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Allowances and Time
standards
Constant
Variable
Personal needs
Basic Fatigue
Abnormal position
Muscular strength
Environment conditions
Noise Level
Lighting Level
Visual Effort
Mental effort
Monotony
Tedium
Special Avoidable and non avoidable delays
Per policy
Based on energy consumption on sitting position, stand up or flex
Muscle Strength
• Muscle fatigue and recovery
• Weight, Peso, holding
*ILO = International Labour Office, USA, 1957
Noise level
*OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
D = C1/T1 + C2/T2+…. <= 1
RA = 100 X (D-1)
RA: Relaxation allowance
D: noise dose
C: time spent at specified noise level (h)
T: time permitted (OSHA)
A worker may be exposed to 95 dBA noise for 3 h and 90 dBA noise for 5 h
D= 3/4 + 5/8 = 1.375 >1
RA = 100 X (1.375 -1) = 37.5%
Illumination Levels
Visual strain
• Background luminance of the task/ foot-lamberts (fL)
• Contrast (This is the difference between the luminance levels of the target
and the background.)
• Time available for observation
• Size of target, measured as a visual angle in arc minutes
% Det = 81 𝑥 𝐶0.2 𝑥 𝐿0.045 𝑥 𝑇−0.003 𝑥 𝐴0.199
%Det % targets detected (0–100%)
C= Contrast (0.001-1.8)
L = background luminance (1-100 fL)
T = viewing time (0.001 – 1 s)
A = visual angle (1 – 64 arc-min)
Others
• Mental Strain / ILO
• 1% Fairly complex process
• 4% process requiring a complex or wide span of attention
• 8% very complex process
• Monotony
• “the result of repeated use of certain mental faculties, as in mental
arithmetic” . Low monotony = no additional allowance; medium monotony
1%, high monotony 4%.
• Tediousness
• “repeated use of certain members of the body, such as fingers, hands, arms or legs”.
0% for rather tedious task, 2% for a tedious task and 5% for a very tedious task.
Allowances
Exercises, 2, 5, 7
Ex 2 – TN = 6.8 min
Ex 5 – TN = 15 min
Ex 7 – TN = 8.5 min
Calculate Std time
and how many pieces
can be produced in
an 8 hrs shift.
Bibliography
• Niebel, B. W., Freivalds, A., & Niebel, B. W. (2009). Methods,
standards, and work design (12th ed). Boston, USA: WCB/McGraw-Hill.

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Allowances and Time Standards

  • 2. Constant Variable Personal needs Basic Fatigue Abnormal position Muscular strength Environment conditions Noise Level Lighting Level Visual Effort Mental effort Monotony Tedium Special Avoidable and non avoidable delays Per policy Based on energy consumption on sitting position, stand up or flex
  • 3. Muscle Strength • Muscle fatigue and recovery • Weight, Peso, holding *ILO = International Labour Office, USA, 1957
  • 4. Noise level *OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration D = C1/T1 + C2/T2+…. <= 1 RA = 100 X (D-1) RA: Relaxation allowance D: noise dose C: time spent at specified noise level (h) T: time permitted (OSHA) A worker may be exposed to 95 dBA noise for 3 h and 90 dBA noise for 5 h D= 3/4 + 5/8 = 1.375 >1 RA = 100 X (1.375 -1) = 37.5%
  • 6. Visual strain • Background luminance of the task/ foot-lamberts (fL) • Contrast (This is the difference between the luminance levels of the target and the background.) • Time available for observation • Size of target, measured as a visual angle in arc minutes % Det = 81 𝑥 𝐶0.2 𝑥 𝐿0.045 𝑥 𝑇−0.003 𝑥 𝐴0.199 %Det % targets detected (0–100%) C= Contrast (0.001-1.8) L = background luminance (1-100 fL) T = viewing time (0.001 – 1 s) A = visual angle (1 – 64 arc-min)
  • 7. Others • Mental Strain / ILO • 1% Fairly complex process • 4% process requiring a complex or wide span of attention • 8% very complex process • Monotony • “the result of repeated use of certain mental faculties, as in mental arithmetic” . Low monotony = no additional allowance; medium monotony 1%, high monotony 4%. • Tediousness • “repeated use of certain members of the body, such as fingers, hands, arms or legs”. 0% for rather tedious task, 2% for a tedious task and 5% for a very tedious task.
  • 9. Exercises, 2, 5, 7 Ex 2 – TN = 6.8 min Ex 5 – TN = 15 min Ex 7 – TN = 8.5 min Calculate Std time and how many pieces can be produced in an 8 hrs shift.
  • 10. Bibliography • Niebel, B. W., Freivalds, A., & Niebel, B. W. (2009). Methods, standards, and work design (12th ed). Boston, USA: WCB/McGraw-Hill.