Alsindi 1 Dhari Alsindi Professor Cole POLS 372 14 April 2016 Homework #5 Poverty is responsible for a decrease in voter turnout. Therefore, what are the main components of poverty contributing to a decrease in voter turnout? The following essay will explore the significant voting factors that play a role in the poverty stricken societies. One indicator commonly used to measure voter turnout is the proportion of individuals who participate in the political system. Defining the underlying effects of decreasing voter turnout rates can be challenging. A low turnout may be due to disappointment or indifference, or even complacent satisfaction with the way the nation is being governed. Contrariwise, a high turnout rate may reflect compulsory voting laws or pressure. Voter turnout therefore societies do not maintain sufficient indicator of social cohesion. The vast majority of political analysts, however, consider a high voter turnout to be desirable to a low turnout because it indicates that the government is inclined to reflect the benefits of a larger share of the population. Low voter turnout suggests that the democratic system may not be replicating the happiness of all citizens. Voter turnout tends to be decrease among youth, those who are less educated, and those in lower income brackets. Literature Review The following article titled “Income Inequality, Redistribution, and Poverty: Contrasting Rational Choice and Behavioral Perspectives” written by Malte Luebker explores the difference in political representation from citizens according to their income. Income plays a large role within political participation in the United States of America. The article is grounded on the “standard axiom of individual utility maximization”. The author effectively offers research suggesting individuals who earn a higher income inequality translates into greater participation in influencing the median voter's participation. While numerous scholarly articles tested this suggestion, the journal continues through offering separated over the applicable degree for redistribution. The article often refers to additional articles that argue similar aspects. However, the current paper argues that the median voter theory suggests that comparative redistribution should rise in line with poverty. The article also provides empirical evidence. An empirical test was presented based on 110 observations from the Luxembourg Income Study ( LIS ). The results test the narrow concept of human motivation that supports rational choice, and highlight the importance of justice orientations that have been stressed in social economics. The article “What Affects Voter Turnout” by André Blais explores significant information related to the reasons why the United States faces lower voter turnout rates as opposed to other regions. The article mentions an effective question, “Why is turnout higher in some countries and/or in some elections than in others? And Why does it increase .

1. Alsindi 1
Dhari Alsindi
Professor Cole
POLS 372
14 April 2016
Homework #5
Poverty is responsible for a decrease in voter turnout.
Therefore, what are the main components of poverty
contributing to a decrease in voter turnout? The following essay
will explore the significant voting factors that play a role in the
poverty stricken societies. One indicator commonly used to
measure voter turnout is the proportion of individuals who
participate in the political system. Defining the underlying
effects of decreasing voter turnout rates can be challenging. A
low turnout may be due to disappointment or indifference, or
even complacent satisfaction with the way the nation is being
governed. Contrariwise, a high turnout rate may reflect
compulsory voting laws or pressure. Voter turnout therefore
societies do not maintain sufficient indicator of social cohesion.
The vast majority of political analysts, however, consider a high
voter turnout to be desirable to a low turnout because it
indicates that the government is inclined to reflect the benefits
of a larger share of the population. Low voter turnout suggests
that the democratic system may not be replicating the happiness
of all citizens. Voter turnout tends to be decrease among youth,
those who are less educated, and those in lower income
brackets.
Literature Review
The following article titled “Income Inequality, Redistribution,

2. and Poverty: Contrasting Rational Choice and Behavioral
Perspectives” written by Malte Luebker explores the difference
in political representation from citizens according to their
income. Income plays a large role within political participation
in the United States of America. The article is grounded on the
“standard axiom of individual utility maximization”. The author
effectively offers research suggesting individuals who earn a
higher income inequality translates into greater participation in
influencing the median voter's participation. While numerous
scholarly articles tested this suggestion, the journal continues
through offering separated over the applicable degree for
redistribution. The article often refers to additional articles that
argue similar aspects. However, the current paper argues that
the median voter theory suggests that comparative redistribution
should rise in line with poverty. The article also provides
empirical evidence. An empirical test was presented based on
110 observations from the Luxembourg Income Study ( LIS ).
The results test the narrow concept of human motivation that
supports rational choice, and highlight the importance of justice
orientations that have been stressed in social economics.
The article “What Affects Voter Turnout” by André Blais
explores significant information related to the reasons why the
United States faces lower voter turnout rates as opposed to
other regions. The article mentions an effective question, “Why
is turnout higher in some countries and/or in some elections
than in others? And Why does it increase or decrease over
time?” The article makes references to the political
participation within the United States. The journal continues
through answering the essential questions at hand. The author
utilizes pioneer studies of Powell and Jackman. This journal
seeks to address and present possible suggestions about the
causes of disparities in voter turnout. The author also includes
consistent support through providing empirical evidence. The
author also outlines paradoxes and gaps in the field and
suggests guidelines for forthcoming research.
In addition, within the journal titled “Residential Concentration,

3. Political Socialization” and Voter Turnout by Wendy K. Tam
Cho James G. Gimpel, and Joshua J. Dyck the authors
hypothesized neighborhoods from different social classes play a
large in voter turnout. Social environment are significant
impacts on the decision to vote. The provided data highlights
the effective examination of many forms of signifying statistics.
The authors mention a unique source of data, registered voter
lists, from a rich assortment of sites that allow the scholars to
investigate into this social voting involvement. The authors
emphasize their dynamic procedure of “multilevel research
design”. The article suggests that neighborhood context does
have a socializing impact on voters. Interestingly, depending on
the social status of the community neighborhoods sometimes
influence mobilization while at others times demobilize.
The Associated Press mentions in their article “Census Report
Shows Decline in Voting Among Low-Income Groups: Fourth
Edition” written by Randolph Schmid point out that the more
voters in wealthier groups showed up at the polls in November
1994. Around this the authors of this specific article mention,
“When Republicans were swept into power, Voting by low-
income Americans was down sharply in the November elections
that swept Republicans into control of Congress”. Most
importantly, voter turnout consisted of citizens who earned
$50,000 or more. Overall turnout was decreased from the prior
two off-year elections, notwithstanding the upsurges for higher-
income Americans.
To continue within the journal “The Comment & Debate: What's
the Matter with Voting Republican if You're Poor?: Low-income
Americans Don't Necessarily Vote in Their Own Economic
Interests; but It Doesn't Mean They're Patsies” by Gary Younge
interesting information is offered about voting trends. The
information provided in the article will serve as an effective
introduction within the topic of poverty and voter turnout in the
United States. The article shares recent United States census
data. Ever since President Bush was in office the presumed
influence in 2000 poverty has raised by 7%. Additionally, the

4. quantity of individuals lacking adequate healthcare shockingly
rose by 9%, and median household income declined by 3%.
The article “The Mobilization of Voters in Congressional
Elections” by Gregory A. Caldeiraa, Samuel C. Pattersona and
Gregory A. Markkoa investigates why is it that some voters go
to the polls on Election Day, and others do not? Researchers of
voting turnout have too frequently limited themselves to a
comparatively slim variety of independent variables, and have
been unsuccessful to contribute significant political effects in
studies. In this study, the authors share the development of five
substitute representations of electoral turnout, social-
psychological attitudes, legal limitations, socioeconomic
individualities, economic circumstances, and political
mobilization. All models will service effectively when
establishing the research paper surrounding poverty and low
turnout. The authors particularly underline the mobilization of
electorates via campaign spending, partisan competition, and
contestation of elections.
Interestingly enough those who are from poverty stricken
environments are not given or offered the opportunity to vote.
The Las Vegas sun writes in their article, “Shirking a voting
law: Requirement to help low-income people register is being
neglected”. While visiting offices that offer public assistance
individuals from poverty stricken communities, are typically
supposed to be asked if they are registered to vote. If the
individuals are not registered to vote then they should be
offered with available assistance.
This facility is specified in the National Voter Registration Act
of 1993. Many citizens are aware of this legislation widely
known as the Motor Voter Act. Most individuals only recall it
strictly for its responsibility that voter registration services be
obtainable at state motor vehicle branches. But this obligation
itself would not have attained the law's objective, which was to
upsurge the turnout at elections by creating it more suitable for
all persons to register to vote. However, several low-income
individuals do not own vehicles, the law also stated that public

5. aid workplaces must provide voter registration services.
Though, the article “Shirking a voting law: Requirement to help
low-income people register is being neglected” mentions 10
years after the law went into implementation, three public
support groups based in Washington D.C. “Project VOTE” and
the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now,
which has headquarters all over the globe started to research
public aid agencies to see if they were obeying. The authors
express through their research they found that countless states
were abandoning their responsibility of offering and providing
basic services. Due to this issue many poverty stricken
individuals are not registered to vote and therefore impact our
voter turnout rate. Las Vegas Sun reporter Timothy Pratt states,
“About the groups' recently finished report in Friday's paper.
The report, which covers 1995 through 2006, faults Nevada for
a lackluster effort in recent years. It documents that 13,200
people were registered at state public assistance offices in 1995.
That number, however, had fallen to 3,307 by 2006”. The report
itself also offered information that outlines that 53 percent of
Nevada's low-income citizens 18 years of age and older are not
registered to vote. The authors argue that Nevada secretary of
state and county administrators must reactivate voter
registration platforms at public assistance agencies.
References
Berzofsky, Marcus, Lance Couzens, Erika Harrell, Lynn
Langton, and Hope Smiley-McDonald.
"Household Poverty And Nonfatal Violent Victimization, 2008–
2012." United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (2014): n. pag.
Web. 10 Apr. 2016.
<http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5137>.
Blais, André. "WHAT AFFECTS VOTER TURNOUT?" Annual
Review of Political Science 9
(n.d.): 111-25. CSUN Library. Annual Reviews Connect with
Our Experts, 12 Dec. 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.
<http://www.annualreviews.org.libproxy.csun.edu/doi/abs/10.11

6. 46/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121>.
Gregory A. Caldeira, Samuel C. Patterson and Gregory A.
Markko (1985). The Mobilization of
Voters in Congressional Elections. The Journal of Politics, 47,
pp 490-509. doi:10.2307/2130893.
Luebker, Malte. "Income Inequality, Redistribution, and
Poverty: Contrasting Rational Choice
and Behavioral Perspectives." Review of Income and Wealth,
60.1 (2014): 133-154.
Press, RANDOLPH E. SCHMID - The Associated. "CENSUS
REPORT SHOWS DECLINE in
VOTING AMONG LOW-INCOME GROUPS: FOURTH
Edition." The Oregonian, (1995): .
"Shirking a Voting Law: Requirement to Help Low-income
People Register is Being Neglected."
Las Vegas Sun, (2008): .
Younge, Gary. "Comment & Debate: What's the Matter with
Voting Republican if You're Poor?:
Low-income Americans Don't Necessarily Vote in Their Own
Economic Interests; but It Doesn't Mean They're Patsies." The
Guardian (London, England), (2006): 27.
General instructions
· Divide the essay with subtitles (a subtitle for each question)
· References MUST be included
· Use JOURNAL ARTICLE references
· Times new roman, pt. 12, 1.5 spacing
· Do NOT include a front page, just start with the introduction
· Do NOT include a header or footer

7. · Do NOT include page numbers
Question
Using an essay format of no more than 2500 words, and based
on what you learned in T205B concept file 04 section I
“Organizations are They Rational”, readings 01 and 07, section
III “Structure”, section IV development, section V culture and
climate, and section VI “Decision Making” and based on the
ideas put forth in the attached case study:
Introduction (around 50-100 words): for example, In this essay
different aspects of an organization are discussed in regard to
the given case study. First, the organizational culture is defined,
and then the…… etc.
1- Describe what is meant by organizational culture and the
functions of organizational culture; word Count 350 words (7.5
% marks).
Define organizational culture (include reference for the
definition)
Explain each of the functions of organizational culture, and link
them to the case study (include reference where possible)
2- Discuss what is meant by organizational structure and the
different forms of structure; word Count 350 words (7.5 %
marks).
Define organizational structure (include reference for the
definition)
Explain the different types of structures (include reference
where possible)
State which structure Jaguar has
3- Analyze the role of organizational culture and structure in
shaping organizational effectiveness and performance, looking
at how adopting the wrong culture and or structure can lead to
failure. Assess the role of Jaguar’s organizational culture and
structure on performance. word count 700 (30 % Marks).

8. State which kind of structure Jaguar has and its advantages in
organizational effectiveness and performance (include
references for the advantages)
State which kind of culture Jaguar has and its advantages in
organizational effectiveness and performance (include
references for the advantages)
4- Discuss the meaning of the “Organizational Development”
and “Organizational Learning” concepts and assess their
importance to an organization’s performance. Assess the
organizational development capability of Jaguar, and analyze
whether it is a learning organization, looking at how this has
affected its performance. Word Count 350 word. (10% marks).
Define organizational development (include reference)
Define organizational learning (include reference)
State the advantages of organizational development on
performance
State the advantages of organizational learning on performance
Talk about the organizational development and organizational
learning taking place in Jaguar, and how it affects their
performance
5- Assess how change can be implemented in an organization,
and how resistance to change can be dealt with; word Count 350
Words. (15% Marks).
Define organizational change
Define resistance to change (include reference)
State the ways in which resistance can be dealt with (include
reference where possible)

9. Conclusion (50-100 words)
3
2
ARAB OPEN UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF BUSINESS
SYSTEMS’ THINKING & PRACTICE - T205B TMA CASE
STUDY - SPRING 2016
Transforming the culture at Jaguar -A Jaguar case study
Introduction
This case study looks at how Jaguar, one of the world's most
prestigious car manufacturers, has been involved in a culture
change programme to create new ways of working for the
twenty-first century.
Corporate culture reflects the personality of an organisation. It
includes the shared beliefs and the policies and procedures that
determine the ways in which the organisation and its people
behave and solve business problems. You can quickly get a feel
for the culture of an organisation just by looking around and
talking to the people who work for it. For example, some
organisations are very dynamic and their people are encouraged
to take risks. Others are backward looking and rarely take risks.
The culture of the organisation provides the meaning, direction
and clarity (the human glue) that drives the business to achieve
its goals. From time to time, it becomes necessary to change the
culture of an organisation to make sure that it fits the
environment in which the organisation operates.
Changes in the car industry
The car industry has changed dramatically. At the start of the
twentieth century, the industry was dominated by the
achievements of Henry Ford who created a manufacturing
system that was known as Fordism. In Fordist organisations, the
manufacturing system was geared towards creating standardised

10. products such as the Model T Ford.
The needs of the production line determined the life of the
production line worker. Workers knew exactly what was
expected of them and were given set periods to carry out
particular operations. This system was very successful, lowered
production costs and brought the motor car within the budget of
the ordinary family in the west. However, during the 1980s the
car industry was transformed by new manufacturing approaches
from Japan. Japanese success was based partly on the
competitive prices they were able to ask for their products and
services, but mainly on their quality.
The concept of Total Quality Management (TQM) was
developed in the US after the end of World War Two but was
implemented first in Japan. It changed the balance of world
trade and led many companies in the west to rethink their
attitudes, policies and structure. TQM can only operate when
responsibility and power are delegated downwards through all
levels of the organisation.
Responding to changing demands
As the world became more competitive, organisations had to
respond quickly to rapidly changing demands. They could no
longer rely on producing standardised products but had to
manage a wider portfolio of associated products. This demanded
increased flexibility, and the active co-operation of a versatile
and increasingly skilled workforce. In the 1980s and the 1990s,
many American and European companies adopted more flexible
Japanese ways of working so they could respond quickly to
changing market conditions.
In recent years the world car industry has been rationalised.
Instead of hundreds of car companies world-wide, there are ten
major global players. Part of this rationalisation has seen the
development of a new Ford group of companies. In the 1990s
Ford took control of Jaguar. It recently renovated the Halewood
plant to produce the new X400 Jaguar and created a new way of
working. Many of the employees at Halewood had previously
produced Ford Escorts using traditional manufacturing

11. techniques, in which they were not encouraged to show
initiative. They now needed to learn new approaches to work
which involved empowerment and flexibility; more
responsibility was given to the operative at the sharp end of
production. What better place to introduce a culture change than
by starting with a prestige marque like Jaguar?
Strategy
To manage the change process at the Jaguar plant, Ford worked
closely with a consultancy group called Senn Delaney
Leadership. Senn Delaney believes that it is important to align
the culture, structure and the strategy of an organisation. The
organisation that seeks to change its strategy without changing
its culture will experience resistance to change. The successful
management of change is crucial.
The strategy of the organisation includes the overall business
direction and the plan to achieve it. Structure includes the
organisational design and model, the processes, systems,
policies and procedures that support it. Organisations involved
in the change process often focus on strategy and structure and
neglect culture change. As a result, the existing culture acts like
an invisible anchor that drags the business down.
Teamwork approach
In the motor industry in the early 1990s, many employees were
not used to making decisions for themselves. They expected to
be told what to do. This slowed down change when companies
wanted to move on to self-managed teamwork approaches. In
the 1990s Jaguar redesigned its approaches to work to create an
environment in which employees were encouraged to ‘take
ownership’. They would be involved in managing a process of
continuous improvement that revolved around ‘lean production’.
Lean production involves standardising work processes to cut
out waste. The standard set is the best identified method of
operation at a particular moment in time. This standard is
continuously improved. The key to lean production is to
identify which production processes add value. Processes which

12. do not add value are cut out so that labour and machinery can
focus on added value activities. To introduce lean production at
Halewood it was necessary to transform existing attitudes in the
workforce. Employees had to take responsibility for introducing
new working methods and to continuously suggest further
improvements. They would work in small teams with a team
leader.
The Jaguar Vision
To transform working patterns at Halewood, a Halewood
Difference Programme was introduced based on a new vision
and set of guiding values and behaviours. Jaguar targets
industry leadership in quality, value for money, customer care
and human resource management. Compatible with these targets
the vision for the Halewood body and assembly plant is:
· a world class vehicle manufacturing facility producing Jaguar
cars for the shrewd luxury car buyer, providing maximum job
satisfaction and security
· a safe environment in which highly motivated employees
demonstrate a pride, passion in the product and a serious desire
to drive continuous improvements
· a management that respects its employees and is committed to
best practices in terms of fairness, recruitment,
communications, training, education, diversity and individual
employee welfare
· management and employees working together to achieve
shared goals, volume and job growth opportunities
· the leading manufacturer in the community, fulfilling
environmental responsibilities and proactive in supporting local
initiatives.
Guiding values and behaviours set out a picture of how people
within the plant would work with each other and with external
customers on a day-to-day basis. This provided the basis for a
new organisational culture. On a day-to-day basis Halewood
people would focus on:
· Quality: consistently delivering world-class quality products

13. and service.
· Customer focus: striving to exceed customer expectations.
· Accountability/Responsibility: being accountable and
responsible for their personal conduct and their tasks.
· Respect: treating each other with respect, dignity, courtesy
and having pride in the workplace.
· Open communication: openly communicating with each other
regardless of level.
· Teamwork: working together for the good of Halewood as
members of one team.
· Adaptability and flexibility: showing a commitment to
embrace change.
The Halewood programme stimulated a more open and
democratic relationship between managers and employees as
employees became key decision makers
Conclusion
Successful implementation of the X400 production system at
Halewood is based on three pillars.
1. An emphasis on quality at every stage in the production of
the new cars.
2. The culture change programme – creating an empowered,
entrepreneurial and committed workforce, and
3. Establishing centres of excellent practice across the
organisation which act as benchmarks for improving
performance in areas carrying out similar operations.
New facilitators will take the change process forward even
further. They are being coached by existing facilitators and
throughout the organisation employees are being formed into
empowered teams to drive lean production forward. The
Halewood plant will provide the benchmark for improvements
across the Ford organisation in the UK.
1
Alsindi 1

14. Dhari Alsindi
Professor Cole
POLS 372
29 March 2016
Homework #4
Hypothesis: Poverty is responsible for a decrease in voter
turnout.
The stated hypothesis explores why in poverty stricken cities
voter turnout is lower as opposed to other wealthy cities. An
independent variable is one that influences another variable,
called a dependent variable. The independent variable in this
case is known as “poverty”. A dependent variable in a causal or
social scientific analysis, the dependent variable is the variable
the researcher seeks to explore. It is typically the result or
effect in a causal relationship. The dependent variable is
“decrease in voter turnout”.
Within the datasets and surveys displayed in the class code
book I will explore the survey that indicates INTPRIM interest
in primary election. The questions within this category lean
toward understanding the general interest of primary elections.
In addition, I will also explore INTELECT interest in general
election through understanding the interest individuals have you
can properly conclude on the concluding turn out. For example,
5605, 6004, 6005, 6006, 6007 “How much interest would you
say you have in this year’s presidential election – a great deal,
just a moderate interest, only a little interest, or no interest at
all?”
Sage Journal:
1.
Escaleras, Monica, Peter Calcagno, and William Shughart.
"Corruption and Voter Participation:
Evidence from the US States." Public Finance Review, 40.6
(2012): 789-815.
The article explores the aspects behind voter turnout. The
factors that play a role within voter turnout are outlined for

15. example, more educated voters, unemployed relation between
voter turnout and respect to the poverty rate.
2.
Pacheco, Julianna, and Eric Plutzer. "Stay in School, Don't
Become a Parent: Teen Life
Transitions and Cumulative Disadvantages for Voter Turnout."
American Politics Research, 35.1 (2007): 32-56.
The article will be useful through my research because it
provides information in regards to early parenthood leads to
increased risk of dropping out of high school. Therefore with
lack of education there is impact of influential life events on
later political participation and voter turnout.
3.
Avery, James M, and Mark Peffley. "Voter Registration
Requirements, Voter Turnout, and
Welfare Eligibility Policy: Class Bias Matters." State Politics &
Policy Quarterly, 5.1 (2005): 47-67.
The article explores the idea behind lower-class voter
mobilization and how it can affect the ability of the
disadvantaged to achieve policies and voter turnout. In addition,
it explores how in states with limiting voter registration laws
usually unfair toward upper-class turnout.
EBSCOhost:
1. Journal of Politics . May2005, Vol. 67 Issue 2, p515-535.
21p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph.
The article explores voter turnout in diverse cities. Most
especially, the information explains the uneven turnout in city
politics.
2.
Flavin, P. "Does Higher Voter Turnout Among the Poor Lead to
More Equal Policy
Representation?." Social Science Journal, 49.4 (2012): 405-412.
The journal studies the disparity within the political
representation within the wealthy citizens and the poor citizens.
The article highlights how wealthy citizens vote at much higher
rates than citizens with low incomes.

16. 3.
Avery, James M, and Mark Peffley. "Voter Registration
Requirements, Voter Turnout, and
Welfare Eligibility Policy: Class Bias Matters." State Politics &
Policy Quarterly, 5.1 (2005): 47-67.
The journal emphasis that welfare spending and welfare
enrollees significantly affects voter turnout rates. The article
highlights the relationships between voter turnout rates and per
capita welfare expenditures of the U.S. states in 2000, 2002,
2004, and 2006 are analyzed.
Google Scholar:
1.
Rosenstone, Steven J.. “Economic Adversity and Voter
Turnout”. American Journal of Political
Science 26.1 (1982): 25–46. Web...
The states article explores surveys that are used to estimate the
effect that unemployment, poverty, and a decline in financial
well-being have on voter turnout. The article highlights each
economic problem suppresses participation and voter turnout.
2.
Blais, André. "What affects voter turnout?." Annu. Rev. Polit.
Sci. 9 (2006): 111-125.
The article asks the question Why is turnout higher in some
countries and/or in some elections than in others? The journal
also establishes which proposals about the reasons of
differences in turnout are dependably supported by empirical
evidence
3.
Brady, David. "The politics of poverty: left political
institutions, the welfare state, and poverty."
Social Forces 82.2 (2003): 557-588.
This article investigates the impact of left political institutions
on a nations amount of poverty and voter turnout. The analysis
tests three possible causal relationships: whether left political
institutions affect poverty separately from the welfare state etc.
Expanded Academic ASAP:

17. 1.
Ernsberger, Richard, Jr. "'A more unified community'."
American History 50.5 (2015): 18+.
Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.
The article explores the historical relevance to poverty and
voter turnout. The article provides historical evidence of the
process of voter turnout and its effects.
2.
Levinson, Daryl, and Benjamin I. Sachs. "Political
entrenchment and public law." Yale Law
Journal Nov. 2015: 441+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 29
Mar. 2016.
The article provides information in regards to the limitation
involved with voting. The journal also explains why poverty and
the process of voting itself decreases voter turnout.
3.
Whiting, Alana. "Abysmal voting turnout." Kai Tiaki: Nursing
New Zealand Nov. 2015: 3.
Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.
The article explores the reasons to terrible voting turnout. The
article explores questions that explain the effects and reasons
why individual do not vote.