New Technologies That May Change the Economics of Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries The Cobalt Conference 2017 Cobalt Development Institute Marrakech, Morocco - May 17/18, 2017

1. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERICALIZATION
AMERICAN MANGANESE
CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACT REEARCH & TESTING COMPANY
The Cobalt Conference 2017
Cobalt Development Institute
Marrakech, Morocco
May 17/18, 2017
New Technologies That May Change the Economics of Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries

2. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
JUST THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA
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3. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
RAPIDLY GROWING MARKET
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4. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
INEVITABLE FUTURE
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5. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
LITHIUM ION BATTERY RECYCLING IS IN IT’S INFANCY
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6. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
CURRENT OPTIONS
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www.tesla.com/blog/mythbusters-part-3-recycling-our-non-toxic-battery-packs
SMELTER
SHRED AND COLLECT
METAL SLUDGE

7. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
APPLYING MINING TECHNOLOGY FOR RECYCLING LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
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AMERICAN MANGANESE
CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

8. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Mining Technology Developed for
Recovery of Mn from Low Grade Ores
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BACKGROUND

9. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
From Mine to Product
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Electrolytic Processing for EMD
Chemical Oxidation for CMD
MnCO3
MnO2
Button Cell
Batteries
Mn Mine
Low Grade Ore
LiB Cathode

10. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
THE OPPORTUNITY – LITHIUM ION BATTERY RECYCLING
Cost Breakdown of Lithium Ion Battery Pack
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Cathode
25%
Battery Pack
Management System
16%
Pack Thermal System
8%
Anode
Materials
8%
Depreciation of
Equipment
8%
Cell Labor
8%
Land Cost for Cell
Manufacturing
6%
Cell Fixed Cost
6%
Pack Labor
5%
Current Collectors
3%
Separators
3%
Electrolyte
1% Other
3%
http://articles.sae.org/14195/

11. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
TOTAL VEHICLE LI-ION BATTERY WORLD MARKET
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12. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
THE PROBLEM BECOMES THE OPPORTUNITY
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$-
$1.0
$2.0
$3.0
$4.0
$5.0
$6.0
$7.0
$8.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
$USDBillion
Year
World Vehicle Li-ion Battery Cathode Market

13. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
EXPANDING MARKET FOR PERSONAL ELECTRONICS
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14. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
COMPANIES AT THE FOREFRONT - INVESTING IN ELECTRONICS RECYCLING
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Reference: www.apple.com

15. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
ESTIMATED VALUE OF CATHODE RAW MATERIALS FOR APPLE
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Reference: Estimates based on calculations by Kemetco Research Inc.
iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPad Macbook References
Estimated Number of Units per Year 84753600 127130400 45590000 20000000Estimated from Annual Reports
Capacity (mAh) 1810 2900 10000 10000
LCO Capacity (mAh/g) 198 198 198 198
Weight of LCO per phone (g) 9.1 14.6 50.5 50.5
Weight of LCO (tonnes) 775 1862 2303 1010
Total Tonnes LiCoO2 775 1862 2303 1010
Weight of Co (Tonnes) 467 1121 1386 608
Weight of Li2CO3 (Tonnes) 292 703 869 381
Cost of Co ($US/tonne) $55,250 $55,250 $55,250 $55,250www.infomine.com
Li2CO3 ($US/tonnes) $14,500 $14,500 $14,500 $14,500www.energyresourcesdigest.com
Value in Co $25,775,923 $61,947,659 $76,603,230 $33,605,277
Value of Li2CO3 $4,240,836 $10,192,065 $12,603,303 $5,528,977
Total Cathode Raw Materials Value $30,016,759 $72,139,724 $89,206,533 $39,134,254
Estimated Total Cathode Raw Materials $230,497,270

16. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
SOCIAL ASPECT OF COBALT MINING
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Reference: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/congo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery/

17. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
CATHODE RECYCLING – ECONOMIC AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MINING
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AMERICAN MANGANESE
CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
New Technologies That May Change the Economics of Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries

18. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING
USING SPENT CATHODE AS A RESOURCE
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100% Extraction of Li and Co from LiCoO2

19. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Co Recovery
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Selective Precipitation of Co(OH)2

20. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Li Recovery
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Precipitation of Li2CO3

21. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Collected Products
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Co(OH)2 & Li2CO3

22. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
XRD of Commercial Grade vs Regenerated LiCoO2
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23. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Manufacture of Test Battery from Recycled Cathode
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24. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Proof of Concept Achieved
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25. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Simplified American Manganese Flowsheet
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Provisional Patent Application Filed. More Intellectual Property in the Works
Proprietary Operations Not Shown

26. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Rough Estimates of Cathode Recycling Opportunity – for Electric Vehicles
 2024 - $7.6 USD Billion per Year Cathode Materials for Vehicles
 Cathode Value $21.07 USD per Kg (based on rough estimate of raw materials Nov
2017)
 360,700,000 kg of Cathode Materials per Year
 988 Metric Tonnes per Day Cathode Materials
 Note: Cathode Value $38.66 USD per Kg (as of May 2017 due to increase in Co
Price)
 UPDATED 2024 - $13.9 USD Billion per Year Cathode Materials for Vehicles
 Consumer Electronics is Potentially a Larger Market
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27. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Rough Estimates of Reagent Cost
 Treating 1 Metric Tonne of LiCoO2 (Cathode)
 Input Reagents:
 0.33 Tonnes SO2 value at $196 USD
 1.00 Tonnes H2SO4 value at $200 USD
 1.62 Tonnes Na2CO3 value at $487 USD
 TOTAL REAGENT COST = $883 USD
 Output Values:
 0.38 Tonnes Li2CO3 value at $5,510 USD
 0.60 Tonnes Co (as metal) value at $33,150 USD
 TOTAL OUTPUT VALUE = $38,660 USD
 Note: Does not include utilities, amortized capital or labor
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28. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Mining and Processing
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LITHIUM
Mining: South America
Processing: South America
ALUMINUM
Mining: Australia
Refining: Middle East, Canada
NICKEL & COBALT
Mining: DRC, Canada
Smelting: China, Canada, Europe
Refining: China, Canada, Europe
MANGANESE
Mining: Africa
Refining: USA/China/Europe

29. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Potential Future Packaged Processing Plants
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Similar Chemistry to Cyanide Destruction Plant Delivered to Gold Mine in 2015
Packed Plant Fabrication and Shipping Reagent Metering System
Reactor Reagent Storage

30. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
VALUE PROPOSITION FOR RECYCLING
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31. CONTRACT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
LITHIUM ION BATTERY – CATHODE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
Contacts
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Larry Reaugh, President and CEO
Tel: (778) 574-4444
E-mail: lreaugh@amymn.com
Website: www.americanmanganeseinc.com
Norman Chow, President
Tel: (604) 273-3600
E-mail: nchow@kemetco.com
Website: www.kemetco.com