Alexander the Great was educated by Aristotle and sought to combine Greek and Persian influences to unite his empire. He saw himself as avenging Greece against the Persians but also admired past Persian kings like Cyrus the Great. Alexander aimed to create a universal state or "family-state" by promoting cultural blending, though this faced opposition from those wanting to preserve Macedonian traditions. Reading the simple epitaph of Cyrus moved Alexander to reflect on the uncertainty of life and power.
1. The passage discusses how Alexander the Great is viewed differently through Western and Persian perspectives. In the West, he is seen as a great conqueror, but Persians view him more negatively for destroying Persian cities and cultural sites, including Persepolis.
2. It argues that the Persian Empire was immense and wealthy, not in need of civilization by Western powers. Greeks admired Persian rulers like Cyrus the Great. Alexander sought to take on the title of "King of Kings" rather than simply conquer the empire.
3. The text uses the example of the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger to show how Persia influenced Greek city-states through diplomacy and financing wars between them, rather than
- Alexander the Great was a king of Macedon from 336-323 BC who conquered most of the known world at the time, including the Persian Empire and areas of India.
- He was trained by Aristotle and used innovative military tactics like the Macedonian phalanx to defeat larger Persian armies.
- By the time of his death at age 32 in Babylon, he had created one of the largest empires in history stretching from Greece to India but left no clear heir, leading to the division of his empire after his death.
Alexander the great powerpoint (life battalesIrfan Ashraf
1) Alexander the Great conquered the massive Persian Empire through decisive victories at Issus, Tyre, Gaza, and Gaugamela.
2) He spread Greek culture and advanced learning throughout his empire, founding the important city of Alexandria in Egypt.
3) Though he pushed his army to India, defeating King Porus, his troops rebelled and refused to march further east, forcing Alexander to turn back.
Herodotus and Thucydides were two of the earliest Greek historians. Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC, is considered the "Father of History" as he was one of the first historians to investigate events and write accounts of the past. He traveled widely and wrote about the Greco-Persian wars. Thucydides, a contemporary of Herodotus, is renowned for his history of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 BC. He is considered the father of scientific history for applying rigorous standards of evidence gathering and analysis. Both historians made major contributions to the development of history as an academic discipline.
The document summarizes the rise and conquests of Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic culture that emerged after his death. It describes how Alexander, inspired by his father Philip II, conquered Greece and then expanded his empire by defeating the Persian Empire. After his death, Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences to form the Hellenistic culture characterized by advances in science, technology, philosophy and the arts.
Was Herodotus the Father of History, or the Father of Lies? Scholars debate this question, but we know for sure that his history is the primary source for the history of the Greek-Persian Wars.
See YouTube video after 2 PM EST 12/29/2021: https://youtu.be/YwUojwMIQEw
The opening chapters of the Histories of Herodotus cover the events leading up to the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus examines the customs and history of Persia, Scythia, and Egypt, and the history of Persian expansion in Egypt and Scythia. The histories discuss the birth, rise to power, and death of Cyrus the Great, and his successors King Cambyses, then King Darius.
We also discuss:
• The Amazons of Scythia, the woman warrior inspiration for the Wonder Woman movies.
• How Herodotus may not have actually seen the hippo he describes as a river-horse.
• The myth of how Zeus as a swan consorted with Leda, and how Helen of Troy hatched from her egg.
• The myths of Eris, goddess of discord, and the Judgement of Paris, and how the Egyptians claimed they prevent Helen of Troy from reaching Troy.
• The supposed strange marriage customs of Babylon.
• Curse of King Gyges when he overthrew King Candaules.
• How Cyrus the Great defeated King Croesus.
• The legend of the visit of Solon to the court of King Croesus, where they discuss who are the happiest of men.
• The pronouncements of the priestess of the Oracle at Delphi.
• Why the herdsman Mitradates did not expose the infant Cyrus, as instructed by the king’s steward, Harpagus.
• How Cyrus overthrew the tyrant King Astyages.
• How Queen Tomyris of the Massagetae defeated the army of King Cyrus in battle.
• History of the Persian King Cambyses in Egypt.
• How King Darius ascends to the throne of Persia, and the debate on the best form of government: monarchy, oligarchy, or democracy.
Please support our channel, if you wish to purchase these Amazon books we receive a small affiliate commission:
The Histories, by Herodotus, Aubrey de Sélincourt, Translator
https://amzn.to/3EQAHID
Herodotus: The Father of History, Audible Audiobook, by Elizabeth Vandiver, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/38Sh051
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures), by John Bagnell Bury
https://amzn.to/2Z18ZcO
The Greek and Persian Wars, Audible, by John R. Hale, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3FrzNCA
Plutarch's Greek Lives, Oxford World Classics, Robin Waterfield, translator
https://amzn.to/32nUYaz
Great Books of The Western World: VOLUME 5 - Aeschylus / Sophocles / Euripides / Aristophanes, by Encylopaedia Britannica, used copies inexpensive
https://amzn.to/3Fy4INJ
Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC in Pella, Macedonia. He was tutored by Aristotle and showed military skill at a young age. As king, he broke the power of Persia through decisive battles and conquered their vast empire. He advanced into Egypt where he was declared the son of Amun. Seeking to reach the ends of the world, he invaded India but was forced to turn back by his troops. Alexander established an empire stretching from Greece to India before dying of malaria in 323 BC at the age of 33, leaving a lasting legacy as a military genius.
1. The passage discusses how Alexander the Great is viewed differently through Western and Persian perspectives. In the West, he is seen as a great conqueror, but Persians view him more negatively for destroying Persian cities and cultural sites, including Persepolis.
2. It argues that the Persian Empire was immense and wealthy, not in need of civilization by Western powers. Greeks admired Persian rulers like Cyrus the Great. Alexander sought to take on the title of "King of Kings" rather than simply conquer the empire.
3. The text uses the example of the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger to show how Persia influenced Greek city-states through diplomacy and financing wars between them, rather than
- Alexander the Great was a king of Macedon from 336-323 BC who conquered most of the known world at the time, including the Persian Empire and areas of India.
- He was trained by Aristotle and used innovative military tactics like the Macedonian phalanx to defeat larger Persian armies.
- By the time of his death at age 32 in Babylon, he had created one of the largest empires in history stretching from Greece to India but left no clear heir, leading to the division of his empire after his death.
Alexander the great powerpoint (life battalesIrfan Ashraf
1) Alexander the Great conquered the massive Persian Empire through decisive victories at Issus, Tyre, Gaza, and Gaugamela.
2) He spread Greek culture and advanced learning throughout his empire, founding the important city of Alexandria in Egypt.
3) Though he pushed his army to India, defeating King Porus, his troops rebelled and refused to march further east, forcing Alexander to turn back.
Herodotus and Thucydides were two of the earliest Greek historians. Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC, is considered the "Father of History" as he was one of the first historians to investigate events and write accounts of the past. He traveled widely and wrote about the Greco-Persian wars. Thucydides, a contemporary of Herodotus, is renowned for his history of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 BC. He is considered the father of scientific history for applying rigorous standards of evidence gathering and analysis. Both historians made major contributions to the development of history as an academic discipline.
The document summarizes the rise and conquests of Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic culture that emerged after his death. It describes how Alexander, inspired by his father Philip II, conquered Greece and then expanded his empire by defeating the Persian Empire. After his death, Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences to form the Hellenistic culture characterized by advances in science, technology, philosophy and the arts.
Was Herodotus the Father of History, or the Father of Lies? Scholars debate this question, but we know for sure that his history is the primary source for the history of the Greek-Persian Wars.
See YouTube video after 2 PM EST 12/29/2021: https://youtu.be/YwUojwMIQEw
The opening chapters of the Histories of Herodotus cover the events leading up to the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus examines the customs and history of Persia, Scythia, and Egypt, and the history of Persian expansion in Egypt and Scythia. The histories discuss the birth, rise to power, and death of Cyrus the Great, and his successors King Cambyses, then King Darius.
We also discuss:
• The Amazons of Scythia, the woman warrior inspiration for the Wonder Woman movies.
• How Herodotus may not have actually seen the hippo he describes as a river-horse.
• The myth of how Zeus as a swan consorted with Leda, and how Helen of Troy hatched from her egg.
• The myths of Eris, goddess of discord, and the Judgement of Paris, and how the Egyptians claimed they prevent Helen of Troy from reaching Troy.
• The supposed strange marriage customs of Babylon.
• Curse of King Gyges when he overthrew King Candaules.
• How Cyrus the Great defeated King Croesus.
• The legend of the visit of Solon to the court of King Croesus, where they discuss who are the happiest of men.
• The pronouncements of the priestess of the Oracle at Delphi.
• Why the herdsman Mitradates did not expose the infant Cyrus, as instructed by the king’s steward, Harpagus.
• How Cyrus overthrew the tyrant King Astyages.
• How Queen Tomyris of the Massagetae defeated the army of King Cyrus in battle.
• History of the Persian King Cambyses in Egypt.
• How King Darius ascends to the throne of Persia, and the debate on the best form of government: monarchy, oligarchy, or democracy.
Please support our channel, if you wish to purchase these Amazon books we receive a small affiliate commission:
The Histories, by Herodotus, Aubrey de Sélincourt, Translator
https://amzn.to/3EQAHID
Herodotus: The Father of History, Audible Audiobook, by Elizabeth Vandiver, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/38Sh051
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures), by John Bagnell Bury
https://amzn.to/2Z18ZcO
The Greek and Persian Wars, Audible, by John R. Hale, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3FrzNCA
Plutarch's Greek Lives, Oxford World Classics, Robin Waterfield, translator
https://amzn.to/32nUYaz
Great Books of The Western World: VOLUME 5 - Aeschylus / Sophocles / Euripides / Aristophanes, by Encylopaedia Britannica, used copies inexpensive
https://amzn.to/3Fy4INJ
Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC in Pella, Macedonia. He was tutored by Aristotle and showed military skill at a young age. As king, he broke the power of Persia through decisive battles and conquered their vast empire. He advanced into Egypt where he was declared the son of Amun. Seeking to reach the ends of the world, he invaded India but was forced to turn back by his troops. Alexander established an empire stretching from Greece to India before dying of malaria in 323 BC at the age of 33, leaving a lasting legacy as a military genius.
Albrecht Altdorfer was a German painter during the Renaissance who is considered one of the first landscape painters in the modern sense. His most famous work is The Battle of Issus, which depicts Alexander the Great's victory over Darius III in 333 BC. The painting focuses on detailed landscapes to amplify the scene of Alexander's victory. Centuries later, Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh's Starry Night also uses nature as a metaphor, though to convey different emotions. While Altdorfer portrayed the aggression of war in nature, Van Gogh's painting is more tranquil, with undertones of depression and themes of death and immortality.
The document discusses art and culture during Ancient Greece's Golden Age. It provides context on Athens' wealth during this period, which funded grand artistic projects like the Parthenon and tragedies/comedies. Key figures discussed include Pericles, who was a prominent leader and patron of the arts, and Phidias, the sculptor who worked on the Parthenon for nine years. Examples of major artworks from the period are also mentioned, such as sculptures by Myron and the pottery of Exekias.
Edomites &; khazars Jews who are they today?all4yhwh
This document discusses the origins of modern Jewish people and argues that most are not descended from the ancient Israelites. It notes that most Jews today are Ashkenazi, with origins in Eastern Europe, while some are Sephardic, from the Middle East. The document traces the Khazar kingdom that converted to Judaism in the 8th century, and argues that Ashkenazi Jews are largely descended from the Khazars rather than the ancient Israelites. It also discusses the Sephardic Jews as being descended from Esau and indigenous to the Middle East for over 1900 years. The overall message is that most modern Jews are not the descendants of the biblical Israelites and are deceiving the world about their origins.
The document provides literary evidence from ancient sources about the identity of Ancient Macedonians. It examines passages that reference Macedonians identifying themselves as Greek or being considered Greek by others. The sources cited include Herodotus, Arrian, Plutarch, Curtius Rufus, Polybius, and others. They describe Macedonians having Greek names, speaking Greek, participating in Greek religious practices, and waging war to defend Greece. The conclusion is that while the evidence is limited, it clearly indicates that Ancient Macedonians identified themselves as Greek in terms of ethnicity, language, and culture.
Writing Creative Nonfiction By Philip Gerard, PaperbacKate Campbell
The document discusses the shift from Fordism to post-Fordism and flexible production systems. It explains that Fordism involved mass production of standardized goods, while post-Fordism focuses on flexible specialization, rapid product changes, and customization. This allows companies to differentiate their products based on style and cater to niche markets. The transition resulted in more temporary and unstable jobs compared to the stable careers common under Fordism.
Free Lined Writing Paper Printable - PrinKate Campbell
1) Car seat installation is important for safety, as thousands are injured or killed each year due to improper installation.
2) When buying a car seat, parents should research which seats have high safety standards and how they scored on safety rating tests.
3) It is crucial to ensure the car seat is installed correctly according to the vehicle and that the child is properly strapped in snugly. Extra blankets or bulky clothing can cause improper fitting.
How To Cite APA In Text Citation How To Use Apa Format For CitationKate Campbell
The document provides instructions for creating an account and placing an order on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to help students obtain high-quality original content by writing assignments online through this service.
This document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from a website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attaching a sample if wanting the writer to imitate style.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start.
4. Review the paper and authorize full payment if pleased, or request free revisions. Multiple revisions can be requested to ensure satisfaction, and plagiarized work results in a full refund.
The document discusses how organizational culture affects the success and failure of companies. It defines organizational culture as the perceptions, knowledge, opinions, values and experiences shared within a company. A positive culture where employees feel valued and inspired can lead to business success, while a negative one can contribute to failure. The essay will examine how culture influences outcomes and what managers can do to create an encouraging culture, such as those espoused by leadership expert Simon Sinek.
This document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document promises original, high-quality content.
Writing A Research Paper - A Step-By-Step Approach TeacherS GuideKate Campbell
The passage provides a 5-step guide for writing a research paper with the assistance of HelpWriting.net. It outlines the registration process, how to submit a request and provide instructions, how writers bid on requests and clients select a writer, how clients can review and approve the paper, and how revisions can be requested. It emphasizes HelpWriting.net's commitment to original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarized work.
How To Write A Poem ChildrenS Book By CeciliaKate Campbell
Andrew L. Hershberger, 40, of Millersburg, Ohio pleaded not guilty in court to carrying a concealed weapon and stalking charges after allegedly following a donut delivery driver while in possession of firearms as he fled the scene. Hershberger denied being in possession of any firearms during the incident where he was accused of stalking the donut delivery worker. The brief article provides key details regarding a court case against Hershberger on stalking and weapons charges in Millersburg, Ohio.
The document provides instructions for seeking writing help from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account and provide contact information.
2. Complete an order form with instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment or request revisions.
5. Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
Sample Conclusion Of A Research Paper What IKate Campbell
The document discusses the discovery and impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter in 1993-1994. Astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker and David Levy first spotted the comet, which was later determined to have broken apart and smashed into Jupiter over the course of six days in July 1994. The impacts left new scars on Jupiter and revealed insights about the interaction of comets in our solar system while also raising fears about the possibility of Earth being similarly impacted. More than 20 years later, the scars remain visible and what we learned from Shoemaker-Levy 9 continues to be studied.
Why I Wish To Attend Virginia Commonwealth UniversityKate Campbell
1. Robert De Niro's performance as Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver is considered one of his most iconic and realistic portrayals.
2. Through minimal dialogue and subtle facial expressions, body language, and eye movements, De Niro is able to convey Travis's loneliness, instability, and growing insanity.
3. Over 30 years later, De Niro's terrifyingly authentic performance still captivates audiences and set a new standard for method acting in cinema.
The document provides instructions for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request form with details of the paper needed, reviewing bids from writers and choosing one, making a deposit, reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed work. Customers can request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company promises original, high-quality content with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Chinese Character Practice Writing PaperKate Campbell
The document discusses Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest in Mexico who struggled with balancing faith and reason. As a priest, he was expected to uphold the standards of the Catholic Church, but was also influenced by ideas from the Enlightenment. This created an internal conflict between strict religious faith and independent rational thought. The film depicts Hidalgo seeking a way for both faith and reason to coexist peacefully in society, rather than choosing one over the other through violence. It shows his transformation from priest to revolutionary as he embraced new, unconventional ideas for his time.
This document outlines a study on security analysis and portfolio management. It discusses traditional security analysis which focuses on projecting prices and dividends to determine a stock's potential value. It also discusses modern portfolio theory which emphasizes diversification across industries. The objectives are to understand portfolio management concepts, security analysis concepts, and calculate industry returns using indexes to help investors identify positively performing securities.
The Best IELTS Task 2 Writing Template - MagoosKate Campbell
The document discusses Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon and the civil war that preceded it from 1975 to 1976. The civil war was a result of changing political dynamics in Lebanon that undercut the authority of older ruling families. It pitted the Lebanese front, which supported the status quo, against the Lebanese National Movement, a reformist coalition backed by Palestinian allies who wanted to reduce political monopolies and transform Lebanon into a democracy. Israel's invasion further disrupted Lebanon's political situation.
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Albrecht Altdorfer was a German painter during the Renaissance who is considered one of the first landscape painters in the modern sense. His most famous work is The Battle of Issus, which depicts Alexander the Great's victory over Darius III in 333 BC. The painting focuses on detailed landscapes to amplify the scene of Alexander's victory. Centuries later, Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh's Starry Night also uses nature as a metaphor, though to convey different emotions. While Altdorfer portrayed the aggression of war in nature, Van Gogh's painting is more tranquil, with undertones of depression and themes of death and immortality.
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Edomites &; khazars Jews who are they today?all4yhwh
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The document discusses the shift from Fordism to post-Fordism and flexible production systems. It explains that Fordism involved mass production of standardized goods, while post-Fordism focuses on flexible specialization, rapid product changes, and customization. This allows companies to differentiate their products based on style and cater to niche markets. The transition resulted in more temporary and unstable jobs compared to the stable careers common under Fordism.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account and placing an order on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to help students obtain high-quality original content by writing assignments online through this service.
This document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from a website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attaching a sample if wanting the writer to imitate style.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start.
4. Review the paper and authorize full payment if pleased, or request free revisions. Multiple revisions can be requested to ensure satisfaction, and plagiarized work results in a full refund.
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This document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document promises original, high-quality content.
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The passage provides a 5-step guide for writing a research paper with the assistance of HelpWriting.net. It outlines the registration process, how to submit a request and provide instructions, how writers bid on requests and clients select a writer, how clients can review and approve the paper, and how revisions can be requested. It emphasizes HelpWriting.net's commitment to original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarized work.
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1. Create an account and provide contact information.
2. Complete an order form with instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work.
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4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment or request revisions.
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Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Alexander The Great As A Philosopher-King
1. Alexander the Great as a Philosopher-King
By Donald Joseph Broussard
King Alexander III of Macedon, besides being a general par excellence, was also a philosopher.
His early life was like that of his hero Achilleus; his education consisted both of lessons from
one of the time’s greatest philosophers as well as “uneducated” barbarians.
Alexander became king on the death of his father, Philip II of Macedon, in 336 B.C. He
was prepared for this awesome responsibility partly because Aristotle, himself a Macedonian and
student of Plato, was secured as teacher to tutor prince Alexander; the fourteen-year-old prince
probably owed his desire to pursue the unknown geographic areas of his time to Aristotle
(Bosworth 1988, 21).
In youth, Alexander learned passion from his mother, Olympias, a “devotee of the
orgiastic cults of Dionysus” (Hamilton 1974, p 29). His father, Philip II, “has sometimes been
contrasted with Olympias as supplying the Apolline or rational aspect of Alexander’s character”
(Hamilton 30). The prince’s reading consisted of Euripides, who fled to the court of Archelaus I
of Macedon in 406 B.C. and whose plays he knew by heart (Bosworth 26). Also standard reading
was Homer, from which Alexander styled himself after Achilleus, and his best friend,
Hephaestion, as Patroclus (Lipsius 1974, 41). Alexander would become familiar with the
historian Philistus and the dithyrambic poets Telestus and Philoxenus (Bosworth 20).
Alexander saw himself as destined to topple the mighty Persian empire, which had, under
Xerxes I, antagonized Greece 150 years before (Benoist-Mechin, 1966, 28). It was conventional
Greek thought to seek revenge; proof of this is the traditional maxim lex talionis – law of
retaliation (Benoist-Mechin 40) in Aeschylus’s Oresteia. Greece remembered the invasion in 480
B.C. by Xerxes (ibid 22); this led to demands of retribution.
2. Aristotle taught the prince that “the tyrant’s aim is pleasure; the king’s is duty. Hence
they differ in their appetites and ambitions: the tyrant grasps at money, the king at honor”
(Lipsius 45). Aristotle, moreover, considered Persia tyrannical in his Nichomachean Ethics
(1160b30); therefore Persia was to be subdued as an ancient and evil enemy.
An example of this education occurs when the king was ill, before the battle of Issus. His most
senior general, Parmenion, sent a letter accusing the king’s doctor, Philip the Arcananian, of
conspiring with the enemy Persians to kill him. As Alexander drank his medicine, he handed his
doctor the letter and so remembered “Aristotle’s lessons in distinguishing the self-assured king
from the eternally suspicious tyrant” (Lipsius 114).
He would subjugate the Persians, not obliterate them; he had admired Cyrus the Great,
Darius I and Xerxes I. Upon coming to a fallen statue of Xerxes, Alexander accosted the
long-dead tyrant:
Shall we neglectfully pass thee by, now that thou art prostrate on the ground, because
thou once invadedst Greece, or shall we erect thee again, in consideration of the greatness
of thy mind and thy other virtues? (Plutarch 263)
Alexander contented himself with burning down Persepolis, the palace of Xerxes (ibid). That
repaid Persia for her war with Greece.
The concept of oikumene – literally, family state (Historia Terrarum iv, 4) became policy
at Alexander’s court. When he visited the tomb of Cyrus II of Persia, forefather of Darius I and
Xerxes I, Alexander became convinced that “he must add to his Macedonian heritage that of the
King of Kings. . . “ (Benoist-Mechin 187). The empire would be ideally held together by
common culture. This policy caused much bitter division between the King and his troops. This
division was personified in the quarrels of Hephaestion and Craterus, two of Alexander’s most
trusted friends. Plutarch relates that “Hephaestion was a friend of Alexander’s, while Craterus
3. was a friend of the King’s” (Plutarch 272). Hephaestion agreed with the King’s policies;
Craterus, however, opposed them, preferring Macedonian customs (ibid.). The two men clashed
vehemently:
They came to blows which Alexander himself had to break up, swearing that he loved
both men more than any other human beings. At the same time he told them that he would kill
them both – or at least the one who started it – were they to fight again (Lipsius 162).
His friend Cleitus, whose sister had nursed him as a baby (Lipsius 170) and who saved
his life at the battle of Granicus (Bosworth 43), challenged the king with a quote from Euripides’
Andromache: “Alas, what evil custom reigns in Greece” (Lipsius 180). In drunken rage, Cleitus
reminded the king precisely who had saved his impetuous life, and decried the increasing
Orientalism of the court (ibid.). Alexander grabbed a spear and, in equally Dionysiac passion, ran
his friend through.
When Alexander entered the palace of Darius III, “he beheld the bathing vessels, the
water-pots. . . all of gold . . . and turned to those about him and said, ‘This, it seems, is royalty’”
(Plutarch 245). This was the palace of the King of Kings, in whose presence courtiers were not
permitted to stand (Historia Terrarum, vol. iv, 4).
Alexander’s “view that the whole world is a whole unit, and all things may be brought
together” possibly came from the ecumenical philosopher Aristotle (ibid.). This was exactly how
Alexander proceeded to unite his empire. He would amalgamate non-Greek with Greek: not
purely Hellenic, but Hellenistic. He started with the oriental idea of proskynesis – prostration.
Aristotle’s nephew Callisthenes refused to perform the ritual; he was accordingly “goaded by the
king into damning the Macedonians since, said Alexander, quoting Euripides, ‘On noble subjects
all men can speak well’”. The sophist Callisthenes – general Lysimachus considered him such
4. (Plutarch 280) – was then imprisoned (Lipsius 182).
At the Hydaspes river, Alexander encountered King Porus; the Macedonians, never
having seen elephants before, rallied under Alexander and an old phalanx commander, Coenus
(Lipsius 195). Porus lost many of his troops, among them two sons, and the meeting between
victor and vanquished left an impression on the victor: “Never had he seen a man show such
dignity in adversity” (Benoist-Mechin, 110).
The unpopular assimilation policy regarding the cultures became a crisis when the troops
rebelled twice: at the river Hyphasis (Bosworth 132), and at Opis in the summer of 324 B.C.
The first time, the men refused to cross the river because of utter exhaustion; Coenus, speaking
for them, expounded their cause by demanding a halt. Alexander angrily retired to his tent
(ibid.), but gave in to his troops and ordered the army to turn around. He ordered sacrifices to ask
the gods’ advice, which was negative (Lipsius 200). But when the army moved, “Alexander . . .
stayed with the rear guard, as though he could not bear to tear himself away from a landscape
which he would never see again. A page in his life had been turned. He chatted about this and
that with Hephaestion, but his casual terms deceived no one” (Benoist-Mechin 119).
The revolt at Opis concerned emotions of betrayal (Bosworth 160). By this time, Coenus had
died (ibid.). Alexander, having tired of the complaining of his Macedonians, reminded them
what his father and he had done for them, then ordered them home:
Very well then, Go! And when you get home, tell the people that your king, Alexander. .
. who scaled the Caucasus; who crossed the Oxus, the Jaxartes, and the Indus, which only
Dionysus had reached before him – as well as the Hydaspes, the Aeschines, and the
Hyphasis, and who would have crossed the Hyphasis with you, had you not prevented
him; . . . whose fleet opened the ocean route from the Indus to Persia – that this king you
deserted and left to the protection of the defeated barbarians! (Benoist-Mechin 175)
He then sulked in his tent as his hero Achilleus had done. The men, with the old cavalry
commander Callines assuming the role of the dead Coenus, retorted that their complaints had to
5. do not with endless warfare but with the King making Persians his “kinsmen,” something he had
not done for his own Macedonians (ibid.). Alexander responded, “I make you all my kinsmen”
(Lipsius 212).
After the two revolts, Alexander sent Craterus home with older veteran troops; “Craterus.
. . had been most outspoken in defense of Macedonian tradition, and, like Parmenion, had been
kept regularly from court. . . “ (Bosworth 161). The king believed strongly in his policy; whoever
could not accept that would be dismissed. What could move him to do this to fellow
Macedonians who had come so far with him?
The epitaph of Cyrus, Plutarch relates, moved Alexander with simple dignity. It read:
O Man, whosoever thou art, and from whencesoever thou comest (for I know thou wilt
come), I am Cyrus, founder of the Persian Empire; do not grudge me this little earth
which covers my body (Plutarch 292).
The reading “sensibly touched Alexander, filling him with thoughts of the uncertainty
and mutability of human affairs” (ibid.).
Alexander had begun crossing the Hellespont by offering libation at the tomb of Protesilaus, the
Greek who was the first to set foot on Trojan soil and the first to die there (Bosworth 37). He
prayed to avoid that hero’s fate while possessing his boldness; even Achilleus had hesitated at
the prophesy of death for the first Argive soldier setting foot at Troy. By tracing his genealogy to
Achilleus’ son Neoptolemus and Trojan princess Andromache, the young king “was eager to
reconcile the two sides of his lineage” (Bosworth 39). This idea of oikumene (“family-state”;
Historia Terrarum) foreshadowed later fact and was responsible for Alexander’s celebrated
multiple marriage ceremony at Susa. Alexander, having just seen the final resting place of Cyrus,
wanted to “unite the two nations by the communication of children” (Benoist-Mechin 146). He
himself wed the daughter of Darius III; her sister he gave to Hephaestion; her cousin he gave to
6. Craterus (ibid., 47). The mixture in bloodlines would become a precursor to the mixture of
cultures necessary to hold the empire together. Had he not told the mother of Darius III, when
she mistook the taller Hephaestion for the king, she was not to worry, for "He is another
Alexander"? Aristotle had defined a friend as another self, and now his alter ego would have
children that were cousins to his.
This idealism was not embraced by his two most senior generals, Antipater and Parmenion. The
former was left at home as regent for most of the king’s reign, while the latter was assassinated
on charges of conspiracy, with his son Philotas (Lipsius 79). Parmenion and Alexander disagreed
philosophically; the old general always urged caution, the king heard none of it, rooted as it was
in an older system unsympathetic to youthful boldness. Antipater, also growing old, was judged
to be past his effectiveness. They were both of the generation of Philip II; therefore Alexander’s
new ecumenical attitude was not shared by them.
At any rate, Antipater “did not respond immediately. Instead he sent his eldest son, Cassander, to
court” (Bosworth, 162). Alexander coolly received him into camp, but the atmosphere of the
camp became despondent when Hephaestion died at Ecbatana, to which the army had marched
(Plutarch 294).
Hephaestion had been one of the king’s closest intimates; his grief did not wane upon crucifixion
of Hephaestion’s unfortunate physician, shearing the manes of all mules and horses, razing the
temple of Asclepius, or prohibition of all music in camp, according to Plutarch (294).
Alexander learned many lessons from many people. Aristotle gave him curiosity for the
unknown. Darius III had shown him what it was like to be king of kings. Cyrus II had
posthumously reminded him of mortality. Porus, the Indian who so nearly defeated him at the
Hydaspes, had shown him “dignity in adversity” (Benoist-Mechin 110). But it was Hephaestion
7. who gave Alexander friendship – philos. He embodied Aristotle’s admonition to have “excellent
friends” (Ethics ix, 1170b15). Just as Achilleus never thought of death until it held Patroclus in
its inexorable grasp, so too Alexander never considered his future. Not even the message of
Cyrus II had such an effect; as great as he was, Cyrus was not divine, while Alexander thought
he was. Had not the sacred Oracle of Delphi proclaimed, “My son, thou art invincible” (Plutarch
238)? How could death have power over the son of the god of Delphi, Apollo, himself son of
Zeus?
After a long period of mourning for Hephaestion, the army went to Babylon
(Benoist-Mechin 220). The king undertook various explorations of the area (ibid.); he listened
with interest to his childhood friend, admiral Nearchus, explain what discoveries his fleet had
made near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Meanwhile, at the Babylonian palace, a stranger
calling himself Dionysus seated himself on the vacated throne. The King ordered him taken
away for execution, but the omen was not missed (Benoist-Mechin 222). Plutarch relates that
Seleucus and some other generals went to the temple of Serapis for divine assistance; none was
forthcoming. The king felt surrounded by enemies. Antipater’s sons, Cassander and Iolaus, the
latter being cupbearer to the king, became incarnations of terror to him (Plutarch 296). Also,
Nearchus had heard of ominous warnings that the march to Babylon be postponed (ibid. 295).
Hephaestion’s replacement, Perdiccas, discreetly disobeyed Alexander’s order for two
huge funeral monuments, one for Philip II, to be constructed on a scale similar to the Great
Pyramid in Egypt, and one for Alexander III (Bosworth 164).
Alexander spent his final days in the palace of King Nebuchadnezzar (Bosworth 172); rumors of
poising ran throughout the city, with Cassander and Iolaus suspected (Bosworth 170).
His generals carved the empire amongst themselves. Ptolemy took Egypt; Antigonus ruled Asia
8. Minor; Antipater retained Macedonia. Media was divided between Python and Atropates while
Archon obtained Babylonia. Eumenes received Cappadocia, and Lysimachus took Thrace
(Benoist-Mechin 229). Most of the men already governed their provinces as satraps;
significantly, this idea was borrowed from Cyrus and Darius I (Bosworth 229).
Perdiccas was appointed overall commander of the army, with Seleucus in charge of the
cavalry and Meleager the infantry; Cassander was given command of the foreign contingents,
and Craterus “became intendant-general of the empire” (Benoist-Mechin 228).
The proclaimed king of Macedon was Arrhidaeus, who was given the name Philip III; he
was an imbecilic paternal half-brother of Alexander and would die in 317 B.C., the same year as
his guardian, Antipater (Bosworth 174).
The king’s posthumous son, Alexander IV, an infant who ruled with Philip III, was
assassinated in 310 B.C. by none other than Cassander (Bosworth 174). The generals Antigonus,
Seleucus, and Ptolemy proclaimed themselves Kings in Macedon, Asia, and Egypt, respectively
(Historia Terrarum, iv, 4). Alexander’s idea of ecumenism died with him. Antigonus I held the
land from the Aegean to the Euphrates, and Seleucus I from there to India (Bosworth 176). The
only generals who sought to pursue Alexander’s dream of oikumene were Antigonus I and his
son Demetrius I Poliorcetes; they were defeated by Seleucus I and Lysimachus with elephants
gained from Porus after the battle of Hydaspes, in 301 B.C. at the cataclysmic battle of Ipsus
(Benoist-Mechin 244).
Most of the Seperatist Kings, in imitation of Alexander, styled themselves as offspring of
divinities; Seleucus I Nicator “claimed Apollo as his heavenly father,” and Ptolemy I Soter (the
epithet means “savior”) became son of the demigod Heracles (Bosworth 177).
With Alexander lying in state in Alexandria, Egypt, his “body and name were being used
9. to underwrite a regime whose very existence would have been anathema to him” (Bosworth
180). The various kings rejected the idea of oikumene altogether, preferring individual
monarchies. The monarchy would no longer be cemented by culture. Alexander had predicted
this when, on his deathbed, he was asked to whom the empire would be left. The dying king
answered, “To the strongest” (Lipsius 210). Too late had he planned for the future of his
kingdom. War, not oikumene, would now decide its fate.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. by Terence Irwin. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985.
Benoist-Mechin, Jacques. Alexander the Great. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1966.
Bosworth, A. B. Conquest and Empire: the Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University
Press, 1988.
Hamilton, J. R. Alexander the Great. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974.
“Historia Terrarum.” Burnam W. Reynolds, ed. Professor Press Ltd., 1990.
Lipsius, Frank. Alexander the Great. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1974.
Plutarch. Twelve Lives. Trans. by John Dryden. Cleveland: Fine Editions Press, 1950