Human eye has various important parts like Cornea, Pupil, Iris, Lens and Retina. The macula is located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The retina instantly converts light, or an image, into electrical impulses.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that affects central vision in people over 50. There are two types: dry AMD, which causes gradual vision loss in up to 90% of cases from protein deposits under the macula; and wet AMD, which causes rapid vision loss in 15% of cases from leaking blood vessels under the retina. AMD is diagnosed through visual field tests, imaging of the retina, and optical coherence tomography. While dry AMD has no treatment, wet AMD can be treated with anti-VEGF drugs or laser surgery to reduce abnormal blood vessels.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects central vision and is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. There are two forms: dry AMD, which causes gradual vision changes over many years, and wet AMD, which causes sudden, severe vision loss. AMD results from normal aging processes that damage the macula, a part of the retina. Optometrists can detect AMD through eye exams, by looking for changes in the macula and having patients view an Amsler grid. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and treatment.
This was a lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
Vision loss affects 285 million people worldwide and is caused by conditions like uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and eye cancer. The major global causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma which can often be treated, while the major causes of blindness are cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Left untreated, common age-related eye diseases like dry and wet macular degeneration, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy can lead to profound vision loss or blindness.
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
Retinal diseases can affect vision and cause blindness. Common retinal conditions include floaters, macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa. Floaters are spots in vision caused by age-related changes in the vitreous jelly inside the eyes. Macular degeneration is deterioration of the macula and is diagnosed as dry or wet. Diabetics are susceptible to retinal damage from conditions like diabetic eye disease. Retinal detachment occurs when fluid builds behind the retina, causing separation. Retinitis pigmentosa describes genetic conditions that cause retinal degeneration over time.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in older adults. There are two types: dry AMD, which affects 90% of cases and results from a breakdown of retinal cells; and wet AMD, which affects 10-15% of cases and results from abnormal blood vessel growth that can rapidly damage vision. Risk factors include increasing age, smoking, and diet. Treatment depends on the type, with options for wet AMD but not dry AMD. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and prevention through lifestyle.
Macular degeneration is an eye disease and is the most common type of macular damage in adults. Because the disease develops as a person ages, it is often known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that affects central vision in people over 50. There are two types: dry AMD, which causes gradual vision loss in up to 90% of cases from protein deposits under the macula; and wet AMD, which causes rapid vision loss in 15% of cases from leaking blood vessels under the retina. AMD is diagnosed through visual field tests, imaging of the retina, and optical coherence tomography. While dry AMD has no treatment, wet AMD can be treated with anti-VEGF drugs or laser surgery to reduce abnormal blood vessels.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects central vision and is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. There are two forms: dry AMD, which causes gradual vision changes over many years, and wet AMD, which causes sudden, severe vision loss. AMD results from normal aging processes that damage the macula, a part of the retina. Optometrists can detect AMD through eye exams, by looking for changes in the macula and having patients view an Amsler grid. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and treatment.
This was a lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
Vision loss affects 285 million people worldwide and is caused by conditions like uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and eye cancer. The major global causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma which can often be treated, while the major causes of blindness are cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Left untreated, common age-related eye diseases like dry and wet macular degeneration, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy can lead to profound vision loss or blindness.
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
Retinal diseases can affect vision and cause blindness. Common retinal conditions include floaters, macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa. Floaters are spots in vision caused by age-related changes in the vitreous jelly inside the eyes. Macular degeneration is deterioration of the macula and is diagnosed as dry or wet. Diabetics are susceptible to retinal damage from conditions like diabetic eye disease. Retinal detachment occurs when fluid builds behind the retina, causing separation. Retinitis pigmentosa describes genetic conditions that cause retinal degeneration over time.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in older adults. There are two types: dry AMD, which affects 90% of cases and results from a breakdown of retinal cells; and wet AMD, which affects 10-15% of cases and results from abnormal blood vessel growth that can rapidly damage vision. Risk factors include increasing age, smoking, and diet. Treatment depends on the type, with options for wet AMD but not dry AMD. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and prevention through lifestyle.
Macular degeneration is an eye disease and is the most common type of macular damage in adults. Because the disease develops as a person ages, it is often known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
The document summarizes ophthalmic disorders that can affect different parts of the eye. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and physiology, describing the three layers of the eye - outer, middle and inner. It then discusses several common eye disorders that can affect each layer, including dry eyes and conjunctivitis in the outer layer, keratoconus and refractive errors in the middle layer, and conditions like glaucoma, cataracts and floaters in the inner layer. Specific disorders covered in more depth include uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and the different types of glaucoma and cataracts. The document provides details on symptoms, causes and treatment for
This document provides information about age-related macular degeneration (AMD) including what it is, its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. AMD affects the macula, which is responsible for central vision and can cause vision loss. There are two types, dry AMD and wet AMD. Wet AMD can be treated with injections if caught early, while dry AMD currently has no treatment. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, diet and sunlight exposure. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet rich in nutrients like lutein can help protect vision.
Disease Of Retina And Its Treatment.pdfSkipper Eye-Q
The retina, a delicate and vital layer of tissue at the back of the eye, plays a critical role in our
ability to see. It captures light and converts it into nerve signals sent to the brain for visual processing.
Jim is a 75-year-old retired welder who enjoys ballroom dancing but cannot drive due to macular degeneration. Macular degeneration is an eye condition that destroys central vision and affects the macula, resulting in blurred vision and difficulty seeing faces or straight lines. It is the leading cause of blindness in older adults and occurs as either dry or wet AMD, with dry AMD being more common but wet AMD causing more rapid vision loss. While there is no cure, certain treatments can help preserve remaining vision for people with macular degeneration.
The macula is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in older adults. There are two forms of AMD - dry AMD, characterized by drusen deposits under the macula in 90% of cases, and wet AMD where abnormal blood vessels grow through the macula. Wet AMD causes rapid vision loss. Juvenile macular degeneration includes rare inherited diseases like Stargardt's disease that cause central vision loss in children. Stargardt's disease is characterized by yellow-white spots in the macula and gradual central vision loss.
This document provides information about performing an ophthalmoscopic examination, including descriptions of different types of ophthalmoscopes, examination techniques, and common findings. It discusses examining the optic disc, blood vessels, and fundus, as well as conditions that can be identified such as papilledema, retinal artery occlusion, and diabetic retinopathy. Precautions for using mydriatic drops are also outlined.
This document discusses age-related macular degeneration (AMD), its two types (dry and wet), risk factors, epidemiology, and treatments. It defines AMD as a disease that gradually destroys central vision. Dry AMD involves breakdown of light-sensitive cells in the macula, while wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow behind the retina. Epidemiology studies find 30% of those over 75 have some form of AMD. Treatments discussed include antioxidants to delay dry AMD progression, and laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and anti-VEGF injections to treat wet AMD. Several case studies demonstrate treatment outcomes.
Vision impairments are defined as limitations in eye or visual system functions that affect visual acuity and visual fields. Common causes of vision impairments include refractive errors, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, corneal opacity, and trachoma. These conditions can often be treated through medications, laser treatments, surgeries, or other clinical interventions to prevent further vision loss or restore sight. Specialists like ophthalmologists and optometrists diagnose and treat various eye diseases and vision impairments.
1) This case study examines the father of the author, who was diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at age 57. He experienced blurred and distorted central vision.
2) The father initially had dry AMD, characterized by a buildup of deposits under the retina. Over two years, his central vision deteriorated and he developed a triangular black spot, likely indicating the progression to wet AMD involving leaking blood vessels.
3) Rather than undergo laser surgery, the father adopted a conservative treatment of improving his lifestyle and diet. His vision gradually recovered over the following years through these measures alone.
1) This case study examines the father of the author, who was diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at age 57. His central vision gradually deteriorated over two years and he developed a triangular black spot in his macula.
2) The father chose a conservative treatment of improving his lifestyle through diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and managing blood pressure/sugar rather than undergoing laser photocoagulation surgery, which carries the risk of damaging vision-critical ganglion cells.
3) Through lifestyle changes, the father's vision significantly recovered over the following years. He used drawings to demonstrate to his daughter how the fuzziness in his central vision cleared up from 2004 to the present
The document provides information on visual impairment and eye diseases that commonly affect the elderly. It discusses causes of visual loss like cataract and age-related macular degeneration. It describes treatments for these conditions like cataract surgery and laser photocoagulation. It also covers other diseases like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma that can cause vision loss in older adults.
Age-related macular degeneration
Definition
Macular changes without obvious cause.
Characterised by deposition of drusen (small colloid bodies) between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the Bruch's membrane which lines the underlying choroid.
Types
Early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) features drusen deposits with little or no visual symptoms. Can progress to late (aka advanced) AMD, which has 2 forms:
Dry (aka atrophic, geographical atrophy): drusen in macula causing progressive atrophy of the RPE.
Wet (aka neovascular, exudative): new vessels grow from choroid into retina and leak, causing scarring and possibly detachment. Less common than dry but cause of most visual loss.
The term age-related maculopathy is sometimes synonymous with AMD, or refers to pre-clinical stages of disease.
Epidemiology
Main cause of blindness in UK.
UK prevalence: 5% >60 years old, 10% >80.
Abc's of vision impairments and communication stylesshelleterp
The document discusses various vision impairments including cataracts, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, usher syndrome, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. It describes the symptoms and treatments for each condition. It also covers different methods of communication that can be used to interpret for individuals who are deaf-blind, such as tactile signing, tracking, braille, and printing on the palm or back.
Central and Peripheral Vision & their DiseasesHuzaifa Zahoor
The act or power of seeing
The special sense by which the qualities of an object (such as color, luminosity, shape, and size) constituting its appearance are perceived through a process in which light rays entering the eye are transformed by the retina into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Types of Vision
Central Vision
Peripheral Vision
Disease of Vision
Central Vision Loss
Peripheral Vision Loss
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH 2 PATIENT CASES, TREATED WITH 2 DIFFERENT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES.
CLASSIFICATION (CSME)
RISK FACTORS
CAUSES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
DIAGNISTIC TESTS, BLOOD AND URINE TEST
SCORING SYSTEM
PATHOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DESCRIPTION OF 2 CASES, THEIR DIAGNOSTIC RESULT AND DETAILS ABOUT TREATMENTS PERFORMED.
High myopia, or severe nearsightedness, is defined as a refractive error of -6.00 diopters or worse. It can be caused by genetic factors and environmental factors like extensive near work. Complications of high myopia include retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts, and pathological changes to the eye. Management options include spectacle correction, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and orthokeratology, which uses special contact lenses worn overnight to temporarily reshape the cornea and improve uncorrected vision during the day.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its effects. It begins by noting the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide and that diabetes is a leading cause of blindness. It then describes the classification of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative stages. Specific lesions associated with each stage are defined, including microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization, and retinal detachment. Risk factors for progression and visual loss from macular edema are also covered. The document emphasizes the importance of good blood sugar control in preventing and slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Abc's of vision impairments and communication stylesshelleterp
This document provides information about various vision impairments including cataracts, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. It describes the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for each condition. It also discusses different communication methods for individuals with vision and hearing loss including close range, far range, tactile, tracking, Tadoma, Braille, and print on the palm or back. Finally, it outlines important considerations for interpreters working with deaf-blind individuals.
Simple description of diabetic retinopathy by dr. michael duplessie eye doctor and ophthalmologist. In far greater detail at http://michaelduplessie.com/diabetes-retinopathyproliferative-retinopathy-retinopathy-treatment-symptoms-of-retinopathy/
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
The document summarizes ophthalmic disorders that can affect different parts of the eye. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and physiology, describing the three layers of the eye - outer, middle and inner. It then discusses several common eye disorders that can affect each layer, including dry eyes and conjunctivitis in the outer layer, keratoconus and refractive errors in the middle layer, and conditions like glaucoma, cataracts and floaters in the inner layer. Specific disorders covered in more depth include uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and the different types of glaucoma and cataracts. The document provides details on symptoms, causes and treatment for
This document provides information about age-related macular degeneration (AMD) including what it is, its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. AMD affects the macula, which is responsible for central vision and can cause vision loss. There are two types, dry AMD and wet AMD. Wet AMD can be treated with injections if caught early, while dry AMD currently has no treatment. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, diet and sunlight exposure. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet rich in nutrients like lutein can help protect vision.
Disease Of Retina And Its Treatment.pdfSkipper Eye-Q
The retina, a delicate and vital layer of tissue at the back of the eye, plays a critical role in our
ability to see. It captures light and converts it into nerve signals sent to the brain for visual processing.
Jim is a 75-year-old retired welder who enjoys ballroom dancing but cannot drive due to macular degeneration. Macular degeneration is an eye condition that destroys central vision and affects the macula, resulting in blurred vision and difficulty seeing faces or straight lines. It is the leading cause of blindness in older adults and occurs as either dry or wet AMD, with dry AMD being more common but wet AMD causing more rapid vision loss. While there is no cure, certain treatments can help preserve remaining vision for people with macular degeneration.
The macula is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in older adults. There are two forms of AMD - dry AMD, characterized by drusen deposits under the macula in 90% of cases, and wet AMD where abnormal blood vessels grow through the macula. Wet AMD causes rapid vision loss. Juvenile macular degeneration includes rare inherited diseases like Stargardt's disease that cause central vision loss in children. Stargardt's disease is characterized by yellow-white spots in the macula and gradual central vision loss.
This document provides information about performing an ophthalmoscopic examination, including descriptions of different types of ophthalmoscopes, examination techniques, and common findings. It discusses examining the optic disc, blood vessels, and fundus, as well as conditions that can be identified such as papilledema, retinal artery occlusion, and diabetic retinopathy. Precautions for using mydriatic drops are also outlined.
This document discusses age-related macular degeneration (AMD), its two types (dry and wet), risk factors, epidemiology, and treatments. It defines AMD as a disease that gradually destroys central vision. Dry AMD involves breakdown of light-sensitive cells in the macula, while wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow behind the retina. Epidemiology studies find 30% of those over 75 have some form of AMD. Treatments discussed include antioxidants to delay dry AMD progression, and laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and anti-VEGF injections to treat wet AMD. Several case studies demonstrate treatment outcomes.
Vision impairments are defined as limitations in eye or visual system functions that affect visual acuity and visual fields. Common causes of vision impairments include refractive errors, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, corneal opacity, and trachoma. These conditions can often be treated through medications, laser treatments, surgeries, or other clinical interventions to prevent further vision loss or restore sight. Specialists like ophthalmologists and optometrists diagnose and treat various eye diseases and vision impairments.
1) This case study examines the father of the author, who was diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at age 57. He experienced blurred and distorted central vision.
2) The father initially had dry AMD, characterized by a buildup of deposits under the retina. Over two years, his central vision deteriorated and he developed a triangular black spot, likely indicating the progression to wet AMD involving leaking blood vessels.
3) Rather than undergo laser surgery, the father adopted a conservative treatment of improving his lifestyle and diet. His vision gradually recovered over the following years through these measures alone.
1) This case study examines the father of the author, who was diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at age 57. His central vision gradually deteriorated over two years and he developed a triangular black spot in his macula.
2) The father chose a conservative treatment of improving his lifestyle through diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and managing blood pressure/sugar rather than undergoing laser photocoagulation surgery, which carries the risk of damaging vision-critical ganglion cells.
3) Through lifestyle changes, the father's vision significantly recovered over the following years. He used drawings to demonstrate to his daughter how the fuzziness in his central vision cleared up from 2004 to the present
The document provides information on visual impairment and eye diseases that commonly affect the elderly. It discusses causes of visual loss like cataract and age-related macular degeneration. It describes treatments for these conditions like cataract surgery and laser photocoagulation. It also covers other diseases like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma that can cause vision loss in older adults.
Age-related macular degeneration
Definition
Macular changes without obvious cause.
Characterised by deposition of drusen (small colloid bodies) between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the Bruch's membrane which lines the underlying choroid.
Types
Early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) features drusen deposits with little or no visual symptoms. Can progress to late (aka advanced) AMD, which has 2 forms:
Dry (aka atrophic, geographical atrophy): drusen in macula causing progressive atrophy of the RPE.
Wet (aka neovascular, exudative): new vessels grow from choroid into retina and leak, causing scarring and possibly detachment. Less common than dry but cause of most visual loss.
The term age-related maculopathy is sometimes synonymous with AMD, or refers to pre-clinical stages of disease.
Epidemiology
Main cause of blindness in UK.
UK prevalence: 5% >60 years old, 10% >80.
Abc's of vision impairments and communication stylesshelleterp
The document discusses various vision impairments including cataracts, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, usher syndrome, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. It describes the symptoms and treatments for each condition. It also covers different methods of communication that can be used to interpret for individuals who are deaf-blind, such as tactile signing, tracking, braille, and printing on the palm or back.
Central and Peripheral Vision & their DiseasesHuzaifa Zahoor
The act or power of seeing
The special sense by which the qualities of an object (such as color, luminosity, shape, and size) constituting its appearance are perceived through a process in which light rays entering the eye are transformed by the retina into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Types of Vision
Central Vision
Peripheral Vision
Disease of Vision
Central Vision Loss
Peripheral Vision Loss
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH 2 PATIENT CASES, TREATED WITH 2 DIFFERENT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES.
CLASSIFICATION (CSME)
RISK FACTORS
CAUSES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
DIAGNISTIC TESTS, BLOOD AND URINE TEST
SCORING SYSTEM
PATHOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DESCRIPTION OF 2 CASES, THEIR DIAGNOSTIC RESULT AND DETAILS ABOUT TREATMENTS PERFORMED.
High myopia, or severe nearsightedness, is defined as a refractive error of -6.00 diopters or worse. It can be caused by genetic factors and environmental factors like extensive near work. Complications of high myopia include retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts, and pathological changes to the eye. Management options include spectacle correction, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and orthokeratology, which uses special contact lenses worn overnight to temporarily reshape the cornea and improve uncorrected vision during the day.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its effects. It begins by noting the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide and that diabetes is a leading cause of blindness. It then describes the classification of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative stages. Specific lesions associated with each stage are defined, including microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization, and retinal detachment. Risk factors for progression and visual loss from macular edema are also covered. The document emphasizes the importance of good blood sugar control in preventing and slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Abc's of vision impairments and communication stylesshelleterp
This document provides information about various vision impairments including cataracts, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. It describes the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for each condition. It also discusses different communication methods for individuals with vision and hearing loss including close range, far range, tactile, tracking, Tadoma, Braille, and print on the palm or back. Finally, it outlines important considerations for interpreters working with deaf-blind individuals.
Simple description of diabetic retinopathy by dr. michael duplessie eye doctor and ophthalmologist. In far greater detail at http://michaelduplessie.com/diabetes-retinopathyproliferative-retinopathy-retinopathy-treatment-symptoms-of-retinopathy/
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Age Related Macular Degeneration Treatment In Ghatkopar, Mumbai
1. Age Related Macular Degeneration Treatment In Ghatkopar,
Mumbai :
Human eye has various important parts like Cornea, Pupil, Iris, Lens and Retina. The macula is
located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The retina instantly
converts light, or an image, into electrical impulses. The retina then sends these impulses, or nerve
signals, to the brain. When the cells of the macula deteriorate, images are not received correctly. In
early stages, macular degeneration does not affect vision. Later, if the disease progresses, people
experience wavy or blurred vision, and, if the condition continues to worsen, central vision may be
completely lost. People with very advanced macular degeneration are considered legally
blind. Macular Degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss, more
than cataracts and glaucoma combined.
Macular degeneration is classified as:
Dry Age related Macular Degeneration
Wet Age related Macular Degeneration.
Pathophysiology
The dry form is more common than the wet form, with about 85 to 90 percent of AMD
patients diagnosed with dry AMD. The less common wet AMD usually leads to more serious
vision loss.
Dry AMD causes changes of the retinal pigment epithelium, typically visible as dark pinpoint
areas. The retinal pigment epithelium plays a critical role in keeping the cones and rods
2. healthy and functioning well. Accumulation of waste products from the rods and cones can
result in drusen, which appear as yellow spots. Areas of chorioretinal atrophy (referred to as
geographic atrophy) occur in more advanced cases of dry AMD. There is no elevated
macular scar (disciform scar), edema, hemorrhage, or exudation.
Dry AMD has three stages, all of which may occur in one or both eyes:
Early AMD - People with early AMD have either several small drusen or a few medium-sized
drusen. At this stage, there are no symptoms and no vision loss.
Intermediate AMD - People with intermediate AMD have either many medium-sized drusen
or one or more large drusen. Some people see a blurred spot in the center of their vision.
More light may be needed for reading and other tasks.
Advanced AMD - In addition to drusen, people with advanced dry AMD have a breakdown
of light-sensitive cells and supporting tissue in the central retinal area. This breakdown can
cause a blurred spot in the center of your vision. Over time, the blurred spot may get bigger
and darker, taking more of your central vision. You may have difficulty reading or recognizing
faces until they are very close to you.
Wet AMD occurs when new abnormal blood vessels develop under the retina in a process
called choroidal neovascularization (abnormal new vessel formation). Localized macular
edema or hemorrhage may elevate an area of the macula or cause a localized retinal
pigment epithelial detachment. Eventually, untreated neovascularization causes a disciform
scar under the macula.
Symptoms
Dry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually and without pain.
They may include:
Visual distortions, such as straight lines seeming bent
Reduced central vision in one or both eyes
The need for brighter light when reading or doing close work
Increased difficulty adapting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant
Increased blurriness of printed words
Decreased intensity or brightness of colors
Difficulty recognizing faces
What causes macular degeneration?
3. Though macular degeneration is associated with aging, there is genetic component to the
disease. A strong association between development of AMD and presence of a variant of a
gene known as complement factor H (CFH) is observed. This gene deficiency is associated
with almost half of all potentially blinding cases of macular degeneration.
Other investigators have found that variants of another gene, complement factor B, may be
involved in development of AMD.
Specific variants of one or both of these genes, which play a role in the body's immune
responses, have been found in 74 percent of AMD patients who were studied. Other
complement factors also may be associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration.
Oxygen-deprived cells in the retina produce a type of protein called vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF), which triggers the growth of new blood vessels in the retina.
The normal function of VEGF is to create new blood vessels during embryonic development,
after an injury or to bypass blocked blood vessels. But too much VEGF in the eye causes the
development of unwanted blood vessels in the retina that easily break open and bleed,
damaging the macula and surrounding retina.
Risk Factors
The biggest risk factor for Macular Degeneration is age. Your risk increases as you age,
and the disease is most likely to occur in those 55 and older.
Other risk factors include:
Genetics – People with a family history of AMD are at a higher risk.
Race – Caucasians are more likely to develop the disease than African-Americans or
Hispanics/Latinos.
Smoking – Smoking doubles the risk of AMD.
Diagnosis
AMD is detected during a comprehensive eye exam that includes:
Visual acuity test - This eye chart test measures how well you see at various distances.
Dilated eye exam - Drops are placed in your eyes to widen the pupils. Your eye care
professional uses a special magnifying lens to examine your retina and optic nerve for signs
of AMD and other eye problems. After the exam, your close-up vision may remain blurred for
several hours.
4. Tonometry - An instrument measures the pressure inside the eye. Numbing drops may be
applied to your eye for this test.
Both forms of age - related macular degeneration (AMD) are diagnosed by funduscopic
examination. Visual changes can often be detected with an Amsler grid.
Color photography and fluorescein angiography are done when findings suggest wet AMD.
Angiography shows and characterizes subretinal choroidal neovascular membranes and can
delineate areas of geographic atrophy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) aids in
identifying intraretinal and subretinal fluid and can help assess response to treatment.
What Treatments Are Available for Macular
Degeneration?
There’s no cure for macular degeneration. Treatment may slow it down or keep you from
losing too much of your vision. Your options might include:
Lifestyle changes - like dieting, exercise, avoiding smoking, and protecting your eyes from
ultraviolet light.
Anti-angiogenesis drugs - These medications – aflibercept (Eylea), bevacizumab
(Avastin), pegaptanib (Macugen), and ranibizumab (Lucentis) -- block the creation of blood
vessels and leaking from the vessels in your eye that cause wet macular degeneration.
Many people who’ve taken these drugs got back vision that was lost. You might need to
have this treatment multiple times.
Laser therapy - High-energy laser light can destroy abnormal blood vessels growing in your
eye.
Photodynamic laser therapy - Your doctor injects a light-sensitive drug verteporfin
(Visudyne) into your bloodstream, and it’s absorbed by the abnormal blood vessels. Your
doctor then shines a laser into your eye to trigger the medication to damage those blood
vessels.
Low vision aids - These are the devices that have special lenses or electronic systems to
create larger images of nearby things. They help people who have vision loss from macular
degeneration make the most of their remaining vision.
Submacular surgery - This removes abnormal blood vessels or blood.
5. Retinal translocation - A procedure to destroy abnormal blood vessels under the center of
your macula, where your doctor can’t use a laser beam safely. In this procedure, your doctor
rotates the center of your macula away from the abnormal blood vessels to a healthy area of
your retina. This keeps you from having scar tissue and more damage to your retina. Then,
your doctor uses a laser to treat the abnormal blood vessels.
Important Reminder: This information is only intended to provide guidance, not a definitive
medical advice. Please consult eye doctor about your specific condition. Only a trained,
experienced board certified eye doctor can determine an accurate diagnosis and proper
treatment.
To schedule an appointment with our experts for Age Related Macular Degeneration
Management please call us at +91 8451045935, +91-8451045934 or visit our clinic at
Address.