This document discusses marriage laws in Malaysia before and after the enforcement of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (LRA).
Prior to 1982, marriages were solemnized according to various statutes, customs, and religious laws. After LRA enforcement in 1982, all non-Muslim marriages must be registered and monogamous. The LRA standardized solemnization procedures and prohibited certain types of marriages for non-Muslims. Exemptions applied for natives of East Malaysia whose customary marriages remained valid if elected under native law.
Nota tort fitnah dan pembelaan in Malay. Defamation and defense.
Please do not reupload or misuse for profit. For reading purpose only. Credits belong to the original creator of the slides.
The document discusses four cases related to temporary occupation licenses (TOL) under Malaysian land law:
1) Mohamed v Kunji Mohidin - A holder of a TOL to pluck coconuts was awarded damages after another licensee cut down trees on the land.
2) Julaika Bivi v Mydin - A TOL holder can bring an ejectment action against a trespasser occupying part of a house on the licensed land.
3) Hee Cheng v Krishnan - An attempted sale of rights under a TOL was deemed unlawful under the Contracts Ordinance.
4) Paruvathy d/o Murugiah v Krishnan - The principle
The document summarizes key points about maintenance of a spouse under Malaysian family law:
1) Section 77 of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act provides the court the power to order maintenance for a spouse in three situations: during matrimonial proceedings, when granting or after granting a divorce or judicial separation decree, or if a spouse is found alive after being presumed dead.
2) The court determines maintenance amounts based primarily on the means and needs of the parties, regardless of income proportions, but considers the responsibility of each party for the marriage breakdown.
3) The right to receive court-ordered maintenance ends if the recipient remarries or lives in adultery with another person.
Preston corporation sdn bhd case law of contractkapan5783
The case involves a dispute between Preston Corporation and a printing firm, Edward Leong & ORS, over unpaid printing charges. Preston claimed it withheld $500 that was overcharged and refused to pay extra charges for film positives, disputing the printers' claimed ownership. The printers sued for the unpaid amounts. The key issue was whether quotations from the printers constituted binding offers forming a contract, or were merely invitations to treat. The Federal Court ultimately found the quotations were invitations to treat, so any terms regarding film ownership in them did not form part of the actual contract between the parties. It ruled in favor of Preston Corporation.
Administration of Islamic Law under Federal ConstitutionFAROUQ
This document discusses the jurisdiction of Syariah courts and civil courts in family law cases involving Muslims in Malaysia. [1] Before amendments to the Federal Constitution in 1988, civil courts had jurisdiction over cases involving Muslims and often overturned Syariah court rulings. [2] After 1992, civil courts began recognizing Syariah court jurisdiction over Muslims. However, conflicts still arise in cases where one spouse converts to Islam. [3] The Federal Court ruled that the civil high court has jurisdiction over divorce and custody if the spouses' religious status at marriage was different, to prevent injustice to the unconverted spouse.
This document discusses marriage laws in Malaysia before and after the enforcement of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (LRA).
Prior to 1982, marriages were solemnized according to various statutes, customs, and religious laws. After LRA enforcement in 1982, all non-Muslim marriages must be registered and monogamous. The LRA standardized solemnization procedures and prohibited certain types of marriages for non-Muslims. Exemptions applied for natives of East Malaysia whose customary marriages remained valid if elected under native law.
Nota tort fitnah dan pembelaan in Malay. Defamation and defense.
Please do not reupload or misuse for profit. For reading purpose only. Credits belong to the original creator of the slides.
The document discusses four cases related to temporary occupation licenses (TOL) under Malaysian land law:
1) Mohamed v Kunji Mohidin - A holder of a TOL to pluck coconuts was awarded damages after another licensee cut down trees on the land.
2) Julaika Bivi v Mydin - A TOL holder can bring an ejectment action against a trespasser occupying part of a house on the licensed land.
3) Hee Cheng v Krishnan - An attempted sale of rights under a TOL was deemed unlawful under the Contracts Ordinance.
4) Paruvathy d/o Murugiah v Krishnan - The principle
The document summarizes key points about maintenance of a spouse under Malaysian family law:
1) Section 77 of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act provides the court the power to order maintenance for a spouse in three situations: during matrimonial proceedings, when granting or after granting a divorce or judicial separation decree, or if a spouse is found alive after being presumed dead.
2) The court determines maintenance amounts based primarily on the means and needs of the parties, regardless of income proportions, but considers the responsibility of each party for the marriage breakdown.
3) The right to receive court-ordered maintenance ends if the recipient remarries or lives in adultery with another person.
Preston corporation sdn bhd case law of contractkapan5783
The case involves a dispute between Preston Corporation and a printing firm, Edward Leong & ORS, over unpaid printing charges. Preston claimed it withheld $500 that was overcharged and refused to pay extra charges for film positives, disputing the printers' claimed ownership. The printers sued for the unpaid amounts. The key issue was whether quotations from the printers constituted binding offers forming a contract, or were merely invitations to treat. The Federal Court ultimately found the quotations were invitations to treat, so any terms regarding film ownership in them did not form part of the actual contract between the parties. It ruled in favor of Preston Corporation.
Administration of Islamic Law under Federal ConstitutionFAROUQ
This document discusses the jurisdiction of Syariah courts and civil courts in family law cases involving Muslims in Malaysia. [1] Before amendments to the Federal Constitution in 1988, civil courts had jurisdiction over cases involving Muslims and often overturned Syariah court rulings. [2] After 1992, civil courts began recognizing Syariah court jurisdiction over Muslims. However, conflicts still arise in cases where one spouse converts to Islam. [3] The Federal Court ruled that the civil high court has jurisdiction over divorce and custody if the spouses' religious status at marriage was different, to prevent injustice to the unconverted spouse.
Contents :
Definition
Importance
Attendance
Appearance
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
CONTOH MOOTING OLEH PELAJAR TAHUN AKHIR DI UUMASMAH CHE WAN
Appeal on criminal case which is a rape case. we are acting on behalf of appellant (accused). This case was based on real situation in the case of Azahan bin Aminallah v PP.
The contents are listed in the 1st page of the note :) credit goes to Dr Munzil for the amazing comprehensive notes, I just added / rearranged few parts to ease my understanding.
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves everyday, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document summarizes adoption laws in Malaysia, including both customary and statutory adoption. It discusses the requirements and processes for customary adoption registration under the Registration of Adoptions Act 1952 for Peninsular Malaysia. It also outlines the key aspects of statutory adoption under the Adoption Act 1952 for Peninsular Malaysia, including who can adopt and be adopted, the court's power to issue adoption orders, requirements for applicants and children, and exceptions to the rules. Key cases related to adoption are also briefly summarized.
This document outlines the key distinctions and grounds for void and voidable marriages under Malaysian law. It discusses:
1) The differences between void and voidable marriages, such as the need for a decree and who can bring an action. Void marriages are invalid from the start, while voidable marriages can be annulled.
2) The jurisdiction of Malaysian courts to hear nullity petitions, which requires the marriage be registered in Malaysia or the parties reside in Malaysia.
3) The grounds for declaring a marriage void under Section 69, such as polygamy, underage parties, prohibited relationships, and same-sex marriages.
4) The grounds for annulling a marriage as void
Di dalam sistem perundangan Islam di Malaysia perkataan faraq/istilah faraq digunakan bagi merujuk kepada sesuatu pembubaran perkahwinan bukan melalui talak. Pada sudut istilah faraq yang digunakan di dalam kitab-kitab fiqh membawa maksud pemisahan atau pembubaran bagi perkahwinan samada melalui talak atau selainnya
The document discusses the concepts of bare trust and stakeholder under Malaysian law. It begins by explaining that a solicitor stakeholder temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined, such as money paid by a purchaser pending registration of a property transfer. It then summarizes two key Malaysian cases on stakeholders. The document also discusses the English common law position on bare trusts, where the vendor becomes a bare trustee once a valid sale contract exists. However, under Malaysian law bare trustee status only arises after full payment and execution of a valid transfer, as established in another case summarized. The key differences between the common law and Malaysian positions on bare trusts are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of nuisance in tort law. It defines nuisance as a branch of law that protects landowners from unreasonable interference with the use of their land. There are two types of nuisance: public nuisance, which affects the rights of the general public, and private nuisance, which disturbs a private individual's use and enjoyment of their property.
The document outlines the elements that must be proven for a private nuisance claim, including that the interference was substantial and unreasonable. It examines factors like the location of the properties and whether the defendant's actions provide a public benefit. Case examples are provided to illustrate how courts have interpreted and applied the legal principles of nuisance.
Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan [FELDA] v Mariam & OrsRawaida Zulkifli
This case involved a land development project where a subcontractor built housing for workers. One of the houses collapsed, killing a worker. The worker's dependents sued FELDA, who had contracted the main work. The court found FELDA liable for negligence as the occupier of the land, owing a duty of care to provide safe housing to workers, which it breached when the house collapsed. FELDA could not rely on an act of God defense as the evidence was hearsay. The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applied since the house must have been unsafe. The court accepted that duty of care can exist without a contract under Donoghue v Stevenson.
conflict happened between civil courts and syariah courts because civil court interfere syariah court jurisdiction and also happened civil court over ruled the decision of syariah court.The amendment of (1A) had been added to article 121 to specific the jurisdiction of syariah court.
A company Z Ltd was operating a factory to manufacture explosives on land owned by X & Y. Z Ltd was doing so as a licensee to fulfill a contract X & Y entered into with another party. A big explosion occurred at the factory, damaging neighbouring property and killing many people. The court held both Z Ltd and X & Y liable. Z Ltd was liable as the licensee that had accumulated the dangerous explosives. X & Y were also liable as the occupiers and landowners, as the accumulation of the explosives by Z Ltd was in discharge of X and Y's contractual duty to another party.
Contract Law - Question given by lecturer and my answer.Maliza Eza
Mary promised to give her brothers RM500 monthly on the condition that their mother transfer some land to her. Their mother agreed and transferred the land to Mary. Mary however failed to fulfill her promise and her brothers sued her on the promise. Advise Mary.
The document discusses the differences between murder and culpable homicide under Indian law. It examines the exceptions under Section 300 that may reduce a murder charge to culpable homicide not amounting to murder. These exceptions include provocation, exceeding the right of private defense, a public servant exceeding their powers, sudden fight, and consent. The document analyzes several court cases to illustrate how the exceptions have been applied in practice and the criteria courts consider in determining whether an exception applies.
Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti dalam Sistem Torrens di MalaysiaIrfan Shafie
UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH DI MALAYSIA MENGGUNAPAKAI SISTEM TORRENS BAGI MENGIKTIRAF HAK MILIK TANAH. NAMUN BEGITU, PRINSIP EKUITI AKAN DIGUNAKAN JIKA TERDAPAT LAKUNA DALAM SISTEM PERUNDANGAN NEGARA.
Criminal Procedure I - POWERS OF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN MALAYSIA intnmsrh
The document discusses the powers of the Public Prosecutor (PP) in Malaysia regarding criminal procedures. It outlines that the PP has the sole power to institute and conduct criminal proceedings per the Federal Constitution. This power is exercised at the PP's discretion and is limited to criminal proceedings in civil courts. The document also distinguishes between the PP's powers regarding consenting to prosecutions versus sanctioning prosecutions. It notes that lack of consent is fatal to a case, while lack of sanction can potentially be cured. Finally, it discusses limitations on the PP's powers, effects of discontinuing proceedings, and relevant case law on the topic.
The document summarizes two legal cases from a Malaysian business law course. The first case discusses the will of Tan Soh Sim who died without a will. Her legal next-of-kin signed a document giving her estate to her four adopted children and second wife. The court found the document invalid as the adopted children were not in near relation to the next-of-kin according to Chinese custom. The second case discusses Ventaka Chinnaya Rau Garu vs. Venkataramaya but no details are provided. The document provides facts, issues, principles, decisions and commentary for the first case and references for a business law course assignment.
Contents :
Definition
Importance
Attendance
Appearance
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
CONTOH MOOTING OLEH PELAJAR TAHUN AKHIR DI UUMASMAH CHE WAN
Appeal on criminal case which is a rape case. we are acting on behalf of appellant (accused). This case was based on real situation in the case of Azahan bin Aminallah v PP.
The contents are listed in the 1st page of the note :) credit goes to Dr Munzil for the amazing comprehensive notes, I just added / rearranged few parts to ease my understanding.
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves everyday, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document summarizes adoption laws in Malaysia, including both customary and statutory adoption. It discusses the requirements and processes for customary adoption registration under the Registration of Adoptions Act 1952 for Peninsular Malaysia. It also outlines the key aspects of statutory adoption under the Adoption Act 1952 for Peninsular Malaysia, including who can adopt and be adopted, the court's power to issue adoption orders, requirements for applicants and children, and exceptions to the rules. Key cases related to adoption are also briefly summarized.
This document outlines the key distinctions and grounds for void and voidable marriages under Malaysian law. It discusses:
1) The differences between void and voidable marriages, such as the need for a decree and who can bring an action. Void marriages are invalid from the start, while voidable marriages can be annulled.
2) The jurisdiction of Malaysian courts to hear nullity petitions, which requires the marriage be registered in Malaysia or the parties reside in Malaysia.
3) The grounds for declaring a marriage void under Section 69, such as polygamy, underage parties, prohibited relationships, and same-sex marriages.
4) The grounds for annulling a marriage as void
Di dalam sistem perundangan Islam di Malaysia perkataan faraq/istilah faraq digunakan bagi merujuk kepada sesuatu pembubaran perkahwinan bukan melalui talak. Pada sudut istilah faraq yang digunakan di dalam kitab-kitab fiqh membawa maksud pemisahan atau pembubaran bagi perkahwinan samada melalui talak atau selainnya
The document discusses the concepts of bare trust and stakeholder under Malaysian law. It begins by explaining that a solicitor stakeholder temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined, such as money paid by a purchaser pending registration of a property transfer. It then summarizes two key Malaysian cases on stakeholders. The document also discusses the English common law position on bare trusts, where the vendor becomes a bare trustee once a valid sale contract exists. However, under Malaysian law bare trustee status only arises after full payment and execution of a valid transfer, as established in another case summarized. The key differences between the common law and Malaysian positions on bare trusts are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of nuisance in tort law. It defines nuisance as a branch of law that protects landowners from unreasonable interference with the use of their land. There are two types of nuisance: public nuisance, which affects the rights of the general public, and private nuisance, which disturbs a private individual's use and enjoyment of their property.
The document outlines the elements that must be proven for a private nuisance claim, including that the interference was substantial and unreasonable. It examines factors like the location of the properties and whether the defendant's actions provide a public benefit. Case examples are provided to illustrate how courts have interpreted and applied the legal principles of nuisance.
Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan [FELDA] v Mariam & OrsRawaida Zulkifli
This case involved a land development project where a subcontractor built housing for workers. One of the houses collapsed, killing a worker. The worker's dependents sued FELDA, who had contracted the main work. The court found FELDA liable for negligence as the occupier of the land, owing a duty of care to provide safe housing to workers, which it breached when the house collapsed. FELDA could not rely on an act of God defense as the evidence was hearsay. The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applied since the house must have been unsafe. The court accepted that duty of care can exist without a contract under Donoghue v Stevenson.
conflict happened between civil courts and syariah courts because civil court interfere syariah court jurisdiction and also happened civil court over ruled the decision of syariah court.The amendment of (1A) had been added to article 121 to specific the jurisdiction of syariah court.
A company Z Ltd was operating a factory to manufacture explosives on land owned by X & Y. Z Ltd was doing so as a licensee to fulfill a contract X & Y entered into with another party. A big explosion occurred at the factory, damaging neighbouring property and killing many people. The court held both Z Ltd and X & Y liable. Z Ltd was liable as the licensee that had accumulated the dangerous explosives. X & Y were also liable as the occupiers and landowners, as the accumulation of the explosives by Z Ltd was in discharge of X and Y's contractual duty to another party.
Contract Law - Question given by lecturer and my answer.Maliza Eza
Mary promised to give her brothers RM500 monthly on the condition that their mother transfer some land to her. Their mother agreed and transferred the land to Mary. Mary however failed to fulfill her promise and her brothers sued her on the promise. Advise Mary.
The document discusses the differences between murder and culpable homicide under Indian law. It examines the exceptions under Section 300 that may reduce a murder charge to culpable homicide not amounting to murder. These exceptions include provocation, exceeding the right of private defense, a public servant exceeding their powers, sudden fight, and consent. The document analyzes several court cases to illustrate how the exceptions have been applied in practice and the criteria courts consider in determining whether an exception applies.
Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti dalam Sistem Torrens di MalaysiaIrfan Shafie
UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH DI MALAYSIA MENGGUNAPAKAI SISTEM TORRENS BAGI MENGIKTIRAF HAK MILIK TANAH. NAMUN BEGITU, PRINSIP EKUITI AKAN DIGUNAKAN JIKA TERDAPAT LAKUNA DALAM SISTEM PERUNDANGAN NEGARA.
Criminal Procedure I - POWERS OF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN MALAYSIA intnmsrh
The document discusses the powers of the Public Prosecutor (PP) in Malaysia regarding criminal procedures. It outlines that the PP has the sole power to institute and conduct criminal proceedings per the Federal Constitution. This power is exercised at the PP's discretion and is limited to criminal proceedings in civil courts. The document also distinguishes between the PP's powers regarding consenting to prosecutions versus sanctioning prosecutions. It notes that lack of consent is fatal to a case, while lack of sanction can potentially be cured. Finally, it discusses limitations on the PP's powers, effects of discontinuing proceedings, and relevant case law on the topic.
The document summarizes two legal cases from a Malaysian business law course. The first case discusses the will of Tan Soh Sim who died without a will. Her legal next-of-kin signed a document giving her estate to her four adopted children and second wife. The court found the document invalid as the adopted children were not in near relation to the next-of-kin according to Chinese custom. The second case discusses Ventaka Chinnaya Rau Garu vs. Venkataramaya but no details are provided. The document provides facts, issues, principles, decisions and commentary for the first case and references for a business law course assignment.
Siapakah Lina Joy? Apakah perkara yang dituntut dalam kes ini? Apakah keputusan kehakiman? Apakah kesan kes ini dalam kedaulatan umat Islam di Malaysia?
1. AKTA MEMPERBAHARUI
UNDANG-UNDANG
(PERKAHWINAN DAN
PERCERAIAN) 1976
Kursus Sosio-perundangan,
Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota
Bharu, Kelantan,
25 Ogos 2008.
NORAINI MD HASHIM
KULIYYAH UNDANG-UNDANG AHMAD
IBRAHIM, UNIVERSITI ISLAM
ANTARABANGSA MALAYSIA
noraini hashim
1
3. UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA
Undang-undang keluarga merujuk
kepada satu sistem undang-undang
yang mengendalikan institusi
keluarga dan soal-soal yang
berhubung dengan kekeluargaan
noraini hashim
3
4. UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA
Undang-undang keluarga sering
dikaitkan dengan undang-undang harta
dan perwarisan.
Undang-undang keluarga mempunyai
perkaitan dengan status-personal, dan
ia juga berkongsi dengan bidang lain
seperti undang-undang jenayah
(sebagai contoh: keganasan dalam
keluarga. Pesalah akan didakwa
menurut peruntukan dalam Kanun
Keseksaan dan Akta Keganasan
Rumahtangga 1994).
noraini hashim
4
5. UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA
Undang-undang keluarga
kebiasaannya merangkumi undangundang dan dasar berkaitan keluarga
spt:
undang-undang berkaitan perkahwinan
dan perceraian,
nafkah isteri dan anak,
tuntutan harta,
hak penjagaan anak,
jenayah rumahtangga
dan penderaan kanak-kanak.
noraini hashim
5
7. Undang-undang Keluarga Bukan
Islam di Malaysia
Akta Membaharui Undang-undang
(Perkahwinan & Perceraian) 1976 AMU 1976
Berkuatkuasa pada 1 Mac 1982.
Terpakai bagi Bukan Islam
Berdomisil di Malaysia
noraini hashim
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8. LATARBELAKANG AMU 1976
Sebelum kedatangan AMU terdapat
pelbagai undang-undang bertulis dan
adat berkaitan undang-undang
keluarga disebabkan kepelbagaian
kaum yang ada.
Kesannya, timbul kesulitan untuk
mengadili masalah yang timbul.
noraini hashim
8
9. YDP Agung telah melantik
Suruhanjaya Diraja mengenai
undang2 perkahwinan dan perceraian
bagi:
1.Mengkaji undang2 perkahwinan &
perceraian sedia ada (bagi bukan Islam)
dan mempastikan pembaharuan seiring
dengan resolusi Perhimpunan Bangsa2
Bersatu perkaitan keizinan berkahwin,
umur minima berkahwin dan
pendaftaran perkawinan.
noraini hashim
9
10. 2.Mempertimbangkan pandangan daripada
mana2 kaum atau golongan pelbagai
agama yang akan terbabit dengan
perubahan dan pembaharuan undang2
perkahwinan dan perceraian sedia ada,
dan menyediakan dan melapurkan
kepada kerajaan, dan mencadangkan
pembaharuan sekiranya ada terhadap
pembaharuan terhadap undang2
tersebut.
noraini hashim
10
11. APAKAH RESOLUSI PBB BERKENAAN
KEIZINAN BERKAHWIN,UMUR MINIMA DAN
PENDAFTARAN PERKAHWINAN
Artikel 16 Deklarasi Bersatu Hak Kemanusiaan
1.Keizinan berkahwin
Bagi mereka di bawah umur terutamanya
perempuan mesti mendapat keizinan ibu bapa/ penjaga.
2.Umur minima
Menetapkan umur minima
3.Pendaftaran perkahwinan
Setiap perkahwinan mesti diupacarakan olehpihak
berkuasa dan disaksikan oleh 2 orang saksi.
Perkahwinan juga mesti didaftarkan oleh pihak berkuasa
didalam daftar perkahwinan
noraini hashim
11
12. TEMA AMU 1976
1. Memperkenalkan satu undang2
perkahwinan monogami yang standard
terpakai bagi semua bukan Islam
2. Umur minima perkahwinan
3. Pengupacaraan perkahwinan sivil diikuti
oleh perkahwinan istiadat agama,adat dan
kelaziman.
4. Pendaftaran perkahwinan
5. Proses perceraian yang standard dan
dipermudahkan serta tuntutan2 selepas
perceraian.
noraini hashim
12
13. PEMAKAIAN (Seksyen 3 AMU)
-Terpakai hanya kepada semua orang bukan
Islam dalam Malaysia dan tinggal di luar
Malaysia tetapi masih berdomisil di
Malaysia.
-Akta ini tidak terpakai kepada bumiputera
Sabah atau Sarawak atau orang Asli
Malaysia. Mereka tertakluk kepada undangundang atau adat bumiputera kecuali mereka
membuat pilihan untuk berkahwin menurut
AMU.
noraini hashim
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14. PEMAKAIAN (sambungan)
Domisil
Konsep penting dalam menentukan undangundang negara manakah yang terpakai apabila
soal status seseorang individu dibangkitkan di
mahkamah.
Ia adalah tempat tinggal dan niat untuk tinggal
tetap di suatu tempat.
Oleh yang demikian, sekiranya A dilahirkan di
Malaysia, dia akan diandaikan berdomisil di
Malaysia walaupun kemudian bermastautin di
luar negara. Domisil A boleh bertukar kepada
domisil negara lain dengan syarat-syarat tertentu.
noraini hashim
14
15. BAHAGIAN-BAHAGIAN AMU 1976
a.Bahagian 1:Permulaan
b.Bahagian 2:Perkahwinan monogami
c.Bahagian 3:Syarat perkahwinan, pengupacaraan
perkahwinan dll.
d.Bahagian 4:Pendaftaran
e.Bahagian 5: Penalti
f. Bahagian 6:Perceraian
g.Bahagian 7: Perkara berkaitan perkahwinan:
Nafkah suami isteri
h.Bahagian 8: Perlindungan bagi anak-anak
i. Bahagian 9: Pelbagai
noraini hashim
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17. PERKAHWINAN BUKAN ISLAM
Secara Umum
-Satu perjanjian di antara seorang lelaki dengan
seorang perempuan.
-Diakui sah oleh agama, adat resam dan undangundang.
-Melibatkan hak dan tanggungjawab ke atas anakanak yang bakal lahir
noraini hashim
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18. Kes Hyde v Hyde
-Perkahwinan sivil mengikut AMU adalah
berdasar definasi perkahwinan menurut
kes di atas iaitu;
“Penyatuan secara sukarela untuk
seumur hidup di antara seorang
lelaki dengan seorang perempuan
dengan mengecualikan semua yang
lain.”
noraini hashim
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19. -Oleh itu, peruntukkan perkahwinan monogami
dan pengupacaraan yang diperuntukkan di
dalam Akta Memperbaharui Undang-undang
(Perkahwinan & Perceraian) 1976 terdiri
daraipada:
1.Sukarela
2.Untuk seumur hidup
3.Berlainan jantina -hetroseksual
4.Monogami
noraini hashim
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20. STATUS PERKAHWINAN SEBELUM
KEDATANGAN AMU 1976
SEKSYEN 4(1),(2)
-Perkahwinan yang berlaku sebelum AMU di
kuatkuasakan (1/3/1982) adalah sah mengikut
undang-undang jika sekiranya perkahwinan itu sah
mengikut undang-undang, adat serta kelaziman.
-Kes Sabrina Loo Cheng Suan vs Eugene Khoo Oon Jin
[1995] CLJ 875. Perkahwinan kedua mengikut adat Cina,
sedangkan perkahwinan pertama masih wujud.
Perkahwinan pertama dengan Dorothy Khoo sebelum
perkahwinan kedua berlaku pada 1973 (sebelum AMU
dikuatkuasakan). Maka perkahwinan plaintif dengan
defendan adalah sah mengikut seksyen 4(1) dan (2) AMU
1976). Kes ini diputuskan sah oleh Mahkamah Tinggi Pulau
Pinang
noraini hashim
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21. SYARAT PERKAHWINAN AMU 1976
1. Umur minima.
Mengikut s.10, kedua pihak hendaklah berumur 18 tahun
pada hari perkahwinan. Perempuan yang berumur kurang
18 tahun tetapi telah mencapai 16 tahun boleh berkahwin
dengan membuat permohonan kepada Ketua Menteri untuk
mengeluarkan satu lesen bawah di bawah peruntukkan
(seksyen 21(2)AMU 1976).
2. Perhubungan persaudaraan yang dihalang kecuali seorang
Hindu (seksyen 11 AMU 1976).
3. Kebenaran dan persetujuan
a.Keizinan ibubapa/penjaga (seksyen 12 AMU 1976).
b.Kerelaan bebas pasangan (seksyen 22(6) AMU 1976).
4. Lelaki dan Perempuan (seksyen 69 (d): Corbett v Corbett,
Jessie Chung & Joshua Beh Soo Kiang
5. Status Perkahwinan-monogami (seksyen 5,6,7)
noraini hashim
21
22. PEMBATALAN PERKAHWINAN
Pembatalan berlaku akibat perkahwinan
dianggap sebagai:
(a) perkahwinan batal (void
marriage)-S69
(b) perkahwinan boleh batal (voidable
marriage).-S70
noraini hashim
22
23. PERKAHWINAN BATAL
Perkahwinan batal dianggap tidak wujud
sejak pengupacaraan lagi.
Keputusan membatalkan perkahwinan
boleh dibuat ketika pengupacaraan.
Kesahan perkahwinan ini boleh dicabar
sewaktu pasangan masih hidup atau
setelah mati.
Pihak lain boleh mencabar kesahan
perkahwinan tersebut
noraini hashim
23
24. PERKAHWINAN BOLEH BATAL
Perkahwinan boleh batal pula wujud dan
sah sehinggalah mahkamah
membatalkannya.
Keputusan membatalkan perkahwinan ini
hanya boleh dibuat jika selepas
pengupacaraan berlaku sesuatu yang boleh
membatalkan perkahwinan itu.
Kesahan perkahwinan hanya boleh dicabar
ketika pasangan masih hidup.
Hanya pasangan kepada perkahwinan yang
boleh mencabar kesahan perkahwinan itu.
noraini hashim
24
26. KONSEP PERCERAIAN BUKAN
ISLAM
Undang-undang perceraian perlulah bertujuan
mengukuhkan daripada melemahkan atau
mengancam kestabilan sesuatu perkahwinan.
Satu pembaharuan mesti dibuat terhadap
undang-undang untuk membolehkan “kulit
yang tidak berisi dan yang kosong
(perkahwinan)(the
empty
legal
shell)
dimusnahkan dengan keadilan yang maksimum
dan seterusnya meminimumkan kepahitan,
penderitaan dan kehinaan yang ditanggung”.
noraini hashim
26
27. BIDANGKUASA MAHKAMAH
Syarat-syarat:
1.Perkahwinan didaftar atau disifat didaftarkan.
2.Perkahwinan dijangkakan monogami.
3.Kedua-duanya berdomisil di Malaysia pada masa
petisyen perceraian.
4. Dilarang memohon perceraian sebelum tamat
tempoh 2 tahun dari tarikh perkahwinan.
noraini hashim
27
28. BENTUK PEMBUBARAN
PERKAHWINAN
Dengan persetujuan bersama
Akibat kepecahbelahan
perkahwinan
Akibat pertukaran agama
Anggapan kematian pasangan
noraini hashim
28
29. PETA MINDA
[MEMAHAMI AMU 1976]
Perkahwinan
Pembatalan Perkahwinan
Seksyen 69/70
Prosedur Perceraian di Mahkamah
Cukup 2 tahun kecuali Seksyen 51 / Seksyen 50
Rujuk badan pendamai (Seksyen 106)
Pertukaran Agama
(Sekayen 51)
Persetujuan Bersama
(Seksyen 52)
Penzinaan
54 (a)
Kepecahbelahan
(Seksyen 53/54)
Tingkahlaku
54(b)
noraini hashim
Tinggal Langsung
54(c)
Tinggal
berasingan
54(d)
29
30. PERTUKARAN AGAMA (S51)
Suami atau isteri yang tidak memeluk agama Islam
dibenarkan untuk mengemukakkan petisyen perceraian
selepas tiga bulan dari tarikh salah satu pihak memeluk
Islam.
Seksyen 51 (1) AMU 1976 menegaskan bahawa pihak
yang satu lagi iaitu yang tidak memeluk Islam boleh
mempetisyen perceraian. Pihak yang memeluk agama
Islam tidak boleh mempetisyen di bawah AMU kerana
sekatan dalam seksyen 3(3) AMU 1976).
Pembubaran perkahwinan di bawah seksyen 51(2),
boleh memperuntukkan terhadap nafkah dan syaratsyarat tambahan yang dirasakan perlu [seksyen 51(2)].
Seksyen 3 (3): AMU tidak terpakai kepada orang Islam
tetapi boleh gunakan seksyen 51 untuk mendapat
manfaat. Oleh itu pihak yang tidak memeluk Islam
harus meminta cerai menurut peruntukkan seksyen 51
bagi membolehkkannya membuat permohonan nafkah,
noraini hashim
30
penjagaan dan pemiliharaan
31. PEMBUBARAN PERSETUJUAN
BERSAMA (seksyen 52 AMU)
Kedua-dua bersetuju
bercerai,selepas cukup 2 tahun dr
tarikh perkahwinan
di bawah satu petisyen bersama
Membuat peruntukan sepatutnya
utk isteri berkenaan nafkah,
pemeliharaan dan penjagaan anakanak
noraini hashim
31
32. KEPECAHBELAHAN PERKAHWINAN:S53/54
Perpisahan di antara suami dengan isteri yang di iktiraf oleh
undang-undang yang membolehkan seseorang bekas suami atau
isteri berkahwin lain.
Terdapat empat alasan untuk pasangan suami isteri menuntut
perceraian di mahkamah sivil:
Seksyen 54(1) (a): penzinaan.
Seksyen 54(1) (b): isu tingkahlaku yang tidak sealiran atau
berlaku keganasan kepada pihak-pihak tertentu.
Seksyen 54(1) (c): peninggalan langsung selama 2 tahun.
Terdapat empat elemen mesti ada sebelum peninggalan
langsung boleh dibuktikan:
Perpisahan sebenar di antara kedua pihak.
Niat untuk tinggal berasingan
Tanpa persetujuan pihak yang di tinggalkan
Tiada sebab yang munasabah yang membolehkan satu pihak
meninggalkan satu pihak yang lain.
Seksyen 54(1) (d): tinggal Berasingan.
noraini hashim
32
33. PERPISAHAN KEHAKIMAN (s64)
Perpisahan Kehakiman (Seksyen 64- AMU
1976)
Perpisahan kehakiman merupakan suatu
perintah yang dibuat oleh mahkamah melalui
satu dekri wajipan terhadap pasangan suami
isteri supaya berpisah atau menamatkan
hubungan sebagai suami isteri seperti mana
yang telah dijelaskan dalam s.64(2).
Dekri ini membenarkan pasangan suami isteri
tinggal berasingan di antara satu sama lain dan
tiada kewajipan sebagai suami isteri.
noraini hashim
33
34. HAK SEMASA PERKAHWINAN
1. Nafkah isteri
Nafkah anak-anak
1.NAFKAH ISTERI
Seksyen 77(1) Perintah mahkamah supaya suami
memberi nafkah pada isteri.
Seksyen 77 (2) Mahkamah juga boleh
memerintah isteri supaya memberi nafkah
pada suami sekiranya suami, tiada upaya
kesemuanya atau separa disebabkan oleh
kebencanaan otak/jasmani atau tidak sihat,
sekiranya kemampuan isteri munasabah bagi
mahkamah memerintahkannya.
noraini hashim
34
35. 2.NAFKAH ANAK-ANAK
S93(1) Perintah mahkamah pada bila-bila masa
memerintah ayah membayar nafkah kepada
anak-anaknya.
S93(2) Sekiranya kemampuan ibu munasabah,
mahkamah juga boleh memerintahkannya
membayar
nafkah anak-anak.
S93(3) Mahkamah juga boleh mengarah bapa
atau ibu membuat pembayaran kepada orang
yang menjaga/ memelihara/mengawal anak2
atau pemegang amanah anak-anak itu
noraini hashim
35
37. 1.NAFKAH ISTERI SELEPAS PERCERAIAN
S77- Bidangkuasa mahkamah perintah nafkah utk
bekas isteri
S78-Pentaksiran nafkah
…terutamanya berdasarkan kemampuan dan
keperluan pihak2 dgn tidak mengira dgn kadar
pendapatan pemberi nafkah.
S79-Cagaran nafkah
S81-Lama (duration) perintah nafkah
(a) Kalau tidak bercagar, apabila suami atau isteri
mati, mengikut mana lebih awal
(b) Kalau bercagar, apabila mati suami isteri yang
mana perintah itu telah dibuat
noraini hashim
37
38. S82 Hak nafkah terhenti apabila:
(a) Berkahwin lain atau
(b) Berzina
S83 Kuasa mahkamah mengubah perintah
mahkamah:
Boleh pada bila-bila masa dan dari masa
kesemasa mengubah atau membatalkan atas
permohonan orang yang untuknya atau
terhadapnya perintah dibuat…jika mahkamah
berpuashati perintah dibuat diatas salah
pernyataan atau kekhilafan fakta atau
perubahan matan telah berlaku tentang hal
keadaan
S83 Kuasa mahkamah mengubah perjanjian
nafkah
noraini hashim
38
39. S85-Nafkah diperintah tidak boleh dipindah
ke tangan lain
S86-Tunggakan nafkah
Tidak boleh dituntut jika ianya terakru
lebih dari 3 tahun sebelum guaman
dimulakan
noraini hashim
39
40. HARTA SEPENCARIAN(MATRIMONIAL
PROPERTY)
S76(1)(2):Pembahagian harta diperolehi semasa
perkahwinan dengan usaha bersama, dengan
melihat kpd:
a. sumbangan setiap pihak dlm bentuk wang,
harta dan kerja
b. Apa-apa hutang yang terhutang
c. Keperluan anak2 belum dewasa
Dan di atas pertimbangan tersebut, mahkamah
memihak kepada pembahagian sama rata
noraini hashim
40
41. S76(3),(4):Pembahagian harta diperolehi semasa
perkahwinan dengan usaha tunggal, dengan
melihat kpd:
a. Sumbangan diberi pihak yang satu lagi yang
tidak memperolehi aset itu terhadap
kebajikan keluarga dengan menjaga
rumahtangga atau memelihara keluarga:
b. keperluan2 anak2 belum dewasa
Dan di atas pertimbangan tersebut, mahkamah
akan membahagikan aset itu atau hasil
jualannya mengikut kadar yang difikirkan
munasabah oleh mahkamah tetapi pihak yang
memperolehi aset akan mendapat kadar yang
lebih besar.
noraini hashim
41
42. S76(5): Aset termasuklah juga aset
yang diperolehi sebelum
perkahwinan oleh satu pihak dan
dimajukan oleh pihak satu lagi
semasa perkahwinan
noraini hashim
42
43. HAK PENJAGAAN ANAK2 SELEPAS
PERCERAIAN
S87: Mendefinasikan anak sebagai anak dari
perkahwinan iaitu seseorang di bawah 18tahun
S2:Anak termasuklah:
-anak kpd kedua-dua pihak yang berkahwin atau
-anak kpd satu pihak yang berkahwin dan
diterima oleh ahli keluaraga pihak yg satu lagi
termasuklah juga,
-anak taksahtaraf(illegitimate) oleh pihak yg satu
lagi dan
- anak angkat yang diambil secara sah melalui
undang2 bertulis oleh pihak yang satu lagi
noraini hashim
43
44. PERINTAH MAHKAMAH BERKENAAN
PENJAGAAN
S88(1): Mahkamah pd bila2 masa boleh
memerintahkan penjagaan kpd ibu atau bapa,
kecuali sekiranya berlaku keadaan yang tidak
diingini, kepada saudara lain anak itu atau
sesuatu persatuan yang antara tujuannya
untuk kebajikan kanak2 atau kpd mana2 orang
lain yang sesuai.
S88(2):Keutamaan pertimbangan bagi penjagaan
adalah kebajikan anak2 itu dan mahkamah
hendak merujuk kpd:
a-kemahuan ibubapa anak itu
b-kemahuan anak itu sekira umurnya boleh
menyatakan pendapat sendiri.
S88(3):Rebuttable presumption, anak2 dibawah
7tahun adalah lebih baik bersama ibunya.
noraini hashim
44
45. NAFKAH ANAK2 SELEPAS PERCERAIAN
S92:Adalah kewajipan ibubapa
menanggung/memberi nafkah anak2 samada
dlm jagaannya atau jagaan orang lain, samada
dgn menyediakan tempat tinggal, pakaian,
makanan dan pelajaran yg munasabah
bdasarkan kemampuannya.
S93(1) Perintah mahkamah pada bila-bila masa
memerintah ayah membayar nafkah kepada
anak-anaknya.
S93(2) Sekiranya kemampuan ibu munasabah,
mahkamah juga boleh memerintahkannya
membayar
nafkah anak-anak.
S93(3) Mahkamah juga boleh mengarah bapa
atau ibu membuat pembayaran kepada orang
yang menjaga/ memelihara/mengawal anak2
atau pemegang amanah anak-anak itu
noraini hashim
45
46. S95 Lama perintah nafkah dan penjagaan, tamat
ketika mencapai 18tahun atau jika anak
hilangupaya jasmani atau akal, hinggalah anak
itu tidak lagi berada dlm keadaan hilangupaya
mengikut mana yang terkemudian
S96,S97:Kuasa mahkamah perintah atau
perjanjian nafkah dan penjagaan.
S98:Tuntutan tunggakan nafkah
S99:Kewajipan menaggung nafkah anak yang
diterima sebagai ahli keluarga
noraini hashim
46