Alkaline Batteries

Alkaline Batteries
Batteries are machines that turn chemical energy into electrical energy by combining different
chemicals. (What is a battery, n.d). The difference alkaline batteries and other types of batteries is
alkaline batteries are not reusable while of the other battery types are. (What are Batteries, 2014).
Despite how many times the various battery types can be used, they are all made of the same
chemicals. When electrons flow in the battery, it creates an electrical current that powers things. The
battery puts the right chemicals in the right relationships, and then puts a wall between them. When
the two opposite sides of a battery are connected by a conductor, the electrons flow (The Columbia
Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2012).
The three main parts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment concluded that the player must take important precautions in order to prevent
temperature related injuries. The player was said to wear proper clothing,drink plenty of water or
other fluid, and have scheduled periods of rest. (temperature, n.d).
Another experiment was conducted testing the effect of temperature on computer performance. This
experiment suggested that overheated computers can begin to slow down. The computers may also
shut off. The experiment also argues that cool temperatures were not as dangerous as warm
temperatures, but they could still do damage to the booting of the computer. However, this
experiment also concluded that having a temperature that is too cool can be dangerous. If the
computer is too cool, it will boot up too quickly which will cause the circuit to expand for good
(Michael O. Smathers & Demand Media.,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Case Study : Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
Introduction
Duracell is a globally successful fast moving consumer goods company that, according to
BrandGuide, is the market leader with excellent brand recognition. Duracell manufactures a vast
amount of batteries and other products. Duracell is known today for being dependable and making
long lasting batteries.
Company Information
Duracell has been innovating in the battery industry since day one. Duracell was the first to create
the mercury cell battery that was in many ways superior to the zinc carbon batteries. Previously,
Duracell was called The Mallory Battery company after P.R. Mallory, who partnered with Samuel
Ruben in the 1920's. (Duracell Batteries). Mallory Battery Company was renamed in 1964.
Owners of the Brand
Duracell was previously owned by Proctor and Gamble, in 2014 Berkshire Hathaway Inc. made a
move to purchase the company. (Reuters). Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is an American multinational
conglomerate holding company. They are a strong parent brand with quite a few subsidiary brands.
Fruit of the Loom, GEICO Auto Insurance, Helzberg Diamonds, Kraft Heinz, and Pampered Chef,
just to name a few.
Products Offered
Duracell offers alkaline batteries, rechargeable batteries and chargers, coin/button batteries, hearing
aid batteries, specialty batteries, USB battery packs and other products.
(Duracell Batteries)
Brand Extensions
Category extensions for Duracell would be products such as their LED lighting, solar lighting,
flashlights and keyless entry

Electro-Chemical Cells Lab Report
Unit P4 Electro–Chemical Cells.
Redox reaction.
The procedure for producing EMF in an electrochemical cell is due to an internal chemical reaction
which is the redox reaction this is a reaction that involves electrons being transferred from the
reducing agent to the oxidizing agent.
The reaction is between the electrolyte and negative electrode which will create a buildup of free
electrons, each of which has a negative charge at the anode of the battery which is the negative
terminal.
The chemical reaction which occurs between the electrolyte and the positive electrode internally in
the battery then produces a buildup of positive ions, which are atoms that are missing electrons. The
positive ions buildup at the cathode of the battery which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
–They do not require being fully discharged before re–charging unlike some other batteries (No
memory effect).
–Have the capability of handling hundreds of charge and discharge cycles.
Disadvantages:
–High temperatures can cause damage to the battery cause it to degrade at a much faster rate than
normally.
–If the battery is entirely discharged it cannot then be recharged and is no good.
–Lithium batteries have a chance of bursting into flames if used under incorrect conditions.
Alkaline batteries:
In an alkaline battery the anode of the battery is constructed of a zinc powder and the cathode of the
battery is made of manganese dioxide, the electrolyte in an alkaline battery is potassium hydroxide.
The majority of alkaline batteries are not able to be charged after they have been discharged. Some
alkaline batteries can be recharged which involves the reversal of the chemical reaction between the
anode and cathode; this will allow the battery to be either partially or completely recharged.
Charging some alkaline batteries can result in the casing of the battery splitting and

Battery Essay
Literary review:
1.1 What is a Battery?
A battery is defined as being an electrochemical cell that has the ability to turn chemical energy into
electrical energy. All batteries contain an anode, cathode, electrolyte and a separator. The difference
between distinct types of batteries are the materials used as the electrodes and electrolyte. There are
two types of battery categories in which all batteries can fall under, the primary battery which is a
single use battery cell and the secondary battery cell which can be recharged and used numerous
times.1 Secondary batteries especially the lithium ion battery (LIB) have successfully taken over the
electronics market in the last two decades. LIBs power everyday items such as laptops, smartphones
and numerous other gadgets that are used in our daily lives.2
1.2. Reduction/Oxidation:
A Battery operates through electrochemical reactions called oxidation and reduction reactions also
known as redox reactions. Redox reactions refer to the exchange of electrons between chemical
species. Oxidation occurs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In both kinds of electrochemical cells, the anode is the electrode at which the oxidation half–
reaction occurs, and the cathode is the electrode at which the reduction half–reaction occurs. The
main difference between an electrolytic cell and a galvanic cell is that a Galvanic cell converts
chemical energy into electrical energy. An electrolytic cell converts electrical energy into chemical
energy. Galvanic cells are driven by spontaneous chemical reactions that produce an electric current
through an outside current. This means that the chemical energy that is released by spontaneous
redox reactions is converted into electrical energy. Electrolytic cells do the reverse by driving a
non–spontaneous redox reaction by way of converting electrical energy into chemical energy by
reversing the electron flow to that of the spontaneous flow of the galvanic

Hydrogen Batteries And Fuel Cells
Introduction– Batteries/Fuel Cells Fuel cells operate via a chemical reaction which generates
electricity. All fuel cells contain a positive anode, a negative cathode and an electrolyte to carry the
charged particles through the cell. They also contain a catalyst which will increase the rate of the
reaction occurring. The electricity produced can then used to power various appliances. This, in
turn, creates a circuit with the current continually flowing in and out of the cell until the reaction
ceases . Recently the development metal–air batteries (which can be produced from a range of
metals from Aluminium to Zinc Primary and Secondary Batteries) have become very important.
They are used to power electric vehicles and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O2 + 2H2O+4e–→4OH– Hence the following radox reaction occurs : Mg→Mg2++2e– O2 +
H2O+4e–→4OH– 2Mg +O2+ 2H20→Mg2++4OH– The voltage theoretical voltage and specific
energy density of a magnesium–air fuel cell is 3.1V and 6.8kWhkg–1iii hence has the potential for
creating highly efficient fuel cells in the future. This coupled with the fact that there is no shortage
of Magnesium on the planet means that the resources, although finite, are unlikely to run out and so
Magnesium is an ideal material to use. Also the properties of the metal, such as reactivity, toxicity
etc are ideal for this applicationi. Materials Involved in the production of Magnesium Air Batteries
Anode As mentioned previously the anode is composed of Magnesium metal (atomic weight 24.312
) and is oxidised to produce electrons. The reason this metal is used because it is lightweight, cheap
and has a high standard potential. These fuel cells are also generally very durable and can be easily
stored. Easy storage is made possible by the fact that a protective film is naturally produced over the
positive anode. However this decreases once some of the energy has been released from the cell.
Hence it is not ideal to be used in a situation where over a long period of time there are times when
the cell is not being used. This is part of the reason why lithium batteries are

Chemistry's Presence in Technology Isn't Always Blatantly...
It is typical when analyzing technology for the presence of chemistry to be hardly noticed or failed
to be seen at all. This is a false assessment, and is caused by simply not looking close enough.
Chemistry's presence is not always blatantly obvious, even though it is truly at the root of most all
technology we use on a daily basis. One of the fields of technology that we do in fact use on a daily
basis that chemistry impacts, and therefore impacts whole other genres of technology, is the battery.
Although often taken for granted, the battery is a huge part of the technology we use today and
chemistry is integral to it. The advancement of chemistry advances the technology and materials we
use to make batteries and therefore advances a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the foundation of the battery's origin understood, a basic understanding of how a battery works
is needed to see how new resources improved upon it. A battery consists of one or many cells.
Within a cell there is a cathode and an anode that are separated by an electrolyte. The electrolyte is
typically an acid or a salt. When a closed circuit is made between the anode and the cathode, the
positive ions move from the anode to the cathode, and the negative ions move from the cathode to
the anode. The movement of ions causes a current that can be harnessed (Battery 168). The whole
idea of a battery is a chemistry concept, but where chemistry is useful now is finding new materials
for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte to make stronger currents. It is easy to see that current day
batteries have advanced beyond using vinegar and iron bars such as the Parthian Battery. Typical
batteries today are alkaline batteries. These batteries are far more complex than the Parthian Battery
and use a wide array of elements to create a strong current. Alkaline batteries are able to be and used
because of knowledge we have gained through chemistry research. It was not by accident that
certain elements came together to create an alkaline battery, it was through pursuit in the
understanding of chemistry. The battery was able to be advanced by discovery of new resources that
were found to be useful in a battery cell, and this concept

Investigating The Kinetic Parameters Of The Enzyme...
Introduction 2
General Background 2
Focused background 2
Experimental 3
Materials and reagents 3
Procedure and methods 3
Data and calculations 5
Record of all raw data (results) 5
Calculations 5
Results and discussion 16
Interpretation 16
Discussion of significance of result 17
Conclusions 18
References 18
Introduction
Aim: to determine the kinetic parameters of the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase General Background
Alkaline Phosphatase is a group of enzymes found in certain tissues (including the bile duct, bones
and the liver). Based on its specific location each enzyme will present with a different structure. The
highest concentration of the enzyme is found in the liver, and so is used as a liver function test ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Focused background
Alkaline phosphatase will behave like a protein, due to the fact that it is a glycoprotein. Utilizing the
above mentioned information it is possible to test for the optimum pH. Alkaline phosphatase will
function optimally at a pH of around 10 (an alkaline pH). If one was to assess the range of the pH
pertaining to this enzyme, it can be seen that there will be a point where the enzyme has the greatest
activity, whereby it produces the highest concentration of the so–called "product". Due to the
previous knowledge of proteins, it can be deduced that at acidic pH the protein will have very low
activity or will denature. It should also be noted that once the optimal pH has been reached and
surpassed, the enzymes rate of activity will begin to reduce. As previously stated, temperature is
another variable that can affect the enzyme reaction rate. At low temperatures there will be little to
no activity but as the temperature is increased so the rate of activity will increase. However, just like
pH, once the optimal temperature is reached and surpassed, the enzyme will begin to break apart.
The enzyme will be experimentally tested using temperatures around room temperature (27℃). Due
to the fact that there is a human application the enzyme will continue to be tested until temperatures

of human death (45℃). After the testing is completed it can be deduced what temperatures create an
optimum environment for the normal functioning of the enzyme. One

Gillette's Acquisition of Duracell
Key Issues
The Gillette Company was founded in 1901 in a small office in Boston. Since its departure, Gillette
has positioned itself as one of the most recognizable brands not only through their safety razor
blades, but also through corporate diversification. This included the acquisition of a number of
major companies, most recently Duracell. Prior to this acquisition, the Duracell Corporation had
been the leading producer of alkaline batteries in the United States and maintained consistent
growth in revenues from 1991–1996. Since their purchase of Duracell, their stock price has fallen
45% to a low of $34. The issue for Gillette is to determine if they can promote the profitable growth
of their acquisition.
Decision Criteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rivalry in this industry has become so intense that it is not uncommon for these companies to
bring each other to court for various claims made in their new product launches. Outside of the
competitive environment potential opportunities in large developing economies (like India) have an
untapped market with regard to the alkaline batteries. The conversion from zinc–carbon batteries to
alkaline was much slower outside the United States then anticipated and this hindered international
sales for some battery companies. Alkaline batteries in these foreign markets only make up 3%
compared to 70% in the United States. The reason for the slow conversion in the foreign markets is
due to tough economic times and the high cost associated with setting up manufacturing facilities
capable of alkaline production.
Internal: Prior to Gillette acquiring Duracell in 1996, the Duracell Corporation maintained a
constant growth in revenue (about 8% annually). Gillette and Duracell both held strong relationships
with many vendors worldwide and sustained a strong channel of distribution. Upon the acquisition
of Duracell, Gillette eliminated 4,700 jobs, closed 14 plants and also replaced Duracell's advertising
agency with that of Gillette. These changes resulted in savings of $200 million and decreases in
their operations margins from 30% in 1998, to 16% in 2000. The debt to equity ratio has been
increased from 1.62 in 1998 to 4.41 in 2000. This increase

How Lte Is A Business
How LTE is Revolutionising Business Collaboration in an IoT World These days, businesses are
experiencing more competition that ever before thanks to the rise of ecommerce, the world is
becoming a much smaller place. Now, businesses have to try harder than ever to appeal to the
customer and vie for their attention. To remain top–of–mind, or at least relevant, to the customer,
businesses must develpp a competitive edge in businesses operations, including using the latest
technology tools at ones disposal. Fortunately, several technology trends have emerged in the past
few years that, if leveraged correctly, can propel businesses forward into the new age, in a big way.
The introduction and increase of LTE infrastructure across the world has been integral to the
increase in technological tools for business growth and empowerment. Offering wide range and
high–powered connectivity, LTE facilitates the exponential growth of connected devices. Regardless
of their industry, businesses can take advantage of the IoT in order to capture a larger market. IoT
has been a hot topic in recent times as it allows virtually endless opportunities and connection to
take place, many of which we can't even begin to fully comprehend. So it makes sense that
businesses try and use these great technological advancements to their advantage. Consumers today
are connected 24/7 via their wireless devices, and they want fast access to applications and content
such as business productivity tools, video

The Role Of Chemical Reactions And Electricity And Centers...
Electrochemistry, a branch of physical chemistry, is the study of the relationship between chemical
reactions and electricity and centers upon the interrelation of chemical energy and electrical energy.
Contributing to such crucial technological developments as the invention of batteries and fuel cells,
corrosion protection and the study of metallurgy, electrochemistry is credited with a great deal of
real life applications and has had widespread impact on mankind. One of the most common and
fundamental applications of electrochemistry is producing an electric current from a spontaneous
redox reaction through the help of a device called the electrochemical cell. For example, if zinc
metal is dropped into an aqueous solution of copper ion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The electrode placed with the reducing agent is called anode, while the one placed with the
oxidizing agent is called cathode. In this case, a strip of zinc metal should be placed in a solution of
zinc nitrate and a strip of copper metal should be placed with copper nitrate. As the anode frees
electrons where oxidation takes place, the electrons enter an electricity–conducting wire and travel
to the cathode where reduction takes place, thereby creating electrical energy. In the meantime of
this process, a positive charge and a negative charge accumulate in the oxidation and reduction
vessel respectively, due to the transfer of electrons. Since electrons do not have a propensity to
travel from a positively–charged region to a negatively–charged region, a salt bridge containing a
cation and an anion that do not play a role in the redox reaction, is required to keep this system
operating. An U–shaped tube connecting the vessels, the salt bridge releases its cations to the
reduction vessel and its anions to the oxidation vessel to maintain the charge neutral. As scientific as
this explanation may seem, battery, a ubiquitous product, is modeled after this cell system. "A
common example of an electrochemical cell is a standard 1.5–volt battery meant for consumer use".
[ "Electrochemistry." Wikipedia. Accessed January 21, 2016.

Secondary Batteries
Batteries are essential for the wireless heart monitors to operate. A battery is composed of
electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy to electrical energy and consists of a
cathode (the positive terminal) and an anode (the negative terminal). The battery needs to connect to
the external circuits of the wireless heart monitor, and electrolytes move and cause the electrolytes
to act as ions and preform work. There are two ways in which batteries can behave: a primary and a
secondary battery. Primary batteries are disposable after one use and secondary batteries can be
reused after being charges. In primary batteries once the electrodes have changed during battery use,
they cannot b0e changed back. Secondary batteries can be recharged, and the initial make–up of the
electrodes can be changed by a reverse–current. Primary batteries are mainly used in devices that
require low amounts of energy and are not left on perpetually. Secondary batteries are best suited to
devices that are constantly used such as hearing aids and car batteries[1]. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Alkaline batteries are usually used for flashlights and headphones. Lead–acid are usually used for
cars and some of the older generations of this battery contains liquid electrolyte in an open
container. It must be kept upright of make sure that the dispersion of hydrogen gas is safe if
undergoing overcharging. The lead–acid battery is incredibly heavy on comparison to the amount of
energy that is given off. Closed valve–regulated lead–acid battery, is also commonly used in modern
cars. Two types of these closed batteries can be found: Gel batteries and Absorbed Glass

History And History Of Fuel Cells
History of fuel cells according to Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2012)
Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)
In 1791, the Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani discovered that the muscle contractions, similar to
the discharged of a Leyden charge, will occur when two metals touch the nerve of a frog.
Alexandro Volta (1745–1827)
In 1800, Alexandro Volta designed a device called Volta pile that originated from the phenomenon
discovered by Galvani. The Volta pile is the prototype of electrochemical power sources such as
battery and was of significance of development is the science of both electricity and
electrochemistry.
Sir William Robert Grove (1811–1896)
In 1830s, A British chemist Sir William Robert Grove conducted a series of experiment on water
electrolysis. His device consisted of two platinum electrodes dipping into water acidified with
sulfuric acid. Grove assumed that by channeling current, water can be decomposed to hydrogen and
oxygen and the possibility of opposite reaction. But after disconnecting the current, the electrodes at
which the hydrogen and oxygen had been evolve as gasses were polarized. A certain potential
difference was preserve between the electrodes. Sir Grove named his invention as gas voltaic
battery. His invention becomes the first prototype of fuel cells.
Ludwig Mond (1839– 1909) and Carl Langer (1889)
Fifty years after the first prototype was invented, Mond and Langer accomplished successful
experiments regarding the generation of electric current with

Case Study Of Duracell International Inc.
INTRODUCTION
Duracell International Inc. is an American brand of batteries and smart power systems owned by the
subsidiary The Gillette Company and its parent company is Procter & Gamble. Duracell over past
decades has evolved into a strong brand that "Duracell" is used as a verb in context of batteries .It is
the world's leading manufacturer and marketer of high–performance alkaline batteries.
It had a very humble beginning with a motivated cause when Philip Georges Mallory and his basic
business tenets of "invest in research" and "the customer is King" laid the groundwork for Duracell
back in 1935. In 1920 a PR Mallory partnered with Samuel Rubin an independent inventor who
worked on research and development of more robust and durable batteries ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first hearing aid button cell used Ruben's mercury battery technology.
During the early 1960s, the company introduced its AA size and AAA size alkaline batteries. The
Duracell brand name was adopted in 1964
The economic upturn and boom of 1972 allowed the firm to boost sales of electrical and electronic
items to industry, complementing consumer sales. As there was a good growth rate in the consumer
durables market Mallory adopted to economies of scale which meant mass production lowering per
unit cost and extending profit margins
In 1977, Fortune magazine ranked Mallory as the 507th largest company, with $323 million in sales
and profits of $10 million (which put it in the 170th position).
P.R. Mallory was bought by Dart Industries in 1978, becoming Duracell Inc. which in turn merged
with Kraft and thus began a series of exponential growth merger right up to 2014 Kohlberg Kravis
Roberts bought Duracell in 1988 and took the company public in 1989. It was acquired by Gillette
in 1996. In 2005, Procter & Gamble acquired

A Research Project On Tesla Motor Battery
Aljohani, Ayman
Martinez, Luis J.
EE 451, Electric Vehicles
12/10/2015
Tesla Automobile Battery
Introduction
Our idea for this research project was to investigate, in–depth, the characteristics behind the design,
performance, and maintenance of the Tesla Motors automobile battery. In opposition to the Tesla
Powerwall battery, and the SpaceX Hyperloop concept, also presented by Elon Musk, the Chief
Executive Officer (CEO) of both Tesla Motors and SpaceX, as well as chairman of Solar City, our
analysis of the Tesla Motors automobile battery is completely limited to the scope of the automobile
– in particular, the Tesla Roadster, and Tesla Model S. Although Tesla Motors just recently came out
with the Model X sport–utility–vehicle (SUV), and has a more economical Model 3 concept in the
works, to be delivered two–three years from present day, most of the publicly available data was in
relation to the Roadster and Model S vehicles, hence our limitation to this scope. In particular, for
the design of the battery, we chose to investigate the construction of the battery cells, battery
module, and battery safety. In regards to the performance enabled by this battery, we investigated
the different battery packages available, in terms of energy capacity, and compared their
performance to a gasoline–powered car through the quantity of MPGe – mile per gallon equivalent.
Last, we delve into the maintenance and owner operation of the Tesla Motors automobile battery –
comparing the

The Epa Estimates Americans Purchase Nearly 3 Billion...
The EPA estimates Americans purchase nearly 3 billion batteries each year (D., 2009). A battery is
also known as a voltaic cell, and the energy generated and stored by a battery is actually a result of
chemical reactions and not mechanical motion. Batteries are contained in nearly every common
electronic device, ranging from small devices like smartphones to larger scale products like
automobiles, and chemistry is the driving force behind the function of these batteries.Batteries
consist of galvanic cells that carry out the production and storage of electrical energy from chemical
reactions. The chemical reactions going on inside of the battery are between the oxidant and
reductant of Copper and Zinc metals in there Copper–Zinc Voltaic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Different types of these battery cells have the ability to be rechargeable, permitting the application
of this technology in electric–powered hybrid automobiles and other electronically–powered
devices. Simplifying the schematics, a battery is comprised of at least one galvanic cell, which
contains two or more half cells, a reduction cell and an oxidation cell. The electrode and electrolyte
solution are contained in the half cells, and the chemical reactions in the two half cells provide the
energy for the galvanic cell operations (Chieh). The two electrodes, or battery terminals, produce
electricity through a series of electromagnetic reactions between the anode, cathode, and electrolyte
(Marshall, Charles, & Clint, 2000). Two or more electrically charged atoms/molecules, known as
ions, from the electrolyte bond with the anode (negative terminal) in the oxidation reaction. This
produces a compound, where one or more electrons are then released. Simultaneously, the cathode
substance (positive terminal), ions, and free electrons also combine into compounds during the
reduction reaction with the cathode. Basically, the cathode or positive terminal of the battery is
absorbing the electrons produced from the anode or negative terminal, creating electricity.
Therefore, electrons flow from anode to cathode (AUS–e–TUTE, 2017), and electrical energy is

Spectrum Brands Strategy for Diversification: Success of...
Abstract
Assessing the strategies of CEO David Jones to globalize Rayovac's battery and flashlight business
during 1999 to 2004 will determine if globalizing was strategically sound. An assessment on the
attractiveness of each industry Spectrum diversified into will determine which business units have
attractive degrees of competitive strength in their respective industries, and whether a strategy of
related or unrelated diversification was pursued will determine which fits exists in both strategy and
resources available within sister business units. An assessment of the company's financial results
will be based on data from the case and other sources. Recommendations from the assessments
performed will be given on what it will take to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This technology gave more power for hearing aids used by the severely hearing impaired (p. C292).
In 2002, Rayovac acquired the consumer battery business of the German based company Varta AG
(VARTA) for $258 million. The leading European (EU) maker of general batteries was VARTA in
2001 with revenues of $390 million; which 86 percent sales were from EU, and having operations in
Latin America.
Globalizing Spectrum Brands
Acquisition Timeline Continued
The redundant plants were closed, and the Latin American plants were combined to generate a cost
savings of $30 to $40 million. This strategy probably did make strategic sense; the purchase price
was reasonable, the sales were higher than the purchase price, and the combined savings generated
were fairly sound. This strategic move also solidified Rayovac's market leadership in Latin America
(sans Brazil), making Rayovac the second leading battery producer in Europe, and gave a market
lead in consumer batteries in Austria and Germany (p. C292).
Rayovac also introduced a revolutionary technology for recharging batteries in fifteen minutes
during 2002. The technology is known as the I–C3 technology that can be utilized in future
technologies and other products. The concept of the I–C3 recharger can be utilized in other battery
product lines, and the electric shaving industry (http://www.spectrumbrands.com/corpinfo/).
In 2003, Rayovac improved the fifteen minute

Duracell Batteries
In my project I was trying to find out what battery lasts the longest. I will also try to determine if the
cost of the battery has anything to do with the power it has.I think the Duracell battery will last the
longest. I also believe that the more expensive the battery the longer it will last.Battery companies
market their products by making impressive claims about how durable and reliable their batteries
are. But which battery lasts the longest? Will a more expensive, brand name battery really last
longer than a generic battery?
Materials, paper, wires, stop watch, battery holders, metal connectors, computer, light bulbs, and
graph paper. Batteries, Duracell, Everready, Energizer, and Rayovac, Panasonic. I researched on
how a battery produces electricity. two most common types of batteries. Alkaline batteries are made
with potassium hydroxide, which is a basic solution meaning it can neutralize an acid. A non al
battery is made with ammonium chloride and zinc. The ammonium chloride is acid. Alkaline
batteries tend to be more expensive than their non–alkaline counterparts, just like brand–name
batteries are more expensive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Batteries, Duracell, Everready, Energizer, and BA 30 army batteries. I researched on how a battery
produces electricity. Step one, Put the batteries in each flashlight and make sure it turns on. Step
two, Use masking tape to attach each flashlight to the cardboard so the beam of light can easily be
seen. Step three, Label the masking tape on each flashlight with the type of battery it contains. Step
four, Turn the flashlights on at the same time and wait for one to dim. Record the start time of the
experiment. Step five, As your experiment proceeds, record any observations. Is one flashlight
brighter than the other? Does one start to dim first? When one flashlight goes out, record the time.
Continue until all your batteries are

Spectrum Brands Essay
A Strategic Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 WORLD MARKET 1
CORPORATE HISTORY 1 GROWTH STRATEGY 2 SPECTRUM AND UNITED INDUSTRIES
2 GROWTH STRATEGY 2 SPECTRUM BRANDS 3 MANAGEMENT 3 STRATEGY 3
RELATED DIVERSIFICATION 3 UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION 4 MARKETING 5
MANUFACTURING, RAW MATERIALS, DISTRIBUTION, AND SUPPLIERS 10
CONSOLIDATION EFFORTS 10 RAW MATERIALS 11 DISTRIBUTION AND SUPPLIERS 12
SPECTRUM BRANDS FINANCES 12 SALES 12 INCOME 13 PROFITABILITY RATIOS 13
LIQUIDITY RATIOS 14 LEVERAGE RATIOS 15 ACTIVITY RATIO 16 SHARE PRICE 17
RECOMMENDATIONS 18 REFERENCES 19 INTRODUCTION Spectrum Brands (SPC) is a
global branded consumer products company with seven major product lines including Rayovac ...
In 1998 the Thomas H. Lee (THL) company became the majority owner of United with 84.3 percent
stake in the business at a cost of US$660 million dollars11. Growth Strategy United also grow its
business using the same merger and acquisition strategies as Rayova. In 2002, United Industries
acquired Schultz Co., maker of consumer garden fertilizers, plant food and potting soils sold under
the Garden Safe brand, at a cost of $58 million in cash and stock. Later in 2002, United Industries
paid $19.5 million in cash to acquire WPC Brands an insect repellent and outdoor health and safety
products manufacturer thus becoming the second largest personal insect repellent brand behind S.C.
Johnson, which controls about half of the market. The next acquisition was in 2004 with the $143.8
million purchase of Nu–Gro Corporation of Canada. United Industries was dependent on three
major retailers. Lowe's, Home Depot, and Wal–Mart accounted for 71 percent of the company
revenues. To reduce the risk and dependency, in 2004 United acquired United Pet Group Inc. for
$360 million, a pet supplies company with annual sales of $250 million12. SPECTRUM Brands In
2005, Rayovac which spun off from THL, acquired United Industries from THL for 1.2 Billion
dollars13. The $1.2 billion deal was financed with $406 million in stock, $70 million in cash and
assumed a debt of $880 million from United Industries. In 2005, Rayovac changed its

Essay about Gillette's Acquisiton of Duracell
The purpose of this report is to first discuss the reasons why Duracell's performance has been
decreasing over the past four years, and then recommend some strategic actions Gillette should take
to turn Duracell around. This report will begin by providing a brief introduction on the acquisition
of Duracell by Gillette, followed by the reasons it lacked success, and finally end with the proposed
recommendations for Duracell. Currently, Gillette's operating segments include personal grooming,
small appliances, and oral care products, and the portable power segment. In the portable power
segment, Duracell's major competitors consist of Energizer and Rayovac while new and emerging
ones included Sony, Kodak, Panasonic, and other private ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Nonetheless, the competition was still pouring in. The advent of Energizer's "Advanced Formula"
happened to be in the same month as Gillette's Ultra and was claimed to last nine percent longer
than the than the Ultra. The major drawback for Gillette, however, was that no price premium was
placed on the new upgrade by Energizer and was introduced at the same price point as its previous
product. In contrast to Energizer's upgrade as well as stiff competition from other players, Gillette
launched the "new" Ultra in February of 1999 which claimed better performance. This was rebutted
by Energizer's "super premium" line of batteries described as e2 (launched in June 2000) and was
priced four to six percent higher than Ultra. Finally, in the same month, Duracell announced its third
generation of Ultra with more efficiency but no increase in price. This all showed Gillette's
inconsistency in terms of pricing and lack of strategy. It is clear that the introduction of the Ultra led
to a series of new innovations of alkaline batteries by both Energizer and Gillette. Gillette had hoped
that its innovations would be differentiated products and be perceived industry–wide as unique and
valued. However, the company set too high a price premium in order to achieve differentiation for
batteries and customers simply did not accept the price/performance proposition Duracell offered its
customers. Further, the differentiation

Lithium Ion Batteries Are Made From Lithium
Lithium–ion batteries are made from lithium; hence the name. Since lithium is an unstable metal,
lithium ions must be made through chemicals. Lithium is used because it is the lightest metal with
the highest electrochemical potential. Inside these batteries are a positive electrode called the
cathode, an anode or the negative electrode and lithium ions. Theses lithium ions move from the
negative electrode to the positive when it's being used and vice versa when it's being charged. For
the electrodes not to be combined, there is a separator in between the negative and positive
electrodes. Another type of battery is a alkaline batteries, which is made out zinc and manganese
dioxide. Alkaline batteries works like other batteries. There is a negative electrode, zinc powder, a
positive electrode, manganese dioxide, an electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, a separator, and a brass
pin. Once the electrolytes are added, a chemical reaction happens when the manganese dioxide
oxidizes and allows the zinc and manganese dioxide to combine to form electricity in the battery.
Zinc carbon batteries is another type of battery that is made of carbon and zinc. This battery works
when the carbon rod, cathode, in the center collects electrons from the anode, shell of the battery
that consists of zinc chloride, part of the battery, which creates a circuit. An electrolyte paste made
from ammonium chloride surrounds a piece a paper that keeps the electrons moving and causes the
battery to produce

Gillette Acquisition Of Duracell Essay
Industry: Portable power industry in the US
The acquisition of Duracell was seen as many as a smart move. Analyst, shareholders, executives,
had high expectations with this merger. Unfortunately, this acquisition created several problems for
Gillette since their main goal of profit maximization was not being accomplished. Main issues:
Should Gillette divest Duracell?
Is Gillette using the appropriate strategies to deal with the big and small competitors?
Stock prices are decreasing considerably
External Analysis
Industry Structure
Dry cell batteries industry generated US$ 2.6 Billion in US domestic sales in 2000.
75% of all alkaline battery sales were impulsive purchasing.
AA size batteries accounted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, it would increase the demand for low price batteries, giving a competitive advantage to big
players such as Rayovac and Energizer whose prices are lower than Duracell.
Technological segment
More efficient and durable batteries are needed to satisfy the requirements of new technology
developments.
Other types of batteries such as the high drain lithium ones are becoming popular due to the
increasing use of electronic devices.
Constant research and development is critical to succeed in this industry
Global segment
Even though the analysis for this case is explicitly for the industry within the US, there is a huge
potential market in developing countries for alkaline batteries since the use of these is still quite low.
Legal Segment
There is a intense rivalry among the big players of this industry. There have been some legal
processes involving cases such as false advertising claims and patent infringement.

Demographic segment
The case did not mention any battery consumption patterns. However, batteries in general are
consumed by a large number of people in the US, regardless of age, sex, religion, ethnicity, etc. For
example, lower income people would prefer less expensive batteries, and young people would
prefer nickel – containing and lithium – ion batteries which are preferred for laptops, digital
cameras, and other electronic

Electronic Cards Should Not Be Compact And Easy
This Single Card Wants To Replace All the Plastic in Your Wallet
We live in an era where everything we want should be compact and easy. No one wants to work
extra by carrying anything that's big when you can just carry something compact, which is simpler.
Wallets were made, so that money (cash) can be kept together instead of just keeping it in pocket.
The payment card is a huge invention instead of carrying cash in your wallet for payment. Why
carry fat wallets with all your cards and mule about it? Imagine one card that has all your cards, and
is electronic. Shocking, right? Technology has come a very far away. One electronic card storing all
your credit, debit, gift, reward, loyalty, membership, and even key cards which says it is safe ...
In the beginning, when Orkut started its social media era in 2004, I never thought there would be
something better for social media, but then came Facebook. It heard about Square, PayPal, Apple
Pay, and Google Wallet? Advent of these applications isn't complete digital yet. These electronic
cards shift us to a complete digital era. Never imagined technology would go so far that something
advanced than applications for payment would ever come, but electronic cards storing all your cards
is a whole new level.
"Slow and steady wins the race," is a wise saying, but doesn't exist in this era anymore, people in
this era believe "...slow and steady wins the race, till truth and talent claim their place" (B. J.
Novak). "User" company launched a similar product ""Coin"," a year before "PlastcCard" was
launched. "Coin" was the first electronic card that could store all your cards; however "Coin" didn't
have enough technology, it failed to satisfy costumer's expectations on time, and storage issues.
"PlastcCard" Company has launched a prototype of "PlastcCard" and started a Pre–order of the
product. Although, "PlastcCard" is $55 more expensive than "Coin", consumers still prefer
"PlastcCard" to "Coin". "PlastcCard" released its prototype after "Coin" did, but was successful
because it came up with better features like touchscreen where "Coin" just had a display and click
button, E–ink

The Effect Of Alkaline Phosphatase On Para...
A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ASSAY OF THE ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ON
PARA–NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PARA–NITROPHENOL
M. Smit1
1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch
Introduction:
Alkaline phosphatase is a biologically important enzyme, catalysing the hydrolysis of phosphate
groups in organic compounds through the process of dephosphorylation. para–
Nitrophenylphosphate (pPNP) is an example of a chromogenic substrate of this enzyme, because the
product of hydrolysis of pPNP is the yellow para–nitrophenol (pNP) compound along with
inorganic phosphate (McComb, Bowers and Posen, 1979).
The Michaelis–Menten equation for enzyme kinetics (Murray, 2002) predicts an initially high rate
of enzyme activity as the concentration of the substrate is relatively high, followed by a gradual
reduction in enzyme activity as the substrate is consumed. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase is also
known to be subject to competitive inhibition by inorganic phosphates via the formation of the
phospho–enzyme, thus blocking the active site to pPNP for dephosphorylation (Kim and Wyckoff,
1991).
The enzyme kinetics of alkaline phosphatase on this chemogenic substrate is the focus of this study,
in an attempt to determine the trend in the rate at which pNP concentration changes over time and
the impact of a high concentration of the inorganic phosphate product on enzyme activity. It is
hypothesised that the rate of enzyme activity will initially be

Battery Life Chemistry Project
Science Fair Packet Name_______________________________ Date
________________________Per_____
DULUTH HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE FAIR
I. Science Fair Rationale: Science Fair allows the science student a chance to do "real science".
Coursework provides science facts and formulas, but conducting a scientific investigation gives a
student the practice in time management and the use of variables, research, observation and
analytical skills that a student needs if interested in a career in a demanding field. II. General
Information:
In this course, you will have to do the following during 1st Semester.
1. Develop your own original idea for a scientific investigation (you must experimentally solve a
problem using real ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there will be several interim grades taken which will help keep your child on task that will
be due on several days from September to November. The exact dates and details of the exact
assignments are detailed in the Science Fair Packet.
III. Q – What if my child turns in his/her project late? A–This is a long–term assignment. There will
be a 10% point deduction per day (from the "earned credit") if any or all of the project is not turned
in by the beginning of the class period on the date it is due. The deduction WILL APPLY even if the
student is absent for a "normal" reason (illness, pre–arranged, field trips, etc.).
IV. Q – Where will my child get any equipment needed for the Science Fair Project?
A – DHS has some equipment which may be used for Science Fair Projects. Your child should
check a list provided by the instructor. Know that electronic equipment must stay in the school and
that your child must arrange an after–school work session some time during the project. All after–
school work must be completed by Wednesday Nov 9th.
If the equipment is not available or if you would like to work at home, these companies will mail
scientific equipment to your home at your expense: General Supply (601) 981–3882 and Edmund
Scientific (609) 573–6270.
V. Q – What type of projects are not allowed?
A – 1. Projects which involve humans, vertebrate animals, recombinant DNA, pathogens, controlled
substances, human or animal

Making Electricity from Saltwater and Air
WESTFIELD Science–Oriented School and Colleges CERTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT This is
to certify that we have read the individual project entitled MAKING ELECTRICITY FROM
SALTWATER AND AIR The researcher has successfully completed and defended his Science
Project before a panel Recommendation: [ ] Approved [ ] Passed with revision [ ] Redefense Sir
Jonathan Paulino Sir Joebert Angeles Member of the panel Member of the panel Mr. Joel C. Sodela
Subject Teacher Noted and Approved by: Edith S. Bunuan, Ed. D. Albert C. Abitria Oscar Tangco
HS Principal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . iv Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . v–vi Chapter I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .1 Objectives of the
Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .2 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .2 Scope and Delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Definition of Terms . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 3 Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES . .. . . . . . . 4 Chapter III. METHODOLOGY Materials . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .6 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Chapter IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . . 7 Chapter V. CONCLUSIONS AND

Lab Report On Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( Sofc )
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode
performance, the viability of using a conductive LSF–YSZ composite scaffold with one infiltration
cycle of LSCF was investigated. XRD patterns of LSF–YSZ powder presented that at 1400oC and
1300oC calcination, an obvious shift in LSF peak occurred, indicating Zr doping into LSF and
forming a less conductive phase. Different ratios of LSF–YSZ scaffolds were tested by impedance
spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF
increases, and 1350oC scaffold has a much lower ohmic resistance than the 1400oC one. A pure
YSZ cell infiltrated with 35 wt% LSCF was used as reference and by comparing it with a cell
composed of 70:30 LSF–YSZ scaffold calcined at 1350oC with one cycle of LSCF infiltration, a
comparable cell performance both in ohmic and non–ohmic parts was achieved.
Introduction
In solid–oxide fuel cells (SOFC), the typical cathodes with the best performance are usually
composites of the electrolyte oxide and an electronically conductive and catalytically active oxide
which is usually a perovskite.1,2 For example, in cells made of yttria–stablized zirconia (YSZ)
electrolyte, the conventional cathode composite is a mixture of YSZ and Sr–doped LaMnO3 (LSM).
1,2 The commonly used YSZ electrolyte oxide in the electrode is to enhance the ionic conductivity,
thus increasing the electrochemically active region in the electrode. 1–4

Brand Inventory Of The Company
Section One: Brand Inventory
Introduction
Company Information
the mercury cell battery that was in many ways superior to the zinc carbon batteries. Originally
Duracell was called The Mallory Battery company after P.R. Mallory who partnered with Samuel
Ruben in the 1920's. (Duracell Batteries). Mallory Battery Company was renamed in 1964. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are category extensions because they help Duracell reach more consumers than they would
with just battery sales. Duracell is applying their brand equity and name to these new products to
help them sell. If consumers have responded well to previous products from the brand they are more
likely to give new categories a try as well. Line extensions for Duracell would be the hearing aid
batteries and the alkaline batteries. These are line extensions because they branch from the battery
category.
Brand Elements Inventory Name – The name Duracell is a combination of durable and cell. So
named by reason of it being an increased durable cell battery than what had previously been
developed. This name is memorable and creates an identity for the brand due to its uniqueness.
When broken down it explains what the brand manufactures. This brand name is fairly protectable
considering it is a combination of two words. In addition, since the brand is so well established it is
protectable. It is also meaningful because the name implies that the technology and development of
the product is durable. The name could be adaptable because the brand could maintain the dura–
part of the name and change it to fit the product, if desired.
URL –The URL, www.Duracell.com, directly corresponds with the brand name and the home page
is the first result when using an internet search engine e, making it memorable and easy to find.
Color choices on the

Nuclear, Molecular And Super Molecular Scale
Introduction A battery is an electrical device that contains one or more electrochemical cell that
converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy by using an anode, which is the negative side
of the battery and a cathode, which is the positive side. Combining the anode and cathode with a
chemical substance in the middle will create an electrical current (Google, 2014). Nanotechnology
is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular and super molecular scale. Batteries and
nanotechnology are relatable and can work together by creating miniature batteries that are able to
make future fundamental developments in just about every industry such as healthcare, automotive,
science and mainly any mainstream consumable product. History Past One of the first batteries
discovered was called the Parthian battery. In 1936, near Baghdad, railway construction workers
came across an odd shaped clay cased object, which turned out to be the ancient Parthian battery.
This ancient battery is aged at about 2000 years old. The "Parthian" name came from the people of
Baghdad around 250 BC because they ruled this area at the time. It was said that Parthians may
have used batteries to electroplate silver, this explaining the creation of this ancient battery. The
battery was made of a clay casing on the outside, with an iron rod wrapped in copper inserted into
the casing. Then the clay jar was filled with a vinegar solution which created about 1.1 to 2 volts of
electricity, which

Alternative Future Energy Storage And Conversion Systems
Metal–air batteries have been intensively explored as an alternative future energy storage and
conversion systems owing to their intrinsically high energy and power densities, the relatively
mature research on air electrode, and cost effective composition of non–noble fuel electrode, as well
as in response to the high energy demand for portable devices and electric vehicles even stationary
power plants [1–5]. Of late, research into the metal–air techniques has been focused on Zn–air
(~1,000 Wh kg–1), Li–air (~13,000 Wh kg–1), and Ge–air (~1,500 Wh kg–1) batteries because of
its very high specific energy and energy density with open cell air cathode structure [3–6]. With
these devices, however, the electrochemical energy could be stored in the stationary part as form of
sacrificial metal anode. This distinct architecture would make a limitation approach for large–scale
commercialization unless the anode can provide good electrochemical reversibility and high cyclic
durability.
As a feasible alternative to continuous operation, recently, a high temperature liquid metal–air
energy storage cell (LMAESC) in conjunction with a solid oxide electrolyte has been investigated
applying post–transition metals such as In [7], Sn [7–17], Sb [18–25], Pb [7], and Bi [12] as a
sacrificial electrode, so–called liquid metal anode (LMA). Since these liquid metals has relatively
low melting point, it can improve the anode polarization by incorporating liquid wetting materials to
spread on the

Reducing Number Of Infiltration Cycles For La0.8sr0.2feo3...
Independent Study Report
Reducing Number of Infiltration Cycles for La0.8Sr0.2FeO3–YSZ Cathodes
Xiaoyan Li
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode
performance, the viability of using a conductive composite scaffold of La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 and yttria–
stablized zirconia (YSZ) with one infiltration cycle was investigated. The infiltration material is
nitrate salt solution of La, Sr, Co and Fe to form La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 perovskite phase.
Cathodes fabricated from scaffolds using different ratios of LSF–YSZ were tested by impedance
spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF
increases. In addition, scaffolds calcined at 1350oC exhibited ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1,2 In this case, YSZ is included in the cathode to provide ionic conductivity, as well as enhancing
the connection between the electrode and the YSZ electrolyte. YSZ in the electrode also helps match
the thermal expansion of the electrode to the electrolyte.1–4 The functions of LSM in the composite
cathode include providing electronic conductivity and catalytic activity, but with negligible
contributions to ionic conductivity.4,5
The conventional method for fabricating the electrode is to deposit and sinter a mixture of the
electrode composites onto a dense YSZ electrolyte.4 The sintering temperature must be a
compromise, high enough to ensure the good connection between YSZ in the electrode and the
electrolyte, but low enough to prevent solid state reactions between the electrode composites.2,5
Indeed, most conducting perovkites are unable to be prepared due to the formation of insulating
phases at high temperatures required for YSZ sintering.4 Therefore, the infiltration method was
initially developed to separate the high calcination temperature required to densify the YSZ
electrolyte from the lower calcinations temperature needed for the other electrode components.1,4,5
Furthermore, the infiltration method provides a nonrandom structure where the electronically
conductive components are deposited into the previously formed porous YSZ scaffold.1–4
Infiltration also forms superior

Case Study : Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
Company Information
the mercury cell battery that was in many ways superior to the zinc carbon batteries of the day.
Previously, Duracell was called The Mallory Battery company after P.R. Mallory, who partnered
with Samuel Ruben in the 1920's. (Duracell Batteries). Mallory Battery Company was renamed in
1964.
Owners of the Brand
Duracell was once owned by Proctor and Gamble, in 2014 Berkshire Hathaway Inc. made a move to
purchase the company. (Reuters). Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is an American multinational
conglomerate holding company. They are a strong parent brand with quite a few subsidiary brands.
Fruit of the Loom, GEICO Auto Insurance, Helzberg Diamonds, Kraft Heinz, and Pampered Chef,
just to name a few.
Products Offered
Duracell offers alkaline batteries, rechargeable batteries and chargers, coin/button batteries, hearing
aid batteries, specialty batteries, USB battery packs and other products.
(Duracell Batteries)
Brand Extensions
Category extensions for Duracell would be products such as their LED lighting, solar lighting,
flashlights and keyless entry remotes. These

How Do Fuel Cells Work
How fuel cells work A fuel cell is a device that produces an electrical current through a chemical
reaction. All fuel cells contain a cathode and an anode, which are positive and negative electrodes,
respectively. The chemical reactions which produce electricity occur at the electrodes. Fuel cells
also contain an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles between the electrodes. A
catalyst also aids to speed up the chemical reaction at the electrodes. In fuel cells, an impurity must
serve as the electrolyte; if one uses distilled water for this experiment, it could serve only as the
control, because purified water does not contain any substances that react at the electrodes. Some
examples of impurities used as electrolytes in various types of fuel cells include ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of using hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to create electricity and end up with potable water.
This method very useful aboard spacecrafts allowing them to stay in space for a longer amount of
time because they can create their own water. The next most common type is molten carbonate the
electrolyte in this is carbonate salts. However this type of fuel cell tends to be slightly less efficient
due to the fact that they have to be melted before they can be used. Having a liquid electrolyte can
be difficult to handle and time consuming. It is however useful seeing as it refreshes the electrolyte
through every cycle.
The last form of fuel cells available is PEM (or Proton Exchange Membrane). The electrolyte for
this is a very thin polymer sheet. Unfortunately, this type can be extremely expensive because it is
required to have a platinum catalyst. A temperature of eighty degrees celsius must also be reached.
This fuel cell still resembles the basic form. It requires hydrogen atoms which have been striped
from their electrons, and the electrons pass through the exterior circuit, which creates electricity. At
the end, it meets with air to create

Redox Reactions : Alkaline Batteries
For many years now batteries have been our primary source of energy, acting as the driving force
behind our business', transportation and electronic devises, ensuring our day–to–day lives run
smoothly. It is safe to say that they play a fundamental role in powering our 21st century lives, but
have you ever stopped to wonder where this energy might come from, or just how batteries work?
Alkaline batteries, in particular, have provided us with energy on the go for over two centuries, with
the global demand ever–increasing due to the constant introduction of new and innovative portable
electronic devises, the industry is always growing, advancing and developing as our understanding
of the underlying electrochemical process grows.
While electrolysis, the passage of a direct electric current through an ion–containing solution
(Adams, 2014), supports the running of the battery it is redox reactions that primarily drive the
batteries function. Redox Reactions occur in a multitude of real life situations every day, from
photosynthesis to powering the battery in your computer. A redox reaction primarily involves the
transfer of electrons between two chemical species. The compound that loses an electron is
oxidized, while the one that gains an electron is reduced (Campbell, 2011). The oxidation and
reduction reaction the occurs in the battery are called "half–equations", as neither can be carried out
alone, thus the sole term redox reaction is used. An oxidation reaction is

Science Fair Project
* Page#1: Problem * Page#2: Hypothesis * Page#3: Background research * Page#4: Materials *
Page#5: Procedure * Page#6: Results * Page#7: Conclusion * Page#8: Bibliography Where is your
money going? Did you know over a million dollars go to waste from buying a ton of batteries that
barely work. For my science fair project I am going to test the 4 most popular brands of batteries in
America, Duracell, Energizer, Rayovac, and a Alkaline battery named Enercell. The problem is that
big battery brands run out quick and you feel like a fool, because you fell for their false advertising.
So to accomplish this I am going to test different brand of batteries by using a battery conductor.
The battery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The estimated price amount for this expeirment should be no more then 15 dollars. Above are the
trials I had on the cell before I did the final and last trial. It seems that the Duracell lasted the longest
during the second trial, and the first trial they came to a close tie. So for the final and last trial I
would have to see how long the batteries last by doing the expeirment percisely as I can. The first
battery I tested is the Energizer battery which lasted 6 hours, and 35 minuets. The second battery I
tested is the Duracell battery which lasted 22 hours and 15 minuets. The third battery I tested is the
Enercell battery which lasted 15 hours, and 2 minuets. The last battery I tested was the Rayovac
battery which lasted for 24 hours, and 30 minuets.The battery brand which lasted the longest out of
the four of them was the Rayovac battery. My expeirment came to end, because all the batteries
burned out. After all the batteries were done with testing I organizied them into a graph showing
how long each of the batteries lasted. The outcome was that the Rayovac battery lasted the longest. I
rejected my hypothesis because my hypothesis staed the Rayovac battery, and the Duracell battery
will end in a tie. Which was wrong, because the Rayovac battery lasted longer then the Duracell cell
battery. However I overlooked the fact that the Rayovac battery wasn't made out of just Lithium it
was made out of Lithium Ion. Which is

Paget 's Disease Of The Bone
Paget's disease of the bone (PDB), also called Osteitis Deformans, is a chronic, slowly progressive
skeletal condition of abnormally rapid bone destruction and reformation. PDB is the second most
common bone remodeling disease after osteoporosis. The new bone is structurally abnormal, dense
and fragile. The bones that are frequently affected are in the spine, skull, pelvis and lower legs. The
disease does not spread bone to bone, it will stay constant in the affected bone or bones throughout
the patient's life. This condition can cause bone pain, arthritis, deformities and fractures. The
osteoclast is the primary cell affected by PDB, this will show morphological and physiological
abnormalities4. Osteoblasts are increased in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the disease occurs in the skull, it can cause an enlarged head, hearing loss, headaches and
dizziness2. If the spine is affected there can be resulting numbness and tingling due to the nerves
being pinched by bone overgrowth. There will also be
PAGET'S DISEASE OF THE BONE 4 abnormal spine curvature. If the leg bones are involved there
could be difficulty walking and can also cause the legs to bow. Traumatic and pathological fractures
can also occur, fractures in the long bones of the legs can be serious complications due to the
possibility of excessive blood loss, and pagetic bone is more vascular then normal bone. Paget's
disease is rarely diagnosed in people under the age of forty, but may occur in up to eight percent of
the population over the age of sixty. Paget's disease is more common in people of western European
heritage2. This disease is uncommon in Africans, in Scandinavia, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, and
South America. Both men and women are affected; however there is a slight male predominance1.
Early onset Paget's disease, appearing in the teens and twenties, is less common and will usually
affect the skull, spine, ribs and small bones in the hands. The early onset will also correlate with
hearing loss early in life.
Two other diseases are associated with Paget's, a rare type of bone cancer called osteosarcoma, this
type of cancer occurs in less than 1 in 1,000 people with Paget's disease. Acute onset of

History of Chemistry: Improvement in Battery Technology Essay
Through advancements in chemistry dating back to the 1700's, the use of technology is more than
the baby boomers could have dreamed of. Before the end of the 19th century, batteries were the
main source of electricity. Improvements in battery technology made it possible for our generation
to have computers, electric cars, alarm clocks, hand held devices, cell phones, and many other
electrical devices.
Many electrical devices that we use today need a small amount of electricity to make them work. (1)
They get it from a battery. Chemicals work together inside a battery to make electricity. The
electricity travels through wires to make many of the electrical devices work. The battery stops
working when the chemicals are used up. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1859, the first rechargeable battery was invented.
Batteries that followed the Voltaic Pile included the Daniell Cell, a rechargeable battery made with
nickel and cadmium electrodes in a potassium hydroxide solution. This was the first battery to use
alkaline electrolyte. These batteries were much better, but were very expensive. Zinc–carbon
batteries continued to be popular batteries, but they had a low battery life. In 1955 Leis Urry was
asked to find a way to extend the life of zinc–carbon batteries, but he decided that alkaline batteries
might be a better way to go. Alkaline batteries had been invented but they were so expensive that
people couldn't buy them. Urry's new battery was made using manganese dioxide cathode and a
powdered zinc anode with an alkaline electrolyte. These batteries were available to the public and
sold in 1959.
For many years, the only rechargeable battery was the battery made with nickel and cadmium
electrodes for portable applications. In the 1990s, environmentalists in Europe became concerned
about environmental contamination from these batteries if they were not carefully disposed of. They
began to restrict this chemistry and asked the consumer industry to switch to Nickel–metal–hydride,
an environmentally friendlier battery.
In the 1970's the nickel hydrogen battery was introduced as an energy storage subsystem for
commercial communication satellites. This led the

Paget's Disease Research Paper
How Is Paget's Disease Diagnosed? There are three tests that are commonly used to diagnose
Paget's disease. These tests are blood test, bone test and x–ray "Sometimes the disease is found by
accident when one of these tests is done for another reason". NIH national resource center, 2015).
The results from a blood test, is sometimes the first alert a doctor receives that a person may have
Paget's disease. The bone cell makes an enzyme known as serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP).
Whenever there is a higher level of SAP than usual in the blood, it is evidence that Paget's disease
may be present. SAP in the blood that is more than two times the usual level,is a strong indication
that the disease is present in the individual. (NIH national resource center, 2015) A bone scan is
another test that is used to diagnose Paget's disease. Doing a bone scan, can identify bones that have
been affected by the disease. This type of scan will also show to what extend the bones have been
affected, by using a radioactive substance which is injected into the veins and "highlights" places
where Paget's disease may be present in the skeleton. If these evidence show that the person has the
disease, an x–ray is then then done. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They further stated that the main purpose of treatment is to provide relief of pain in the bone and to
prevent further progression of the disease. The food and Drug administration has approved
bisphosphonates and calcitonin medications that can stop or slow down the progression of Paget's
disease, and also help with the reduction of pain as well as other symptoms. The medications work
by helping to stop or reduce the breakdown of old bones, which will then cause the excessive
formation of new, weaker bones. It is important for people with Paget's disease to discuss which
medication is right for them with their

Why Do Batteries Lose Voltage Output
Data Analysis Batteries lose voltage when used. The scientific question for this experiment was,
"Which type of battery affects the voltage output over time?" Five different batteries were tested to
see which battery would have the biggest drop. The hypothesis for this experiment was, "If the type
of battery is tested to see which battery type would have the largest voltage drop, then the Alkaline
battery would have the largest voltage drop." The independent variable was the type of battery and
the dependent variable was the voltage drop. Some constant variables were the size of the battery,
having a fully charged battery, and the amount of time between checking the voltage (10 minutes).
The control group was the alkaline battery because

Brief Account Of The Life And Invention Of Lewis Frederick...
The aim of this report is to give a brief account of the life and invention of Lewis Frederick Urry. As
the subject of my report, a literature search was carried out to identify facts and relevant
information. Lewis Frederick Urry became a Chemical engineer in the 1950 and was the very first
person to fabricate alkaline batteries. In conclusion he made a significant contribution in the field
electrochemistry and battery technology in the 20th century.
Introduction
Many objects that we use on a day to day basis are powered by batteries. A battery is a device that is
able to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, and convert that energy into
electricity. It is composed of two terminals made of different chemicals ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Richard Jansen–Parkes (Parkes, 2014) states that, thanks to his invention, an estimated 80% of the
dry cell batteries in the world are based on Urry's work.
Background and life of Lewis Urry
Lewis Fredrick Urry, was born in the village of Pontypool, Ontario, in Canada, on the 29th of
January in 1927. Son of Oman Urry and Ada Rowan Urry, he was one of five children, in fact, he
had two brothers and two sisters (NNDB, Tracking The Entire World, 2014). Christopher Reed
(Reed, 2004) mentions that in 1946, Lewis decided to join the Canadian army where he spent three
years, and in the 1950 he graduated from the University of Toronto, with a Bachelor's degree in
Chemical Engineering. In the same year, Urry went to work as a manufacturer for a battery
company called Eveready and in 1955 he was assigned to work in a laboratory in Cleveland, in
USA, to extend the durability of the zinc carbon batteries. Christopher Reed (Reed, 2004) also states
that, he worked with several types of battery and power cells and owned over 51 patents, including
some for the rechargeable lithium battery. He was married to a woman named Beverly Ann and he
was father of three sons and two daughters. Lewis Urry, (see figure 1) died on the 19th of October in
2004, due to illness, in Middleburg Heights, in USA and he was buried in Butternut Ridge
Cemetery, North Olmsted, USA. (NNDB, Tracking The Entire World, 2014).
Figure 1 shows a photograph of Lewis Frederick Urry, who

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