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1. ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF
GOVERNMENT
DELHI
“AIR & Meteorological Environment”
An- Overview for Paramedical
DR.P.P.SINGH
By
Dr. P.P.SINGH
Faculty AIILSGD
Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi
Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..
Source from the book of AIILSG. & WHO publications.

2. INTRODUCTION
All living have
essential 5
element .
AIR
WATER
EARTH
AGANI
AKASH
DR.P.P.SINGH
AIR
SPACE
EARTHWATER
FIRE

5. AIR
* EARTH IS SURROUNDED BY AIR, & IS MAN’S
IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT.
*AIR IS NECESSARY FOR ALL FORMS OF LIFE DUE
TO O2.
* AIR COOLS THE BODY.
* AIR REQUIRED FOR SMELL & HEARING.
*BUT THROUGH AIR DUST, SMOKE, POISONOUS
GASES AND DISEASE PRODUCING
ORGANISMS CAN ENTER THE BODY AND
DAMAGES THE LIVINGS.

6. * AIR HAS PRESSURE --- PRODUCES AIR
PRESSURE.
* AIR MOVES ACROSS SURFACE --- FORM WIND.
* SUN CAUSES WIND BECAUSE OF HEAT EARTH
UNEVENLY.
* AIR RESISTS THE MOTION AND ITS FORCE IS
CALLED AIR RESISTANCE
* AIR CONTAINS – O2, CO2, N2 & OTHER GASES
NEON ,KRYPTON , RADON THORON,
OZONE & WATER VAPORS, DUST ,
ORGANIC MATTER ETC.

7. Air we breathe through Respiratory
System

8. COMPOSITION OF AIR INSPIRED EXPIRED
1. OXYGEN 20.9% 16.5%
2. CARBON DI OXIDE 00.04%
4.44%
3 NITROGEN 79% 79%
4. WATER VAPORS AS IN AIR AS IN
AIR
5. TEMPERATURE ,, ,,
6. ORGANIC MATTER ,, ,,
7. OTHER GASES TRACE
SAME

9. PROPERTIES OF AIR
1. OXYGEN –FROM LIFE & COMBUSTION – IT IS
STRONG & ACTIVE
2.NITROGEN - INERT GAS – PURPOSE TO
DILUTING O2
3. CO2 -- SMALL AMOUNT , VITAL FOR
GROWTH OF VEGETABLE LIFE –
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
( CO2 + SUN + CHLOROPHYLL)
(GIVE FOOD / ENERGY TO PLANT +
O2 )

10. SOURCES OF CO2
* RESPIRATION
* FERMENTATION & PURIFICATION OF
ORGANIC MATTER
* COMBUSTION
* EMANATION FROM SOIL &
VOLCANOES
OTHER GASES – INERT GASES – HE, KRYON
,RANDON ARE UNIMPORTANT

11. WATER VAPORS – 1-5% , INCREASES WITH
TEMPERATURE OF AIR.
-- BREATHING 250 GRAM / DAY .
-- EVAPORATION OF PERSPIRATION
IS LESS IF WARM & HUMID AIR –
LEADS TO SUFFOCATION .
-- 1 CC OF WATER EVAPORATE
GIVES 540 CAL. LATENT HEAT.
TEMPERATURE - HEAT IS LOST FROM BODY
A, CONDUCTION.
B, CONVECTION
C. RADIATION
D, EVAPORATION

12. ORGANIC MATTER – INCREASED ORGANIC MATTER IS DUE TO
BREATHING MAY NOT HAVE EFFECT BUT MICROBES MAY
CAUSE DISEASES .
EFFECTS OF CHANGES OF AIR ON HUMAN BODY.
I, IN OUT SIDE AIR O2 NEVER BECOME LESS THAN 20%
EXCEPT IN MINES – 18% .
II , IF IN AIR CO2 BECOME 0.07% NO ILL EFFECT & IT
SHOULD NEVER ABOVE 0.09% . IN WORST VENTILATED PLACE
CO2 = 1%.
SO . IF O2 GOES LESS OR CO2 GOES HIGH OR
INCREASE OF ORGANIC MATTER
– THERE WILL BE DISCOMFORT IN THE ROOM.
- LEADS TO INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE OF AIR .
-- INCREASE IN HUMIDITY
-- LAC OF MOVEMENT OF

13. LEONARD HILL EXPERIMENT
8 PEOPLE IN GLASS ROOM MADE TO
BREATH FRESH AIR FROM OUT SIDE.
EFFECT AFTER SOME TIME IS O2
BECOME 16% AND CO2 BECOMES 4%
LEADING TO DISCOMFORT AS TEMPERATURE
INCREASES , NO MOVEMENT OF AIR

14. EFFECT OF BREATHING IMPURE AIR.
ACUTE – LASSITUDE , HEADACHE , GIDDINESS ,
NAUSEA , VOMITING & COLLAPSE.
CHRONIC - LOSS OF MEMORY , DISABILITY ,
ANEMIA
DIGESTIVE TROUBLE. LOWER VITALITY
,
SUSCEPTIBLE TO TB , PNEUMONIA.
NOT ABLE TO WORK (LETHARGY)

15. AIR BECOME IMPURE:-
1.BREATHING OF HUMAN & ANIMALS
2. COMBUSTION .
3. DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER
CO2,NH3, H2S ETC.
4. TRADE & INDUSTRIES .
5. DUST

16. CAUSES
Natural Sources
e.g. smoke that comes from
wildfires, volcanoes, methane,
dust
Human Sources
e.g. power plants and
automobiles, fumes, burning wood
stoves, fireplaces, and furnaces

17. POLLUTANTS
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide

18. MECHANISM

19. NATURAL WAYS OF AIR PURIFICATION ;-
1. ACTION OF WIND – 10 MOVEMENT OF AIR
/ HR DECREASES CO2
2. RAINS.
3. SUNLIGHT.
4. OZONE
5. BREATHING OF PLANTS.
6. DIFFUSION OF GASES.

20. PROPERTIES OF AIR FOR VENTILATION.
1. LAW OF CONVECTION – WARM AIR BECOME LIGHT AND
RISES ( TEMPERATURE INVERSION )
2. GRAHAM’S LAW – THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF GASES IS
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SQUARE ROOT OF THEIR
DENSITIES .
3. BOYLE’S LAW - THE VOLUME OF GAS VARIES INVERSELY
AS PRESSURE THE TEMPERATURE REMAINING CONSTANT .
4. CHARLES LAW – THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO ITS TEMPERATURE THE PRESSURE
REMAINS THE SAME.(ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMP. 273 DEGREE C
.)

21. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR MONITORING WEATHER :-
1. MAX MIN THERMOMETER
2.SIX’S THERMOMETER
MAX-MERCURY
MIN-ALCOHOL
3.WET/DRY BULB THERMOMETER
4.HYGROMETER
5.ANEMOMETERWIND VANE
6.STEVENSON’S SCREEN CLOUD MIRROR
7.RAIN GAUGE
8.SUNSHINE RECORDER
9.ANEOID BAROMETER