes the
simulation of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e using Simulink in Matlab 7.0 (R2010a). The system
performance is evaluated considering the Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error rate (BER) parameters.
Keywords: 802.16e, OFDMA, Mobile WiMAX.
Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 Transceiver System under Adaptive White...IJECEIAES
Zigbee technology has been developed for short range wireless sensor networks and it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard. For such sensors, several considerations should be taken including; low data rate and less design complexity in order to achieve efficient performance considering to the transceiver systems. This research focuses on implementing a digital transceiver system for Zigbee sensor based on IEEE 802.15.4. The system is implemented using offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation technique with half sine pulse-shaping method. Direct conversion scheme has been used in the design of Zigbee receiver in order to fulfill the requirements mentioned above. System performance is analyzed considering to BER when it encountered adaptive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), besides showing the effect of using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique.
IRJET - Range Enhancement of IoT Devices using LoRaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to enhance the range of IoT devices using LoRa technology. The project involves developing a prototype with a transmitting and receiving end to send data from the transmitter to receiver over long ranges without internet, WiFi, Bluetooth, or other technologies, using only LoRa. The objective is to demonstrate long-range communication and connectivity in rural areas without internet. LoRa uses chirp spread spectrum modulation and can trade off data rate for sensitivity by varying the spreading factor. The project aims to prove data can be transmitted over distances of kilometers with low power consumption using LoRa.
Turbo codes are error-correcting codes with performance that is close to the
Shannon theoretical limit (SHA). The motivation for using turbo codes is
that the codes are an appealing mix of a random appearance on the channel
and a physically realizable decoding structure. The communication systems
have the problem of latency, fast switching, and reliable data transfer. The
objective of the research paper is to design and turbo encoder and decoder
hardware chip and analyze its performance. Two convolutional codes are
concatenated concurrently and detached by an interleaver or permuter in the
turbo encoder. The expected data from the channel is interpreted iteratively
using the two related decoders. The soft (probabilistic) data about an
individual bit of the decoded structure is passed in each cycle from one
elementary decoder to the next, and this information is updated regularly.
The performance of the chip is also verified using the maximum a posteriori
(MAP) method in the decoder chip. The performance of field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) hardware is evaluated using hardware and timing
parameters extracted from Xilinx ISE 14.7. The parallel concatenation offers
a better global rate for the same component code performance, and reduced
delay, low hardware complexity, and higher frequency support.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
This document discusses the scalability concerns of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation for Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) applications. CSS is a prominent modulation technique used in LPWAN technologies like LoRaWAN. While CSS provides noise resilience, long transmission range and low power requirements making it suitable for sensor networks, its ability to scale to a very large number of simultaneous transmissions has not been adequately modeled. The document aims to evaluate the performance and scalability of CSS at different spreading factors through simulations of simultaneous transmissions over an AWGN channel. Key performance metrics like collision rate, packet error rate and bit error are analyzed to assess the suitability of CSS for future large-scale sensor network deployments.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet er
IEEE 802 Standard Network’s Comparison under Grid and Random Node Arrangement...Eswar Publications
The IEEE 802 standard well-known as 802.11 called as Wi-Fi network, 802.15.4 called as ZigBee or sensor network and 802.15.1 called as Bluetooth network. The network such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi works in 2.4 GHz ISM band. All the above networks works in same ISM band of 2.4 GHz, but the performance of the network varies. The performance of simulation depends upon the coverage area, data rates, and power consumption in each network. The heterogeneous network performances is evaluated with static and mobility model in random and grid node placement by varying the traffic loads of one CBR and with five CBR for each network. The
simulation result is compared in terms of jitter, average end to end delay and throughput to analyze the network performance in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11 network shows the low jitter and delay value with high throughput compared with sensor network.
Similar to An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless applications on the field-programmable gate array platform (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless applications on the field-programmable gate array platform
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023, pp. 4432~4440
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4432-4440 4432
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless
applications on the field-programmable gate array platform
Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda1
, Devaraju Ramakrishna2
, Rajashree Narendra3
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
2
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 31, 2022
Revised Dec 15, 2022
Accepted Dec 17, 2022
The ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is a promising short-range
communication technology for most wireless applications. The UWB
works at higher frequencies and is affected by interferences with the same
frequency standards. This manuscript has designed an efficient and low-
cost implementation of IEEE 802.15.4a-based UWB-digital transceiver
(DTR). The design module contains UWB transmitter (TX), channel, and
UWB-receiver (RX) units. Convolutional encoding and modulation units
like burst position modulation and binary phase-shift keying modulation
are used to construct the UWB-TX. The synchronization and Viterbi
decoder units are used to recover the original data bits and are affected by
noise in UWB-RX. The UWB-DTR is synthesized using Xilinx ISE®
environment with Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and
implemented on Artix-7 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The
UWB-DTR utilizes less than 2% (slices and look-up table/LUTs),
operates at 268 MHz, and consumes 91 mW of total power on FPGA. The
transceiver achieves a 6.86 Mbps data rate, which meets the IEEE
802.15.4a standard. The UWB-DTR module obtains the bit error rate
(BER) of 2×10-4
by transmitting 105 data bits. The UWB-DTR module is
compared with similar physical layer (PHY) transceivers with
improvements in chip area (slices), power, data rate, and BER.
Keywords:
802.15.4a
Binary phase-shift keying
Burst position modulation
Digital transceiver
Field-programmable gate array
Ultra-wideband
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar University
Bangalore 562112, India
Email: rsanthoshkumar15ec@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been used in most short-range wireless
communication applications. UWB system uses the IEEE 802.15.4a standard as one of the efficient interface
mechanisms for low-data-rate transmission with precision-ranging features in wireless personal area
networks (WPANs). The IEEE introduced the first 802.15.4a 2006 for low-data-rate WPANs and later
updated it as IEEE 802.15.4-2015 [1]. The IEEE used another UWB standard IEEE 802.15.6-2012, for
wireless body area networks (WBANs). The UWB standards are commonly used in impulse radio (IR) UWB
physical layer (PHY) and frequency modulation (FM) UWB PHY's. Using UWB and other technology,
short-range communication with a specific data rate and frequency band range is established. With a
frequency band of 10.6 GHz, the IR-UWB (IEEE 802.15.4-2015) enables a data rate of 0.11-27 Mbps, and
the IR-UWB (IEEE 802.15.6-2015) may provide data rates of 0.49 to 15 Mbps. The FM-UWB (IEEE
802.15.6-2012) enables a 0.25 Mbps data rate, and multiband (MB)-UWB enables a data rate of up to
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless … (Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda)
4433
480 Mbps. The Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) supports 0.02 to 0.25 Mbps data rates with a frequency of 868 MHz
to 2.5 GHz. The Bluetooth technology (IEEE 802.15.1) supports data rates up to 1-24 Mbps and operates at
2.4 and 5 GHz bands [2].
The UWB system is standardized and compatible with the PHY, medium access control (MAC), and
other upper layers. The IEEE 802.15.4z is enhanced from IEEE 802.15.4 to improve measurements' security
and accuracy range. The IEEE UWB PHY is operated in two modes: high-rate pulse (HRP) and low-rate
pulses (LPR). Most of the system is utilized in HPR mode rather than LPR because LPR-based UWB PHY is
incompatible with other IEEE standards [3]. The IR-UWB is a single-band carrier system that transmits input
streams directly into waveforms, covering the entire spectrum. The IR-UWB has many advantages: low-cost,
multiple access, low power spectral density, lower-power consumption, high data rate, fading removal
feature, channel capacity improvements, higher multi-path resolution, and availability in the form of wide
unlicensed bands [4]. The frequency-shifted reference (FSR) based UWB transceiver (TR) is introduced to
remove the delay elements in UWB TR. However, the complexity of the FSR TR is high and offers moderate
performance. So, the code shifted reference (CSR) based UWB TR is introduced to separate the data pulses
sequence from reference sequences through time-shift features or Walsh codes sequences [5], [6]. The
security enhancement [7] and advanced error correction codes (ECC) mechanism [8] for bit error rate (BER)
improvements have been incorporated in recent times to improve the performance of the UWB system. UWB
system is mainly used in most of the wireless personal area network (PAN) and body area network (BAN)
applications apart from that, the healthcare system, high-speed chip-to-chip communications, Internet of
things (IoT) applications, network bio-sensors applications, radio-frequency identification (RFID) system,
and industrial and scientific applications [6]–[10]. The UWB-based monopole antenna [11] with super
compact features is designed for small IoT devices. This monopole antenna operates up to 12.56 GHz at a
return loss of -10 dB. The modified circular printed monopole (MCPM) antenna [12] is designed with ultra-
miniaturized features for UWB applications. The MCPM antenna operates up to 11 GHz and achieves a peak
gain of 3.2 dB.
In this manuscript, the IEEE 802.15.4a-based efficient UWB digital transceiver (DTR) system
architecture on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform using burst position modulation (BPM)
with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and Viterbi decoding techniques. The contribution of the proposed
work is listed as follows.
The transmitter and receiver units use the digital frequency synthesizer (DFS) module generation for in-
phase and quadrature phase (Q) generation. The DFS offers less area and improves the system
performance than the oscillator-based signal generation.
The UWB transceiver supports the range of 3 to 10 GHz frequency bands by configuring the data bits in
the physical service data unit (PSDU).
The obtained data rate met the IEEE 802.15.4a standards and was used further in wireless PAN
applications.
The proposed UWB-TR offers low-cost FPGA implementation, with less chip area resources (slices),
utilization of, and less power consumed, and also works at a moderate data rate with better BER.
The manuscript's organization is as follows: the recent works of the UWB architectures are
discussed in section 1. The proposed UWB-DTR hardware architecture with a detailed explanation of
architectures is in section 2. Section 3 discusses the proposed work simulation, synthesis results, and
comparative discussion. Lastly, it concludes the overall work with improvements and highlights its future
scope in section 4.
The existing PHY TR architectures and their performance metrics for various applications with
different platforms are explained as follows. Santhi et al. [13] presented the multi-band (MB)-based
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) UWB TR with asynchronous pipelined architecture on
the FPGA platform. The transceiver module used fast Fourier transformation and Viterbi decoding
architecture to speed up the system. The architecture consumed more chip resources, including 48 digital
signal processor (DSP) elements. A pulse position modulation (PPM) based UWB baseband TR on both
software (MATLAB) and hardware (FPGA) platforms [14] could achieve up to 10-3
BER on the hardware
platform. An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation of the IR-UWB-based band TR
[15] was interfaced with the analog front-end (AFE) module via a serial peripheral interface (SPI). The work
investigated an ASIC device's chip resources and power consumption to know the performance realization.
The system consumed 120 mW dynamic power with a 2,264 mm2
area on-chip. Olonbayar et al. [16]
presented 802.15.4a-based multi-rate IR-UWB baseband TR designed and implemented on the FPGA
platform. The design used a PPM-BPSK modulation scheme and analyzed the baseband's different data rates.
The data detection was achieved using hamming codes. The transmitted and received burst signals were
varied with 160 kHz. The same architecture was implemented on the ASIC environment using 250 nm
technology [17].
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 4432-4440
4434
Shanthi and Krishnamurthi [18] presented a 14-band frequency synthesizer for the MB-OFDM
UWB TR system. The delay-locked loop (DLL) based frequency synthesizer reduced the interference issues
and provides an efficient signal to improve the BER. Costa [19] presented the UWB system designed using
the continuous-time binary value (CTBV) approach in an FPGA environment. The work demonstrated the
pulse generation and detection of FPGA and analyzed the propagation delay and line distance estimation. The
UWB TR worked at 5.5 Mbps with a minimum load distance of 26 m. The IR-UWB TR with ultra-low-
power features for wireless sensor networks (WSN) designed on the ASIC platform [20] used the on-off
keying (OOK) technique for modulation and demodulation. The system achieved 3.86 mW of total power on
65 nm technology and is used further for WSN-based health monitoring applications. Gimeno et al. [21]
presented the IR-UWB TR for high-speed chip-to-chip communications in ASIC environments. The system
used OOK, PPM, and PPM2 modulation techniques and analyzed the BER versus signal to noise ratio
(SNR). The system used a radio-frequency (RF) front-end and analog baseband for data transmission and
reception. The work achieved 15 mW of power with an energy efficiency of 6 pJ/bit at 2.5 Gbps.
An adaptive beaming method was adopted for the IR-UWB TR system by Qiu et al. [22]. The
transmitter (TX) mainly contained injected locked voltage-controlled oscillator (IL-VCO) and delta-sigma
delay locked-loop (DLL) for TX signal generation. The adaptive receiver (RX) unit used beamforming with a
self-tuning mechanism for detecting correct bits. The TX and RX units consumed 67 and 151 mW of total
power using 18 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. A differential code
shifted reference (DCSR) encoding and decoding mechanism was designed by Jayaprakash and
Samundiswary [23] for UWB-TR. The DCSR module utilized less area and power than the CSR-based
FPGA system. Kopta and Enz [24] presented the frequency modulation-based UWB TR for IoT applications.
The TX consumed 575 µW of power, while RX consumed 267 µW while transmitting and receiving
100 Kbps signals. Tantiparimongkol and Phasukkit [25] presented the IR-UWB pulse generation unit for
obstacle human detection on the FPGA platform. The design used a digital clock manager, delay tree, and
edge combiner for pulse generation. The system achieved a bandwidth of 2.07 GHz with a pulse duration of
540 ps. Wang et al. [26] presented a detailed review of the recent UWB TR system architectures and their
applications. The IR-UWB and FM-UWB discussed in detail concludes that the IR-UWB TR is promising
for secured IoT mobile applications in the future.
2. PROPOSED UWB DIGITAL TRANSCEIVER
The UWB PHY transceiver is designed per IEEE 802.15.4a [27]. The UWB PHY operates in sub
gigahertz (250 to 750 MHz) and 3 to 10 GHz bands. The low-band high-rate pulse (HRP) UWB works with a
frequency band of 3.244 to 4.742 GHz, and the high-band HRP UWB performs with a frequency band of
5.944 to 10.234 GHz. The HRP UWB system-based physical protocol data unit (PPDU) mainly contains the
preamble and data unit parts). The representation of the UWB PPDU format [25] is shown in Figure 1. The
preamble contains the preamble and the start of the frame delimiter (SFD) as a synchronization header
(SHR). The data unit includes the physical layer header (PHR) and PSDU. The UWB digital transceiver
architecture is represented in Figure 2 as part of PSDU. It contains TX, additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) as a channel, and RX units.
Preamble SFD PHR PSDU
32-bit 8-bit 19-bit 14-bits
73-bits
Figure 1. UWB PPDU format
Convolutional
Encoder
BPM + BPSK
Modulation
Preamble + PHY
Header Module
Channel
Synchronization
BPDM + BPSK
Demodulation
Viterbi Decoder
Input
Bits
Output
Bits
BER Calculation
Figure 2. Hardware architecture of the UWB DTR module
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless … (Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda)
4435
2.1. UWB transmitter unit
The UWB transmitter mainly includes a convolutional encoder (CE), BPM, BPSK modulation,
preamble, and PHR data units. The CE is mainly performing the encoding operation with generator
polynomials C0 = [101]2 and C1 = [111]2. The code rate of CE is ½ with constraint length (K) three. Initially,
all the states in CE are set to zero. Based on PPDU data transmission, The C0 and C1 bits will be generated.
The CE hardware architecture contains a 3-bit shift register and two XOR operations. The input data bits are
fed as the stream of data bits in CE. These bits are convolved to output bits based on encoding logic. The two
output bits are depending previous input bits stored in the shift register and the present input bit. These two
C0 and C1 bits are parity and systematic, respectively. The BPM unit receives the parity bit, and the BPSK
unit receives the systematic bit for further modulation.
The hardware architecture of the BPM and BPSK modulation is represented in Figure 3. The BPM
unit mainly contains a DFS unit, sawtooth wave generation unit, and multiplexor unit shown in Figure 3(a).
The DFS produces the sinusoidal signal, and a 10-bit counter generates the sawtooth signal. The sawtooth
signal is subtracted from the DFS signal to produce the burst position signal. The parity bit from the CE is
used in the multiplexor, which acts as a select line. If the parity bit is one, the subtracted output is considered
the final BPM signal; otherwise, the inverted output (subtracted) is regarded as a 1-bit BPM signal. The
BPSK modulation hardware architecture is illustrated in Figure 3(b). It mainly contains DFS, data flip-flop,
multiplexor, and adder units. The DFS unit produces a sinusoidal signal, considered the in-phase (I), and an
inverted sinusoidal signal, which is viewed as a Q signal. The systematic bit from CE is used as a select line
in the multiplexor. If the systematic bit is one, then the in-phase (I) is considered; otherwise, the Q signal is
considered with delay. The I and Q signals are added to generate the 12-bit BPSK modulated signal.
DFS
Sawtooth
Module
-
in
BPM
signal D-FF
Adder
I
Q
DFS
1
0
in
BPSK
signal
(a) (b)
Figure 3. The architecture of (a) BPM and (b) BPSK modulation units used in UWB-TX
The preamble and SFD are generated based on the IEEE 802.15.4a standard [25]. The preamble is
generated using 31-bit ternary codes as code sequences. The code index is one, and the supported UWB
channel number (0, 1, 8, 12) is used to select the code sequence. The 8-bit SFD bits are generated based on
spread codes and set as "48" in hexadecimal format. The PHR format is illustrated in Figure 4. The 19-bit
PHR contains a 2-bit data rate, 7-bit frame length, 1-bit ranging packet, 1-bit header extension, 2-bit
preamble time, and 6-bit check bits. The data rate is set with "01" for UWB-compliant PHY implementation.
The 7-bit frame length indicates the number of octants used in PSDU, which requests the system to transmit.
The ranging packet is set with 0. The header extension bit is set to 0 for future extensions. The preamble
length in SHR is represented by preamble duration bits and default set with '01". The 6-bit check bits are
used to detect the errors caused by noise. After the calculation, the 19-bit PHR obtains the value of "40C56" in
hexadecimal format. Finally, the UWB Transmitter contains the concatenation of the 32-bit Preamble, 8-bit
SFD, 19-bit PHR, 1-bit BPM, 12-bit BPSK modulated signal, and 1-bit unused bit to form the 73-bit transmitted
signal.
Data
rate
Frame
Length
RP
Preamble
Time
HE Check Bits
2-bits 7-bits 1-bit 1-bit 2-bit 6-bit
Figure 4. PHR format [25]
2.2. UWB receiver unit
The UWB receiver unit has a synchronization unit, burst position demodulation (BPDM), BPSK
demodulation unit, and Viterbi decoder (VD) units. The UWB receiver receives the 73-bit corrupted data and
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 4432-4440
4436
performs the synchronization, de-mapping, and decoding operations to return the original data bit sequences.
The received 73-bits are decomposed. Instead, the least significant bit (LSB) 13 bits (data part) is used for de-
mapping with synchronization. The hardware architecture of the BPSK demodulation and BPDM units is
illustrated in Figure 5. The synchronization mechanism is incorporated in both BPDM and BPSK
demodulation to recover original bits from corrupted data. The BPSK demodulation contains the DFS, two
delay units, and a comparator. The generated DFS (Q) signal is inverted first and later delayed with two flip-
flops to maintain synchronization between the received data and the global clock. The comparator compares
the 12-bit data with the delayed Q signal to obtain the BPSK demodulated signal (out) shown in Figure 5(a).
The burst position signal is generated from DFS and sawtooth signal. The burst position signal and
received 1-bit data are delayed one clock cycle to maintain synchronization with the global clock. The
BPDM signal is generated by comparing the delayed received bit with the delayed burst position signal,
represented in Figure 5(b). These de-mapped signals (1-bit BPSK demodulated signal and 1-bit BPDM
signal) are used further in the VD to recover the final data bits with a decoding mechanism.
DFS
D-FF D-FF Compare
Q
I
rx_in
out
DFS
Sawtooth
Module
-
in
D-FF BPDM
signal
Compare
(a) (b)
Figure 5. The architecture of (a) BPSK demodulation and (b) BPDM units used in UWB-RX
The hardware architecture of the VD is illustrated in Figure 6. The VD unit mainly contains the
counter, branch metric unit (BMU), add-compare-select unit (ACSU), traceback unit (TBU), and shift
register. The BMU received the 2-bit and was used to calculate the branch metrics. The hard decision-based
VD is used for branch metric (BM) calculation. The BMU performs the essential XOR operation using
received and expected data bits and counts the differed bits to calculate the Hamming distance. The ACSU is
also called a path metric unit (PMU). The ACSU receives the BM data and performs the path metric
calculation using add, compare, and select operations.
Counter
ACS Unit
Track back
Unit
Shift
register
In Out
BMU Unit
Figure 6. Viterbi decoder hardware architecture
In the VD design, 8 ACSU's are used to find the decision bits. The received 2-bit BM data are added
with new path metric data to find the lower and upper data. The lower data bits are compared with the upper
bits to see the new path metric data and find the decision. Each ACSU produces the 2-bit decision bits. So,
16 decision bits are used further in the TBU of the trellis state. The TBU receives the 16-bit decision values
with a counter to trace the best possible path. The TBU contains the memory unit to store the decision bit's
history from the ACSU. The decision bits are stored in a memory unit based on the counter values. The 16
stored memory values act as decision vectors for each trellis state at each time (clock cycle). The decision
vector is used further to reconstruct the best possible trellis path. Lastly, the shift register received the TBU
data and shifted right to produce the correct 1-bit output. The received 1-bit data from VD and 1-bit input
data are compared to realize the BER. The input data is delayed based on latency compared with the received
data. If both the data bits are equal, there is no error; else error bit will be produced.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The UWB digital transceiver architecture results are discussed in this section. The UWB-DTR
module is designed using Verilog hardware description language on Xilinx ISE®
14.7 environment and
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless … (Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda)
4437
implemented on Artix-7 (XC7A100T-3CSG324) FPGA. The simulation results are carried out using
ModelSim 10.5 simulator. The UWB TX, AWGN channel, and UWB RX units are integrated to form the
UWB DTR module. The simulation results of the UWB-DTR module are illustrated in Figure 7. The global
clock (clk) is activated with an active-low reset (rst). The 1-bit data input (din) stream is feeding in a
sequence. Based on UWB-DTR module operations, The 1-bit data output (dout) is obtained with a delay of
39 clock cycles. To estimate the BER, the delayed input (delayed_din) is introduced to match the received
1-bit dout. If the delayed input and received output (dout) are equal, the error signal will be low; otherwise,
the error signal will be high. The error counter (error_count) is introduced to estimate the unmatched bits.
The main counter forecasts the number of input bits to be transmitted. The 8-bit noise is added in every clock
cycle with transmitted output.
Figure 7. Simulation results of the UWB-DTR module
The UWB-DTR module resource utilization results after synthesis on Artix-7 FPGA, tabulated in
Table 1. The UWB-TX unit has 74 slices and 155 look-up tables (LUTs), operates at 268.17 MHz, and uses
87 mW of total power. Similarly, The UWB-RX unit has 166 slices and 562 LUTs, operates at 268.18 MHz,
and uses 87 mW of total power. The integrated UWB-TR module utilizes 209 slices and 876 LUTs, operates
at 267.37 MHz, and consumes 91 mW of total power on Artix-7 FPGA. Using an XPower analyzer, the total
power is estimated based on a frequency of 31.2 MHz.
Table 1. Resource Utilization results for UWB-DTR module on Artix-7
Resources UWB TX UWB RX UWB TR
Slices 74 166 209
LUTs 155 562 876
Max. Frequency (MHz) 268.17 268.182 267.376
Total power (mW) 87 87 91
The UWB-DTR module performance results include latency in terms of clock cycles (CC),
throughput (Mbps), hardware efficiency (Kbps/Slice), BER, and percentage error efficiency are tabulated in
Table 2. The latency of 39 clock cycles is obtained after receiving the first output bit using the UWB-RX unit
and is analyzed using the ModelSim simulator. The throughput is estimated based on input bits, obtained
maximum frequency, and latency. So, throughput (Mbps)=(input width*max. frequency)/latency. The UWB-
DTR achieves a 6.86 Mbps throughput or data rate. The hardware efficiency of the UWB-DTR module
achieves 31.5 Kbps/Slice. The BER is calculated based on the number of errors obtained by the number of
bits transmitted. The total number of error bits is 20 for 100,000 bits. So UWB-DTR module achieves a BER
of 2×10-4
with a system efficiency of 99.98 % for 105
bits.
Table 2. Performance results for the UWB-DTR module
Latency (CC) Throughput (Mbps) Efficiency (Kbps/Slice) BER System Efficiency
39 6.86 31.5 2 x 10-4
99.98 %
The resource utilization of the UWB-DTR (submodules) on Artix-7 is represented in Figure 8. The
BPSK modulator and VD unit consume more chip area resources (slices and LUTs) on the sides of the UWB-
TX and UWB-RX units on the Artix-7 Chip. The CE and VD unit obtain better operating frequencies of
1519.5 and 350.128 MHz on the UWB-TX and UWB-RX units, respectively, on the Artix-7 chip.
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 4432-4440
4438
The comparison of the different PHY transceivers with the proposed UWB-DTR on hardware
platforms is tabulated in Table 3. The PHY TR module selected IEEE standards, modulation, or technique
adopted and obtained performance metrics like slice, frequency, power, data rate, and BER parameters on
selected FPGAs that are considered for comparative analysis. The proposed module combines BPM with
BPSK modulation for improved performance metrics than the different PHY TR techniques. The model drive
architecture [28] is incorporated into the UWB-DTR module to improve the reliability features.
Figure 8. Resource utilization of the UWB-DTR (submodules) on Artix-7
Table 3. Comparative results for different PHY Transceivers on the FPGA platform
Reference
Designs
PHY TR IEEE Std. Techniques FPGA Slices
Freq.
(MHz)
Power
(mW)
Data rate
(Mbps)
BER
[29] IR-UWB 802.15.4a PPM Virtex-4 1012 100 NA NA NA
[30] IR-UWB 802.15.4a PPM Spartan-3 1821 134 NA 3 Up to 10-3
[31] IR-UWB 802.15.4 2015 MPPM Virtex-6 2711 120 NA 2 Up to 10-3
[32] NB-PHY 802.15.6 BCH Virtex-6 2668 100 117 0.971 Up to 10-3
[33] IR-UWB 802.15.4a DWPT Virtex-7 557 99 514 NA NA
[34] HB-PHY 802.15.6 Walsh Artix-7 1084 32 114 6 Up to 10-3
[35] PHY 802.15.4 O-QPSK Artix-7 224 270 171 4.3 <10-4
Proposed UWB- DTR 802.15.4a BPM + BPSK Artix-7 209 268 91 6.86 2x10-4
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this manuscript, the IEEE 802.15.4a-based UWB-DTR hardware architecture is designed and
implemented on Artix-7 FPGA for WPANs applications. The UWB-DTR mainly offers low-cost
implementation, consumes low power, and operates at a better data rate with less BER. The UWB-DTR used
BPM-BPSK modulation techniques with a Viterbi decoding mechanism to transmit and receive data streams
in sequence. The timing synchronization mechanism is introduced on the UWB-RX side to recover the
corrupted data using the Viterbi decoding method. The simulation results prove that the designed architecture
receives the original data sequence within 39 clock cycles with minimal error. The UWB-DTR system
utilizes <2% chip resources at 268 MHz by consuming 91 mW of total power on Artix-7 FPGA. The UWB-
DTR system achieves a data rate of 6.86 Mbps, matching the IEEE 802.15.4a standard. The UWB-DTR
system achieves the BER of 2×10-4
by transmitting 105
input data bits. Compared with similar physical layer
transceivers, the UWB-DTR module outperforms them in chip area (slices), power, data rate, and BER. The
UWB-DTR module will be incorporated with a security algorithm to improve the system's security and
performance metrics.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Chávez-Santiago, I. Balasingham, and J. Bergsland, “4 ultrawideband technology in medicine: A survey,” Journal of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, vol. 2012, pp. 1–9, 2012, doi: 10.1155/2012/716973.
[2] V. Niemela, J. Haapola, M. Hamalainen, and J. Iinatti, “An ultra wideband survey: Global regulations and impulse radio research
based on standards,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 874–890, 2017, doi:
10.1109/COMST.2016.2634593.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CE BPM-TX BPSK Mod. BPSK
Demod.
BPM-RX VD UWB TX UWB RX UWB TR
Utilization
UWB-DTR (submodules )
Slices LUTs Fmax (MHz)
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless … (Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda)
4439
[3] D. Coppens, A. Shahid, S. Lemey, B. Van Herbruggen, C. Marshall, and E. De Poorter, “An overview of UWB standards and
organizations (IEEE 802.15.4, FiRa, Apple): Interoperability aspects and future research directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 10,
pp. 70219–70241, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187410.
[4] R. Hazra and A. Tyagi, “A survey on various coherent and non-coherent IR-UWB receivers,” Wireless Personal
Communications, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 2339–2369, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11277-014-1988-4.
[5] H. Nie and Z. Chen, “Performance evaluations for differential code-shifted reference ultra-wideband (UWB) radio,” in 2009 IEEE
International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Sep. 2009, pp. 274–278, doi: 10.1109/ICUWB.2009.5288719.
[6] H. Nie and Z. Chen, “Code-shifted reference transceiver for impulse radio ultra-wideband systems,” Physical Communication,
vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 274–284, Dec. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.phycom.2009.08.004.
[7] M. Ko and D. L. Goeckel, “Wireless physical-layer security performance of UWB systems,” in 2010 - MILCOM 2010 Military
Communications Conference, Oct. 2010, pp. 2143–2148, doi: 10.1109/MILCOM.2010.5680483.
[8] J. Sidorenko, V. Schatz, N. Scherer-Negenborn, M. Arens, and U. Hugentobler, “Error corrections for ultrawideband ranging,”
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 9037–9047, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2020.2996706.
[9] J. F. Schmidt, D. Neuhold, C. Bettstetter, J. Klaue, and D. Schupke, “Wireless connectivity in airplanes: challenges and the case
for UWB,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 52913–52925, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3070141.
[10] S. Kueppers, T. Jaeschke, N. Pohl, and J. Barowski, “Versatile 126–182 GHz UWB D-band FMCW radar for industrial and
scientific applications,” IEEE Sensors Letters, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–4, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/LSENS.2021.3130709.
[11] A. J. Abdullah Al-Gburi et al., “Super compact UWB monopole antenna for small IoT devices,” Computers, Materials &
Continua, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 2785–2799, 2022, doi: 10.32604/cmc.2022.028074.
[12] A. A.-G. Ahmed Jamal, I. Imran Mohd, and Z. Zahriladha, “An ultra-miniaturized MCPM antenna for ultra-wideband
applications,” Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 5012–5014, 2021, doi: 10.21272/jnep.13(5).05012.
[13] M. Santhi, S. Tungala, C. Balakrishna, and G. Lakshminarayanan, “Asynchronous pipelined MB-OFDM UWB transceiver on
FPGA,” in TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Nov. 2009, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/TENCON.2009.5396050.
[14] K. S. Mohammed, “FPGA implementation of PPM I-UWB baseband transceiver,” in Proceedings of the European computing
conference, 2009, pp. 663–674.
[15] D. Kreiser and S. Olonbayar, “Design and ASIC implementation of an IR-UWB-baseband transceiver for IEEE 802.15.4a,” in
2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nov. 2011, pp. 1–6, doi:
10.1109/WCSP.2011.6096880.
[16] S. Olonbayar, D. Kreiser, and R. Kraemer, “Performance and implementation of a multi-rate IR-UWB baseband transceiver for
IEEE802.15.4a,” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Sep. 2013, pp. 231–237, doi:
10.1109/ICUWB.2013.6663854.
[17] S. Olonbayar, D. Kreiser, and R. Kraemer, “FPGA and ASIC implementation and testing of IR-UWB baseband transceiver for
IEEE802.15.4a,” in 2014 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-WideBand (ICUWB), Sep. 2014, pp. 456–461, doi:
10.1109/ICUWB.2014.6959025.
[18] T. Shanthi and V. Krishnamurthi, “FPGA based frequency synthesizer for 14-band MB-OFDM UWB transceivers,” in 2016
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Technology and Science (ICETETS), Feb. 2016, pp. 1–4, doi:
10.1109/ICETETS.2016.7603072.
[19] T. d. S. M. Costa, “UWB using programmable logic,” Faculdade De Engenharia Da Universidade Do Porto, 2016.
[20] B. Benamrouche, A. Rumeau, and D. Dragomirescu, “Ultra-low power IR-UWB transceiver for wireless sensors network,” in
2017 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS), Oct. 2017, pp. 285–288, doi: 10.1109/SMICND.2017.8101227.
[21] C. Gimeno, D. Flandre, and D. Bol, “Analysis and specification of an IR-UWB transceiver for high-speed chip-to-chip
communication in a server chassis,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2015–2023,
Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2017.2765312.
[22] L. Qiu, S. Liu, Z. Fang, and Y. Zheng, “An adaptive beamforming technique for UWB impulse transceiver,” IEEE Transactions
on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 417–421, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2866614.
[23] A. Jayaprakash and P. Samundiswary, “Design and analysis of differential code shifted reference encoder and decoder for UWB
transceiver,” in 2018 International Conference on Control, Power, Communication and Computing Technologies (ICCPCCT),
Mar. 2018, pp. 13–17, doi: 10.1109/ICCPCCT.2018.8574221.
[24] V. Kopta and C. C. Enz, “A 4-GHz low-power, multi-user approximate zero-IF FM-UWB transceiver for IoT,” IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 2462–2474, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2019.2917837.
[25] L. Tantiparimongkol and P. Phasukkit, “IR-UWB pulse generation using FPGA scheme for through obstacle human detection,”
Sensors, vol. 20, no. 13, p. 3750, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20133750.
[26] B. Wang, H. Song, W. Rhee, and Z. Wang, “Overview of ultra-wideband transceivers—system architectures and applications,”
Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 481–494, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.26599/TST.2021.9010044.
[27] L. S. Committee and Others, “Part 15.4: wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-
rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs),” IEEE Computer Society, 2003.
[28] M. El Ayadi, Y. Rhazali, and M. Lahmer, “A proposed methodology to automate the software manufacturing through artificial
intelligence (AI),” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 201, pp. 627–631, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2022.03.082.
[29] C. G. Gavrincea, X. Artiga, A. Moragrega, C. Ibars, and M. di Renzo, “Flexible FPGA-DSP solution for an IR-UWB testbed,” in
2009 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Sep. 2009, pp. 413–417, doi: 10.1109/ICUWB.2009.5288795.
[30] A. Lecointre, D. Dragomirescu, and R. Plana, “Design and hardware implementation of a reconfigurable mostly digital IR-UWB
radio,” Romanian Journal of Information Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 295–318, 2008.
[31] Y. Shimizu, D. Anzai, and J. Wang, “FPGA implementation of UWB-IR receiver for in-body to out-of-body communication
performance evaluation,” in 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), Aug. 2014, pp. 1–3,
doi: 10.1109/URSIGASS.2014.6930110.
[32] P. Mathew, L. Augustine, D. Kushwaha, V. Desalphine, and A. David Selvakumar, “Implementation of NB PHY transceiver of
IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN on FPGA,” Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1109/VLSI-SATA.2015.7050452.
[33] C. H. Kizil, C. Diou, C. Tanougast, and D. Singer, “Hardware implementation of UWB-IR transceiver and receiver based on
wavelet packet transform for networked bio-sensors,” in 2016 International Conference on Bio-engineering for Smart
Technologies (BioSMART), Dec. 2016, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/BIOSMART.2016.7835608.
[34] M. Park et al., “Low-power, high data-rate digital capsule endoscopy using human body communication,” Applied Sciences,
vol. 8, no. 9, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.3390/app8091414.
[35] S. P. Guruprasad and B. S. Chandrasekar, “Design and implementation of 802.15.4 transceiver for wireless personal area
networks (WPANs) on FPGA,” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3,
pp. 2085–2089, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.35940/ijitee.C8926.019320.
9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 4432-4440
4440
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Santhosh Kumar Ramachandragowda is currently pursuing a Ph.D. from
Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru. His main research interests are wireless
communication and VLSI design. He is presently working as an assistant professor in the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of
Engineering, Bengaluru, with six years of academic service. He has published research articles
in reputed peer-reviewed journals and presented papers at six international conferences. He
can be contacted at rsanthoshkumar15ec@gmail.com.
Devaraju Ramakrishna completed a Ph.D. degree in the year 2016 from
Visvesvaraya Technological University in wireless networks. He is presently working as an
associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore. He has
presented papers at national and international conferences. He guided many UG and PG
projects and is having professional body membership MIEEE and is a member of BOS and
BOE. He completed 14 years of academic service. He can be contacted at devaraju-
ece@dsu.edu.in.
Rajashree Narendra completed her bachelor’s degree in electronics and
communication engineering from the University of Mysore, India, in 1988 and her master’s
degree in electrical engineering in the area of optical fiber communication at the University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, in 1992. She completed her doctoral program in electronics and
communication engineering in the susceptibility of electronics systems and devices by
electrostatic discharge at UVCE, Bangalore University, India. Her major field of study is
integrated optical devices, 5G wireless communication, wireless sensor networks, electrostatic
discharge, and EMI/EMC. She has about 33 years of research, industrial, and teaching
experience. She worked as a research engineer at TR Laboratories, Edmonton, Canada. She
worked as a Scientist at CEERI, CSIR Labs, Pilani, India. She worked as a consulting
engineer at FRIS Robotics Sdn. Bhd., Penang, Malaysia. She is currently a professor at the
Department of Electronics and Communication, School of Engineering, Dayananda Sagar
University, Bangalore. She worked as a professor and Head Department of
Telecommunications at BNM Institute of Technology, Bangalore. She has worked at BITS,
Pilani; PESIT, Bangalore; Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Bangalore, and East Point College of
Engineering and Technology, Bangalore. She has published and presented papers in IEEE
Transactions, Photonics Technology Letters, Springer Lecture Series, SPIE, IEEE–LEOS
International Conference, Saratov Fall Meet at Russia, Asia Pacific Symposium on EMC,
Beijing, China, PIERS–KL, Malaysia, IEEE AEMC, Kolkata, and INCEMIC-Bangalore. She
can be contacted at rajashree-ece@dsu.edu.in.