AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]"
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of so.
AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Let.docxtarifarmarie
AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]"
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present
activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to
answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than
such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I
feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to
answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which
argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta,
Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama
Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with
our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a
nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour
came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was
invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century
B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns,
and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners
of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town.
Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta
and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice
everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.
Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow,
provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an
outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to
express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure that none of you
would want to rest content with the superficial kind of s.
King, Letter from a Birmingham Jail, p. 1By Martin Luther .docxDIPESH30
King, Letter from a Birmingham Jail, p. 1
By Martin Luther King
April 16, 1963
MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my
present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas.
If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for
anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are
sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable
terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here In Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view
which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters
in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of
them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational
and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked
us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We
readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several
members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties
here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth
century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their
home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ
to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond
my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in
Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to
justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of
destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the
narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be
considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say,
fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure
that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of socia ...
8182017 Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]http.docxsodhi3
King writes a letter from a Birmingham jail responding to fellow clergymen who criticized his activities as "unwise and untimely." He explains that he is in Birmingham because injustice exists there, and that nonviolent direct action seeks to create tension to force negotiation and address the underlying causes of demonstrations. King argues that just laws should be obeyed, but unjust laws like segregation statutes should be disobeyed, as they degrade human personality.
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxsmile790243
This document is Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963 while imprisoned for participating in nonviolent protests against segregation. In the letter, King responds to criticism from white religious leaders who said the protests were "untimely and unwise". King argues that injustice requires direct action to create tension and open the door for negotiation. He explains why some laws should be obeyed, like the Supreme Court ruling against segregation, while others that uphold segregation should be disobeyed, as they are unjust and violate moral law. The letter is a powerful defense of nonviolent civil disobedience to confront systemic racism and injustice.
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxSHIVA101531
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1
A U G U S T 1 9 6 3
Letter from Birmingham Jail
by Martin Luther King, Jr.
From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which follows. It was his response to a public statement of concern and
caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr. King, who was born in 1929, did his undergraduate work at
Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils
among a hundred students, and the president of his class; and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.
WHILE confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling our present activities "unwise
and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms
that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like
to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders
coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating
in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the
South, one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Whenever necessary and possible, we share staff,
educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to be
on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour
came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am
here because I have basic organizational ties here.
Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and carried
their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their hometowns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little village of
Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every hamlet and city of the Greco-Roman world, I too am compelled
to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for
aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be
concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to ...
Letter From Birmingham Jail - MLK - 16 April 1963My Dear Fel.docxSHIVA101531
Letter From Birmingham Jail - MLK - 16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of social analysis that deals merely with effects and does not grapp ...
AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Let.docxtarifarmarie
AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]"
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present
activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to
answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than
such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I
feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to
answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which
argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta,
Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama
Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with
our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a
nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour
came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was
invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century
B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns,
and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners
of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town.
Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta
and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice
everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.
Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow,
provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an
outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to
express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure that none of you
would want to rest content with the superficial kind of s.
King, Letter from a Birmingham Jail, p. 1By Martin Luther .docxDIPESH30
King, Letter from a Birmingham Jail, p. 1
By Martin Luther King
April 16, 1963
MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my
present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas.
If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for
anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are
sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable
terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here In Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view
which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters
in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of
them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational
and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked
us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We
readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several
members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties
here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth
century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their
home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ
to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond
my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in
Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to
justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of
destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the
narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be
considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say,
fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure
that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of socia ...
8182017 Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]http.docxsodhi3
King writes a letter from a Birmingham jail responding to fellow clergymen who criticized his activities as "unwise and untimely." He explains that he is in Birmingham because injustice exists there, and that nonviolent direct action seeks to create tension to force negotiation and address the underlying causes of demonstrations. King argues that just laws should be obeyed, but unjust laws like segregation statutes should be disobeyed, as they degrade human personality.
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxsmile790243
This document is Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963 while imprisoned for participating in nonviolent protests against segregation. In the letter, King responds to criticism from white religious leaders who said the protests were "untimely and unwise". King argues that injustice requires direct action to create tension and open the door for negotiation. He explains why some laws should be obeyed, like the Supreme Court ruling against segregation, while others that uphold segregation should be disobeyed, as they are unjust and violate moral law. The letter is a powerful defense of nonviolent civil disobedience to confront systemic racism and injustice.
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxSHIVA101531
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1
A U G U S T 1 9 6 3
Letter from Birmingham Jail
by Martin Luther King, Jr.
From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which follows. It was his response to a public statement of concern and
caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr. King, who was born in 1929, did his undergraduate work at
Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils
among a hundred students, and the president of his class; and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.
WHILE confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling our present activities "unwise
and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms
that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like
to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders
coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating
in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the
South, one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Whenever necessary and possible, we share staff,
educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to be
on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour
came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am
here because I have basic organizational ties here.
Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and carried
their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their hometowns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little village of
Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every hamlet and city of the Greco-Roman world, I too am compelled
to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for
aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be
concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to ...
Letter From Birmingham Jail - MLK - 16 April 1963My Dear Fel.docxSHIVA101531
Letter From Birmingham Jail - MLK - 16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of social analysis that deals merely with effects and does not grapp ...
Liberation Curriculum, Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Pro.docxMARRY7
This letter from Martin Luther King Jr. responds to fellow clergymen who criticized his activities in Birmingham as "unwise and untimely." King explains that he is in Birmingham because he was invited by the local Southern Christian Leadership Conference affiliate to engage in nonviolent direct action if deemed necessary. He says he is compelled to address injustice wherever it occurs. King argues that nonviolent direct action is necessary to create a crisis and tension to force negotiation and address the underlying causes of racial injustice and segregation in Birmingham. He maintains there is a moral duty to disobey unjust laws that degrade human personality, like segregation statutes, while having a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws.
DOCUMENT 2 The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter wri.docxmadlynplamondon
DOCUMENT 2
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone ...
DOCUMENT 2 The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter writtDustiBuckner14
DOCUMENT 2
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone ...
AUTHORS NOTE This response to a published statement by eight fe.docxjasoninnes20
*AUTHOR'S NOTE: This response to a published statement by eight fellow clergymen from Alabama (Bishop C. C. J. Carpenter, Bishop Joseph A. Durick, Rabbi Hilton L. Grafman, Bishop Paul Hardin, Bishop Holan B. Harmon, the Reverend George M. Murray. the Reverend Edward V. Ramage and the Reverend Earl Stallings) was composed under somewhat constricting circumstance. Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail, the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly Negro trusty, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me. Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's prerogative of polishing it for publication.
LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL
April 16, 1963
MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here In Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happen ...
Unit 51. Mr. Thompson is considering investing in two period pro.docxouldparis
Unit 5
1. Mr. Thompson is considering investing in two period projects with the following probabilities and cash flows:
The discount rate is 7%, and the initial investment is $2,000. How much is the expected NPV of this project? Should Mr. Thompson invest or not? Briefly explain your reasoning.
***************************************************************************************************
2. The Paper Cup Company has estimated the following revenue possibilities for the year.
a. Find the expected revenue.
b. Find the standard deviation.
c. Find the coefficient of variation.
d. Which of the two measures above (a. or b.) is a better measure of risk when comparing projects with different NPV?
*Questions 1 & 2 are worth 50 points each please provide complete detailed answers
3. Zina Corporation's total cost function is given by TC = 400 + 6Q + 3Q2.
a. If the firm is perfectly competitive and the price of its product is $36, what is the optimal output?
b. At this output rate, what is the profit?
4. Dashen Company is a monopoly that produces at two plants. The demand for its product is given by P = 20 – Q. The marginal cost of plant 1 is MC1 = 2, and the marginal cost of plant 2 is MC2 = 2Q2.
a. How much output does the firm produce at each plant?
B. What price should it charge for its product?
5. Briefly explain how long-run equilibrium is different for each of the following types of markets: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopoly.
Your response must be a minimum of 200 words and will be checked for originality--No Plagiarism.
DOCUMENT 2
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in eve ...
Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this letter from a Birmingham jail, responding to fellow clergymen who criticized his activities as "unwise and untimely." He explains that he is in Birmingham because injustice exists there, as it does across the South. He outlines the four steps of nonviolent protest - fact-finding, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action - that were undertaken in Birmingham to challenge segregation. King argues that freedom has never been voluntarily given by oppressors and must be demanded through nonviolent pressure, as civil rights gains have only come through legal and nonviolent means, not by waiting passively.
This letter from Martin Luther King Jr. is a response to a public statement made by eight Alabama clergymen criticizing King's civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham as "unwise and untimely." King spends the majority of the letter justifying the protests by outlining the history of negotiations, broken promises, and lack of progress that led to direct action. He argues that nonviolent tension and pressure is needed to create a crisis that forces the issue of racial injustice to be addressed, and that change is never voluntarily granted by the oppressors but must be demanded by the oppressed.
Unit v assignment template dialoguetimothy we had anotherSALU18
The passages discuss challenges facing a nonprofit tutoring organization with dwindling fundraising and the need for new fundraising ideas. One character proposes advertising fundraising dinners on social media, while others note this may not be effective and suggest meeting with an advertising firm. Dr. King's letter from Birmingham jail defends nonviolent protest against segregation, arguing that unjust laws should not be obeyed and that direct action is needed to expose injustice.
This document is a call for unity in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 regarding racial issues from eight religious leaders. It makes three main points:
1) The leaders previously urged peaceful obedience of court decisions on racial matters and recognize some increased willingness to address racial problems.
2) They see the current demonstrations led by outsiders as unwise and believe issues are best addressed by local leaders through open negotiation.
3) The leaders appeal to the white and black communities to observe law and order through the courts and negotiations rather than in the streets, and to withdraw support from the demonstrations.
The document discusses issues with Western efforts and understanding of the Middle East. It notes that a group of four white men discussing the region demonstrated a lack of real understanding. It then examines how Muslims may respond to certain aspects of American society and government from their perspective, such as policies around religion in schools or the right to bear arms. It argues Americans should listen more to understand Middle Eastern policies and perspectives before trying to explain their own.
ANSWERING A LEGAL PROBLEMThere is a framework of analysis that s.docxjustine1simpson78276
ANSWERING A LEGAL PROBLEM
There is a framework of analysis that should always be followed when writing an answer to a legal problem. It can be summarized in the acronym “IRAC”.
First the answer to the problem must state the ISSUE. The issue is the question that must be answered in order to know who will prevail in the dispute – the potential lawsuit -- that is the subject of the problem.
Next, the answer should state the RULE -- this is the legal principle that provides the answer to the issue.
Next the answer must discuss APPLICATION. Your answer must explain how the rule of law connects with the facts of the case in order to show who will prevail in the dispute.
The last item to include is the CONCLUSION. Who will win the dispute? This must be stated here.
Consider this sample problem:
Fred and Ethel decided to buy a new refrigerator. They went to Super Appliance store to look at the available models. Rick approached them and said “Can I help you? – we are having a sale on refrigerators” Rick then showed them several refrigerators. They selected one; Rick produced a form with Super’s name at the top and filled it out as a memorandum of the sale. Fred and Ethel paid cash for the refrigerator. When the refrigerator was not delivered, Fred called the store. Super informed Fred that Rick did not work for Super – Rick was in fact a “con man” who had carried out fraudulent activities inside Super’s store area. Super said that since Fred had no authority to represent Super, the contract was not binding on Super. Was a binding contract made between Super and Fred and Ethel for the sale of the refrigerator to Fred and Ethel?
(An answer to any legal problem should employ the IRAC form of analysis. If the problem raises more than one legal issue, it is a good idea to first provide an answer to one issue. After that is done, the process should be repeated for each of the other issues.)
SAMPLE ANSWER
A contract negotiated by one person on behalf of another person will be binding on that person only if the first person had authority to enter into that contract on behalf of the other party. Did Rick have authority to make a contract on behalf of Super to sell a refrigerator to Fred and Ethel?
First we must determine if Rick had express authority to make such a contract. Express authorityis the authority that a principal confers on the agent by using specific words. In this case Super never said anything to Rick that would have given him any authority to do anything on behalf of Super. Rick did not have express authority to bind Super to the contract with Fred and Ethel.
Did Rick have implied authority to enter into this contract? Implied authority is authority that a court concludes the principal intended to give to the agent even though the principal did not use any words that would confer such authority. Implied authority grows out of express authority – if an agent has no express authority he will not have any implied au.
About Science Technology Essay. Online assignment writing service.Melody Rios
This document provides instructions for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund if plagiarized.
This document discusses using geographic information systems (GIS) software for warehouse location site analysis. GIS allows multiple layers of data like rent costs, labor costs, transportation infrastructure to be overlaid on a map. Analyzing these layers together helps identify optimal locations that minimize costs and maximize access to transportation networks. The authors explain how GIS streamlines the traditionally complex process of evaluating potential sites.
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Writers will bid on the request and the customer can choose a writer. 4) The customer will receive the paper and can request revisions if needed. 5) HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality work and refunds are offered for plagiarized content.
The document describes the steps one would take to hire an essay writer from the website HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, providing details for the paper request in an order form, and choosing a bid from available writers to complete the assignment. The process involves communication between the client and writer, with the client able to request revisions until satisfied with the final paper before authorizing full payment.
Malcolm X summarizes his speech "The Ballot or the Bullet" in three key points:
1) He emphasizes that Black Nationalism is a self-help philosophy that can unite Black people regardless of religion or organization in working to gain political and economic control of their communities.
2) Black Nationalism was successful in helping other nations in Asia and Africa gain independence from colonial powers through nationalism, and it is needed to end the colonialism that Black Americans continue to face.
3) Frustration in the Black community has grown due to failed promises from white leaders, and 1964 may be a pivotal year that sees Black people choose between pursuing rights through voting ("the ballot") or through other means ("the
001 Essay Example How To Write Summary ResponseGracie Segura
The document discusses preferences for a world where all sides are armed with shields rather than swords with no shields. It argues that shields provide defensive protection while swords are meant for offense. In just a few words, it promotes a philosophy of defense over offense in conflicts.
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
Your Name
Practical Connection
Your Name
NOTE: To insert a different Cover Page select the Insert tab from the Ribbon, then the cover page you want. Insert Your Name. Enter Your Industry and Phase below. You can use this template if you wish. Please erase this note before you submit.
Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
NOTE: To include a Word generated TOC select the References tab from the Ribbon, then Table of Contents. Select the format you wish. Remember, to use the built-in TOC you must use the MS Word “Styles” format from the Ribbon, specifically “Heading 1” for each phase heading, “Heading 2” for the phase sub-headings and “Normal” for the body.
Remember to update the TOC after adding any data to the body of the paper. To update the TOC simply click anywhere in the TOC, select Update Table, then select Update entire table and OK.
Please erase this note before you submit.Phase 1: Educational and Employment HistoryEducational History and Goals (Include Certifications)
Type Your Data Here.
NOTE: For each Phase you must have at least 2 references. Please use the References feature of Microsoft Word to manage your references.
To add a reference to the database do the following:
Select References from the Ribbon
Select Style, then APA
Select Insert Citation
Select Add New Source
Select Type of Source
Fill in the required information, select OK
To insert a reference from the database do the following:
Place the cursor just before the period at the end of the sentence. Then select Insert Citation and select the correct reference from the list (Sewart, 2014).
Please erase this note before you submit.Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about).
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Da.
Your namePresenter’s name(s) DateTITILE Motivatio.docxnettletondevon
Your name:
Presenter’s name(s):
Date:
TITILE:
Motivation(s)/Statement of problem(s):
Objective(s):
Approach(s):
a. Materials:
b. Methods:
Findings:
Conclusions
LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
Your nameProfessor NameCourseDatePaper Outline.docxnettletondevon
Your name
Professor Name
Course
Date
Paper Outline
Thesis: Thesis statement here
I. Rough draft of introduction to essay/paper
II. First Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
III. Second Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
IV. Third Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
(If there are more points, add them as items V, VI, etc. appropriately)
1
V. Rough draft of conclusion of essay/paper
A. Summary of discussion
B. Final observations
Works Cited
Livingston, James C. Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Rodrigues, Hillary, and John S. Harding. Introduction to the Study of Religion. Routledge, 2009.
.
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Liberation Curriculum, Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Pro.docxMARRY7
This letter from Martin Luther King Jr. responds to fellow clergymen who criticized his activities in Birmingham as "unwise and untimely." King explains that he is in Birmingham because he was invited by the local Southern Christian Leadership Conference affiliate to engage in nonviolent direct action if deemed necessary. He says he is compelled to address injustice wherever it occurs. King argues that nonviolent direct action is necessary to create a crisis and tension to force negotiation and address the underlying causes of racial injustice and segregation in Birmingham. He maintains there is a moral duty to disobey unjust laws that degrade human personality, like segregation statutes, while having a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws.
DOCUMENT 2 The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter wri.docxmadlynplamondon
DOCUMENT 2
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone ...
DOCUMENT 2 The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter writtDustiBuckner14
DOCUMENT 2
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone ...
AUTHORS NOTE This response to a published statement by eight fe.docxjasoninnes20
*AUTHOR'S NOTE: This response to a published statement by eight fellow clergymen from Alabama (Bishop C. C. J. Carpenter, Bishop Joseph A. Durick, Rabbi Hilton L. Grafman, Bishop Paul Hardin, Bishop Holan B. Harmon, the Reverend George M. Murray. the Reverend Edward V. Ramage and the Reverend Earl Stallings) was composed under somewhat constricting circumstance. Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail, the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly Negro trusty, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me. Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's prerogative of polishing it for publication.
LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL
April 16, 1963
MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here In Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happen ...
Unit 51. Mr. Thompson is considering investing in two period pro.docxouldparis
Unit 5
1. Mr. Thompson is considering investing in two period projects with the following probabilities and cash flows:
The discount rate is 7%, and the initial investment is $2,000. How much is the expected NPV of this project? Should Mr. Thompson invest or not? Briefly explain your reasoning.
***************************************************************************************************
2. The Paper Cup Company has estimated the following revenue possibilities for the year.
a. Find the expected revenue.
b. Find the standard deviation.
c. Find the coefficient of variation.
d. Which of the two measures above (a. or b.) is a better measure of risk when comparing projects with different NPV?
*Questions 1 & 2 are worth 50 points each please provide complete detailed answers
3. Zina Corporation's total cost function is given by TC = 400 + 6Q + 3Q2.
a. If the firm is perfectly competitive and the price of its product is $36, what is the optimal output?
b. At this output rate, what is the profit?
4. Dashen Company is a monopoly that produces at two plants. The demand for its product is given by P = 20 – Q. The marginal cost of plant 1 is MC1 = 2, and the marginal cost of plant 2 is MC2 = 2Q2.
a. How much output does the firm produce at each plant?
B. What price should it charge for its product?
5. Briefly explain how long-run equilibrium is different for each of the following types of markets: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopoly.
Your response must be a minimum of 200 words and will be checked for originality--No Plagiarism.
DOCUMENT 2
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in eve ...
Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this letter from a Birmingham jail, responding to fellow clergymen who criticized his activities as "unwise and untimely." He explains that he is in Birmingham because injustice exists there, as it does across the South. He outlines the four steps of nonviolent protest - fact-finding, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action - that were undertaken in Birmingham to challenge segregation. King argues that freedom has never been voluntarily given by oppressors and must be demanded through nonviolent pressure, as civil rights gains have only come through legal and nonviolent means, not by waiting passively.
This letter from Martin Luther King Jr. is a response to a public statement made by eight Alabama clergymen criticizing King's civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham as "unwise and untimely." King spends the majority of the letter justifying the protests by outlining the history of negotiations, broken promises, and lack of progress that led to direct action. He argues that nonviolent tension and pressure is needed to create a crisis that forces the issue of racial injustice to be addressed, and that change is never voluntarily granted by the oppressors but must be demanded by the oppressed.
Unit v assignment template dialoguetimothy we had anotherSALU18
The passages discuss challenges facing a nonprofit tutoring organization with dwindling fundraising and the need for new fundraising ideas. One character proposes advertising fundraising dinners on social media, while others note this may not be effective and suggest meeting with an advertising firm. Dr. King's letter from Birmingham jail defends nonviolent protest against segregation, arguing that unjust laws should not be obeyed and that direct action is needed to expose injustice.
This document is a call for unity in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 regarding racial issues from eight religious leaders. It makes three main points:
1) The leaders previously urged peaceful obedience of court decisions on racial matters and recognize some increased willingness to address racial problems.
2) They see the current demonstrations led by outsiders as unwise and believe issues are best addressed by local leaders through open negotiation.
3) The leaders appeal to the white and black communities to observe law and order through the courts and negotiations rather than in the streets, and to withdraw support from the demonstrations.
The document discusses issues with Western efforts and understanding of the Middle East. It notes that a group of four white men discussing the region demonstrated a lack of real understanding. It then examines how Muslims may respond to certain aspects of American society and government from their perspective, such as policies around religion in schools or the right to bear arms. It argues Americans should listen more to understand Middle Eastern policies and perspectives before trying to explain their own.
ANSWERING A LEGAL PROBLEMThere is a framework of analysis that s.docxjustine1simpson78276
ANSWERING A LEGAL PROBLEM
There is a framework of analysis that should always be followed when writing an answer to a legal problem. It can be summarized in the acronym “IRAC”.
First the answer to the problem must state the ISSUE. The issue is the question that must be answered in order to know who will prevail in the dispute – the potential lawsuit -- that is the subject of the problem.
Next, the answer should state the RULE -- this is the legal principle that provides the answer to the issue.
Next the answer must discuss APPLICATION. Your answer must explain how the rule of law connects with the facts of the case in order to show who will prevail in the dispute.
The last item to include is the CONCLUSION. Who will win the dispute? This must be stated here.
Consider this sample problem:
Fred and Ethel decided to buy a new refrigerator. They went to Super Appliance store to look at the available models. Rick approached them and said “Can I help you? – we are having a sale on refrigerators” Rick then showed them several refrigerators. They selected one; Rick produced a form with Super’s name at the top and filled it out as a memorandum of the sale. Fred and Ethel paid cash for the refrigerator. When the refrigerator was not delivered, Fred called the store. Super informed Fred that Rick did not work for Super – Rick was in fact a “con man” who had carried out fraudulent activities inside Super’s store area. Super said that since Fred had no authority to represent Super, the contract was not binding on Super. Was a binding contract made between Super and Fred and Ethel for the sale of the refrigerator to Fred and Ethel?
(An answer to any legal problem should employ the IRAC form of analysis. If the problem raises more than one legal issue, it is a good idea to first provide an answer to one issue. After that is done, the process should be repeated for each of the other issues.)
SAMPLE ANSWER
A contract negotiated by one person on behalf of another person will be binding on that person only if the first person had authority to enter into that contract on behalf of the other party. Did Rick have authority to make a contract on behalf of Super to sell a refrigerator to Fred and Ethel?
First we must determine if Rick had express authority to make such a contract. Express authorityis the authority that a principal confers on the agent by using specific words. In this case Super never said anything to Rick that would have given him any authority to do anything on behalf of Super. Rick did not have express authority to bind Super to the contract with Fred and Ethel.
Did Rick have implied authority to enter into this contract? Implied authority is authority that a court concludes the principal intended to give to the agent even though the principal did not use any words that would confer such authority. Implied authority grows out of express authority – if an agent has no express authority he will not have any implied au.
About Science Technology Essay. Online assignment writing service.Melody Rios
This document provides instructions for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund if plagiarized.
This document discusses using geographic information systems (GIS) software for warehouse location site analysis. GIS allows multiple layers of data like rent costs, labor costs, transportation infrastructure to be overlaid on a map. Analyzing these layers together helps identify optimal locations that minimize costs and maximize access to transportation networks. The authors explain how GIS streamlines the traditionally complex process of evaluating potential sites.
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Writers will bid on the request and the customer can choose a writer. 4) The customer will receive the paper and can request revisions if needed. 5) HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality work and refunds are offered for plagiarized content.
The document describes the steps one would take to hire an essay writer from the website HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, providing details for the paper request in an order form, and choosing a bid from available writers to complete the assignment. The process involves communication between the client and writer, with the client able to request revisions until satisfied with the final paper before authorizing full payment.
Malcolm X summarizes his speech "The Ballot or the Bullet" in three key points:
1) He emphasizes that Black Nationalism is a self-help philosophy that can unite Black people regardless of religion or organization in working to gain political and economic control of their communities.
2) Black Nationalism was successful in helping other nations in Asia and Africa gain independence from colonial powers through nationalism, and it is needed to end the colonialism that Black Americans continue to face.
3) Frustration in the Black community has grown due to failed promises from white leaders, and 1964 may be a pivotal year that sees Black people choose between pursuing rights through voting ("the ballot") or through other means ("the
001 Essay Example How To Write Summary ResponseGracie Segura
The document discusses preferences for a world where all sides are armed with shields rather than swords with no shields. It argues that shields provide defensive protection while swords are meant for offense. In just a few words, it promotes a philosophy of defense over offense in conflicts.
Similar to AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIALetter f.docx (19)
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
Your Name
Practical Connection
Your Name
NOTE: To insert a different Cover Page select the Insert tab from the Ribbon, then the cover page you want. Insert Your Name. Enter Your Industry and Phase below. You can use this template if you wish. Please erase this note before you submit.
Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
NOTE: To include a Word generated TOC select the References tab from the Ribbon, then Table of Contents. Select the format you wish. Remember, to use the built-in TOC you must use the MS Word “Styles” format from the Ribbon, specifically “Heading 1” for each phase heading, “Heading 2” for the phase sub-headings and “Normal” for the body.
Remember to update the TOC after adding any data to the body of the paper. To update the TOC simply click anywhere in the TOC, select Update Table, then select Update entire table and OK.
Please erase this note before you submit.Phase 1: Educational and Employment HistoryEducational History and Goals (Include Certifications)
Type Your Data Here.
NOTE: For each Phase you must have at least 2 references. Please use the References feature of Microsoft Word to manage your references.
To add a reference to the database do the following:
Select References from the Ribbon
Select Style, then APA
Select Insert Citation
Select Add New Source
Select Type of Source
Fill in the required information, select OK
To insert a reference from the database do the following:
Place the cursor just before the period at the end of the sentence. Then select Insert Citation and select the correct reference from the list (Sewart, 2014).
Please erase this note before you submit.Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about).
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Da.
Your namePresenter’s name(s) DateTITILE Motivatio.docxnettletondevon
Your name:
Presenter’s name(s):
Date:
TITILE:
Motivation(s)/Statement of problem(s):
Objective(s):
Approach(s):
a. Materials:
b. Methods:
Findings:
Conclusions
LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
Your nameProfessor NameCourseDatePaper Outline.docxnettletondevon
Your name
Professor Name
Course
Date
Paper Outline
Thesis: Thesis statement here
I. Rough draft of introduction to essay/paper
II. First Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
III. Second Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
IV. Third Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
(If there are more points, add them as items V, VI, etc. appropriately)
1
V. Rough draft of conclusion of essay/paper
A. Summary of discussion
B. Final observations
Works Cited
Livingston, James C. Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Rodrigues, Hillary, and John S. Harding. Introduction to the Study of Religion. Routledge, 2009.
.
Your name _________________________________ Date of submission _.docxnettletondevon
Your name: _________________________________ Date of submission: ______________________
ENG201 Milestone 4: #MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#wordschangelives
Instructions: Save this document on your own computer. Type into each box and expand it as needed for the length of your response. Answer thoroughly!
PART 1: PERSONAL REFLECTION
TOPIC: What is one problem, issue, or need in the world, or in your own community, that you care a lot about?
PERSONAL CONNECTION: Why is this particular issue important to you? Is there something in your life experience or academic studies that relates?
ROOT CAUSE HYPOTHESIS: What do you think are some of the root causes of this issue? Explain.
AUDIENCE HYPOTHESIS: Based on the causes you have identified, who would be a good audience for you to try to make a change on this issue? Why?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The next step is research, What are 3 questions related to your issue that you want to answer during your research? Think of information that might help you better understand the issue in order to address or solve it.
PART 2: RESEARCH SUMMARY
SOURCE #1: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #2: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #3: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
PART 3: PROJECT PLANNING OUTLINE
CREATE YOUR OWN TEXT-BASED CAMPAIGN!
Start outlining the components of your final project here.
You will explain each choice in greater detail and polished prose for your final project.
Headline: What is the “headline” of your campaign? What phrase or hashtag will you use? Why those words?
Message: What is the subtext of the campaign? In other words, what messages are you communicating by the headline?
Audience: With whom is your campaign de.
Your NameECD 310 Exceptional Learning and InclusionInstruct.docxnettletondevon
Your Name
ECD 310: Exceptional Learning and Inclusion
Instructor
Date
Inclusive and Differentiated Learning and Assessments
Hint 1: This template is intended to guide you; however, you’re encouraged to add or delete from this format as long as your final product aligns with the assignment requirements found under Week 3>Assignment.
Hint 2: Delete these highlighted “hints” before final submission.
Hint 3: Delete the prompt text included on each slide and replace it with your own content.
Only use this template if you are enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education
Introduction
On this slide, provide a brief introduction to the topic of standardized assessment.
Hint: For help creating and editing slides in PowerPoint, see this guide on Creating PowerPoint Presentations.
Including All Students
On this slide, describe how you will ensure that all students are included in assessments and how you will make decisions about how children participate in assessments.
Accessibility for All
Summarize how you will make sure that the assessments are designed for accessibility by all.
Ensuring Fairness and Validity
Explain how you will make sure the assessment results are fair and valid.
Reporting the Results
Describe the importance of reporting the results of the assessment for all students.
Evaluating the Process
Examine how you will continually evaluate the assessment process to improve it and ensure student success.
Hint: Use scholarly sources in your presentation to support your ideas. Remember to include in-text citations.
Rationale
Explain your rationale, based on the age of children you plan to work with, the reasons why you would use standardized assessments.
Some reasons might be programmatic planning, differentiating instruction, identifying individual needs, and ensuring alignment with standards.
Hint: Make sure to support your reasoning with at least one scholarly source.
Collaboration
Discuss how, as an early childhood educator, you will collaborate with your colleagues to differentiate the assessment tools you will use to support the children you work with.
Conclusion
Include a brief conclusion to bring closure to your presentation.
.
Your Name University of the Cumberlands ISOL634-25 P.docxnettletondevon
The document discusses defensible space and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). It defines defensible space as using barriers and surveillance to control an environment and divide it into zones. CPTED is defined as a multidisciplinary approach to reducing crime through the design of environments in a way that improves safety and allows for better physical and operational controls.
Your Name Professor Name Subject Name 06 Apr.docxnettletondevon
Your Name:
Professor Name:
Subject Name:
06 April 2019
Active exhibition
For most people, a hospital is a place that we don't want to go, but we may have to go if
we get ill. Pain and death brought by diseases terrify us, which make us avoid thinking
of a hospital, not to mention visiting a hospital if not necessary. As for me, a hospital is a
special place. My father is a doctor who helps thousands of patients get well. I spent my
childhood watching him cure patients and bring happiness back to their life. A hospital
represents hope and wellness to patients and their loved ones, and we cannot simply
correlate it with the negative image brought by diseases, form an idea for illness and
even hospital fear. I want to propose a series of exhibitions to awaken people's outdated
and even prejudiced views, just like “A Hacker Manifesto” taught us. We need to bring
this spirit to break the perception in the traditional sense. This exhibition, I hope to let
patients or visitors think more deeply about what disease or disability has brought us.
Inspired by ‘A Hacker Manifesto’, I want to subvert mundane ideas and provide a
completely new experience to hospital visitors through this exhibition. Many relate their
past bad experiences and sad stories with hospitals. Thus, they hold a negative and
prejudice attitude toward the hospital and refuse to change. In this exhibition, I will
present the ‘hope’ and ‘wellness’ side of the hospital. Instead of breaking us down, a
hospital is protecting us from losing health or even life. Also, I want to exhibit the
optimism and fortitude the patients have when they fight against diseases. The shining
qualities they maintain to win the battle of life are so inspiring. We can understand the
meaning of life better from the hospital exhibition.
To organize an impressive exhibition, I choose a comprehensive hospital with a large
amount of patients. In this way, more people will be attracted to the exhibition in the
hospital than in smaller hospitals. They can enjoy the exhibition works when they wait in
line. There are many kinds of patients in general hospitals. I hope to bring some new
concept or idea to the patient.
After comparing several local hospitals in San Francisco, I decided to choose the
hospital in Kaiser Permanente. Kaiser's hospitals are widely distributed, and almost all
of California's medical systems are involved. Exhibitions can have more widely flowed,
and the community around Kaiser is rich. There are companies as well as residential
areas and even schools. The success of the exhibition can benefit the surrounding
communities more broadly.
Kaiser Permanente Campus in San Francisco
For a specific location, I chose the Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center
and Medical Offices (2425 Geary Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94115). In the lobby of the
entrance, you can see a very wide area, on the righ.
Your muscular system examassignment is to describe location (su.docxnettletondevon
Your muscular system exam/assignment
is to describe location (superior & inferior attachments, action and innervations of the following muscles: please make sure to describe that mentioned above on each muscles.
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Sartorius
Iliotibial tract/band
Tensor Fascia Lata
Describe glenohumeral joint (anatomy, ligaments, and movements at this articulation).
.
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choos.docxnettletondevon
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choose one of the following to complete:
-Website (sites.google.com or wordpress.com)
-Blog (blogger.com or tumblr)
-Vlog
You have to find a way to tie in
ALL
of the following topics in your multimedia midterm project:
-Cellular Reproduction
-Meiosis
-DNA structure/Function
-Bacteria and Archaea
-Protists
You'll either have to explain your information at an elementary, lay (someone not familiar with science), or the scientific level.
Your midterm project will be due on February 26, 2020 at 11:59 pm.
In your project you aren’t giving definitions, you’re explaining in a unique way how all the topics tie in together. If you choose elementary you need to be creative and engaging as they have a short attention span and have little to no knowledge of science. For the lay audience you’ll need to relate it to the real world or real world events. Think of this audience as explaining these subjects to your mother or grandmother. For the scientific audience, you must use scientific language and present your information in a matter of fact way. This requires an innovative mindset.
.
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to.docxnettletondevon
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to works of art from one of the following movements:
Modernism
You may use Word or PowerPoint to design your gallery.
You will design your gallery as if you were guiding a visitor to each work of art.
In your gallery, include the following:
A brief introduction to your gallery, which includes a description of the movement and the time period to which your gallery is dedicated.
Six images of works of art that incorporate the characteristics significant to movement and time period. Along with each image of a work of art, include the citation for the work of art. A summary of how the media (materials), methods, and subject are significant to that time period and region, using appropriate art terminology.
A summary of how iconographic, historical, political, philosophical, religious, and social factors of the movement are reflected in the work of art.
Make use of at least three scholarly sources
Cite your sources
.
Your letter should include Introduction – Include your name, i.docxnettletondevon
Your letter should include:
Introduction – Include your name, if you are a full-time or part-time student, your program name and your semester of study.
Body of letter – Why do you think you qualify for an award? Include your volunteer work within the community.
Conclusion – Show your appreciation for being considered and include how receiving an award will assist with your education.
.
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 wordsDetermine.docxnettletondevon
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 words
Determine whether Mr. Johnson discriminated against Ms. Djarra based on religion.
Discuss whether Mr. Johnson offered reasonable accommodations to Ms. Djarra.
Identify the amount and type of damages to be awarded, if any.
The Religious Discrimination – Reasonable Accommodations analysis
Tip for what I need for the analysis section: An analysis section draws meaning from the events that occurred. Go in depth about the implications of their viewpoints or actions.
.
Your Last Name 1Your Name Teacher Name English cl.docxnettletondevon
Your Last Name 1
Your Name
Teacher Name
English class number
Due Date
Title
Start typing here. Delete the notes below after you read through them.
Indent each paragraph and use double spacing and the following formatting:
1 inch margins
Times New Roman
12 point font type
DO NOT use any of the following:
NO border,
NO word art,
NO drawings,
NO ALL CAPS,
NO exclamation points!,
Your Last Name 2
NO underlining,
NO bold,
NO italics (except for references to literature)
NO different font types, sizes or colors.
.
Your job is to delegate job tasks to each healthcare practitioner (U.docxnettletondevon
Delegate tasks to healthcare practitioners during the day shift by filling out a staffing table or describing each person's tasks. Use a primary, team, or modular nursing staffing model to help make delegation decisions. Follow APA style guidelines by typing responses into a Microsoft Word document and uploading the completed staffing table or document.
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of pa.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of paper) the topology based on the information in the routing tables. All of the LANS have the first address (.1). Your deliverable is to draw the topology, with the router names, with the interface names and addresses based on the information given. Please take a picture of your drawing and attach it to the dropbox.
I already did this assignment. i am attaching my work also, i am so confused about these ports. i am attaching, my professors note as well. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY. and fix it
you did not list the serial ports correctly. The serial ports are what connect the routers together. 2 connecting serial ports will have addresses on the SAME network. The serial port does not stick out of the router like the LANs, the serial ports connect the routers to each other.
.
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto balls that are drawn when drawing up to balls from 5 total of 30 balls.
Use 5 image elements to display the ball images from this zipfile:
lottoballs.zip
(I WILL ATTACH THE FILE)
Use a button to perform the drawing.
Use a Lotto class object in the script lotto-class.js to simulate drawing the balls.
Use a CSS file to set the fonts, colors, and sizes of the elements on your page.
Include a link back to your index page. ** ONLY SHOW FIVE BALLS IN HTML
The Lotto class object draws the balls with replacement and sorts them in numeric order before outputting them.
Allow the user to choose how many balls from which to draw and how many balls to draw. This provides a variety of Lotto games to play.
.
Your Introduction of the StudyYour Purpose of the stud.docxnettletondevon
Your
Introduction
of the Study
Your
Purpose
of the study
Your
Methodology
Add your ethical considerations for the survey to your Methodology
Add your measurement strategy to your Methodology
Include a copy of the questionnaire or survey in the Methodology
Provide your
Data Analysis
with survey results
Data results should be provided in graphic form, making them user-friendly information
Provide your
Conclusion
regarding the study. Be sure to tell how well you answered your research question, the status of your hypothesis (true/false), and the value of your survey results for your topic moving forward
USE the attached paper to complete final.
.
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fell.docxnettletondevon
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fellow student's Week 1 materials and provide substantive and constructive feedback to them on the direction for their final paper (250 word minimum). Is something useful missing from the outline? Do you know additional sources (or places to find good sources) the person might want to include? Do you understand clearly his or her topic and thesis?
Fellow Student week I material:
Title of Paper: Long Term Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Introduction:
The voice that is hardly heard. Child abuse and neglect have become predators within human history. As time has passed the outstanding cases that have come about over the many years have raised many eyebrows and society has become appreciative to the revilement of these evil acts within all communities. Child abuse and neglect can take place in a home as well as outside a home places many couldn’t even imagine such as within our school system as well as playgrounds. Even though many times these evil acts take place within a home it can be done by family, friends and acquaintances of the child. Child abuse and neglect can be performed in various ways such as neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and emotional abuse.
Direct Statement and Research Question:
The voice that is hardly heard. Can child abuse and child neglect affect an individual?
Proposal:
The paper that I am presenting to you today will explore the aspects of child abuse, child neglect, effects of the abuse, signs of abuse, signs of neglect, symptoms, risk factors, treatment and prevention. Individuals have their own presumptions of their definition of child abuse as well as child neglect. Some of those presumptions that I have heard were the failure to provide enough love to a child, the failure to provide enough necessities to a child. Child neglect and abuse goes deeper than this the emotional neglect, physical neglect and medical neglect. Where a child sustained physical injuries due to the act of hitting, shaking, burning and kicking describes physical abuse. Sexual activity that the child cannot consent of or comprehend refers to sexual abuse. These acts involve anal and genital intercourse, oral contact, and fondling. Emotional as well as psychological abuse involves those words of putting children down, vulgar language, screaming and yelling can all involve emotional as well as psychological abuse towards a child.
Methodology and Data:
I plan on delivering my methodology through statistics such as research journals and individuals in society that also work with children who have been abused as well as neglected such as interviewing social workers, teachers, health professionals and individuals within society. Understanding that many abused children do not come forward because of that fear that has been placed in them. The fear of becoming the blame, the fear of being rejected or refused, the fear of the blame and the fear of being ashamed so.
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work youve c.docxnettletondevon
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work you've chosen before you read about it. In order to describe what you see, you might consider:
What do you notice first? Why? What do the colors convey? How? How is the space occupied? Is there a foreground and a background (2D) or is the piece sculptural (3D) with mass and volume? Is there an implied shape, such as a triangle, square, or circle, that brings balance to the composition? Are there diagonal lines that make it dynamic?
Next, read the materials provided about the work of art. You are welcome to do additional research on the internet as long as you use reputable websites, such as those from museums and art publications. Go back to your piece and take an even closer look. Think about what you've read and what you see. How does its meaning deepen from additional information the work of art?
Then, consider how the formal elements play into the artist's intention or audience's interpretation of the work. Making connections and observations about form and content are the key to writing a strong analysis. Remember to cite as appropriate.
Include several of areas from the first and second points to bring you to the third point.
1. Initial Reading (what do you see and understand when you first look at the work?)
Medium (materials)
Formal Elements
Subject
2. Contextual Research
Content
History
Emphasis
Effect
Symbolism
Relevance
Political Parallels
Social Implications
Audience?
Influences?
Captions/Title/Text
Ethical/Logical/Emotional Appeal?
3. Meaning
Bring it together. What does the work of art mean? Develop a persuasive, cohesive analysis that includes what you see through form and context.
.
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due .docxnettletondevon
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due
no later than Wednesday 11:59 PM EST/EDT.
The day you post this will count as one of your required four unique postings.
Identify the standard that courts use to qualify someone as an expert witness. Then discuss the standards used to allow that individual's testimony in court. Here, you will want to refer to the Federal Rules of Evidence as well as the Daubert Standard and several other important landmark cases. Include in your response the Saint Leo core value of integrity.
Saint Leo Core Value of Integrity:
The commitment of Saint Leo University to excellence demands that its members live its mission and deliver on its promise. The faculty, staff, and students pledge to be honest, just, and consistent in word and deed.
.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIALetter f.docx
1. AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]"
16 April 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across
your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and
untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work
and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my
desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other
than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would
have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are
men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely
set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope
will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since
you have been influenced by the view which argues against
"outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president
of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an
organization operating in every southern state, with
headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five
affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we
share staff, educational and financial resources with our
affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham
asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action
program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented,
and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along
with several members of my staff, am here because I was
invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.
2. But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is
here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their
villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the
boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul
left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ
to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled
to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like
Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all
communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not
be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice
anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an
inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of
destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.
Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial
"outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United
States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its
bounds.
You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham.
But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar
concern for the conditions that brought about the
demonstrations. I am sure that none of you would want to rest
content with the superficial kind of social analysis that deals
merely with effects and does not grapple with underlying
causes. It is unfortunate that demonstrations are taking place in
Birmingham, but it is even more unfortunate that the city's
white power structure left the Negro community with no
alternative.
In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps:
collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist;
negotiation; self purification; and direct action. We have gone
through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no
3. gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community.
Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in
the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known.
Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the
courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro
homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the
nation. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case. On the basis
of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the
city fathers. But the latter consistently refused to engage in
good faith negotiation.
Then, last September, came the opportunity to talk with leaders
of Birmingham's economic community. In the course of the
negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants--for
example, to remove the stores' humiliating racial signs. On the
basis of these promises, the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and
the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human
Rights agreed to a moratorium on all demonstrations. As the
weeks and months went by, we realized that we were the victims
of a broken promise. A few signs, briefly removed, returned; the
others remained. As in so many past experiences, our hopes had
been blasted, and the shadow of deep disappointment settled
upon us. We had no alternative except to prepare for direct
action, whereby we would present our very bodies as a means of
laying our case before the conscience of the local and the
national community. Mindful of the difficulties involved, we
decided to undertake a process of self purification. We began a
series of workshops on nonviolence, and we repeatedly asked
ourselves: "Are you able to accept blows without retaliating?"
"Are you able to endure the ordeal of jail?" We decided to
schedule our direct action program for the Easter season,
realizing that except for Christmas, this is the main shopping
period of the year. Knowing that a strong economic-withdrawal
program would be the by product of direct action, we felt that
this would be the best time to bring pressure to bear on the
merchants for the needed change.
4. Then it occurred to us that Birmingham's mayoral election was
coming up in March, and we speedily decided to postpone
action until after election day. When we discovered that the
Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, had
piled up enough votes to be in the run off, we decided again to
postpone action until the day after the run off so that the
demonstrations could not be used to cloud the issues. Like many
others, we waited to see Mr. Connor defeated, and to this end
we endured postponement after postponement. Having aided in
this community need, we felt that our direct action program
could be delayed no longer.
You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit ins, marches
and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are quite
right in calling for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose
of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a
crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has
constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It
seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored.
My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the
nonviolent resister may sound rather shocking. But I must
confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have
earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of
constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth.
Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in
the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of
myths and half truths to the unfettered realm of creative
analysis and objective appraisal, so must we see the need for
nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that
will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism
to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood. The
purpose of our direct action program is to create a situation so
crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation.
I therefore concur with you in your call for negotiation. Too
long has our beloved Southland been bogged down in a tragic
5. effort to live in monologue rather than dialogue.
One of the basic points in your statement is that the action that I
and my associates have taken in Birmingham is untimely. Some
have asked: "Why didn't you give the new city administration
time to act?" The only answer that I can give to this query is
that the new Birmingham administration must be prodded about
as much as the outgoing one, before it will act. We are sadly
mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell as
mayor will bring the millennium to Birmingham. While Mr.
Boutwell is a much more gentle person than Mr. Connor, they
are both segregationists, dedicated to maintenance of the status
quo. I have hope that Mr. Boutwell will be reasonable enough to
see the futility of massive resistance to desegregation. But he
will not see this without pressure from devotees of civil rights.
My friends, I must say to you that we have not made a single
gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent
pressure. Lamentably, it is an historical fact that privileged
groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily. Individuals
may see the moral light and voluntarily give up their unjust
posture; but, as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups tend
to be more immoral than individuals.
We know through painful experience that freedom is never
voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the
oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct action
campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have
not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years
now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every
Negro with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost always
meant "Never." We must come to see, with one of our
distinguished jurists, that "justice too long delayed is justice
denied."
We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional
and God given rights. The nations of Asia and Africa are
6. moving with jetlike speed toward gaining political
independence, but we still creep at horse and buggy pace toward
gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. Perhaps it is easy for
those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to
say, "Wait." But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your
mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers
at whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick
and even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the
vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering
in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society;
when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech
stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old daughter
why she can't go to the public amusement park that has just
been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her
eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored
children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to
form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort
her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward
white people; when you have to concoct an answer for a five
year old son who is asking: "Daddy, why do white people treat
colored people so mean?"; when you take a cross county drive
and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the
uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will
accept you; when you are humiliated day in and day out by
nagging signs reading "white" and "colored"; when your first
name becomes "nigger," your middle name becomes "boy"
(however old you are) and your last name becomes "John," and
your wife and mother are never given the respected title "Mrs.";
when you are harried by day and haunted by night by the fact
that you are a Negro, living constantly at tiptoe stance, never
quite knowing what to expect next, and are plagued with inner
fears and outer resentments; when you are forever fighting a
degenerating sense of "nobodiness"--then you will understand
why we find it difficult to wait. There comes a time when the
cup of endurance runs over, and men are no longer willing to be
plunged into the abyss of despair. I hope, sirs, you can
7. understand our legitimate and unavoidable impatience. You
express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break
laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so
diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of
1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance
it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws.
One may well ask: "How can you advocate breaking some laws
and obeying others?" The answer lies in the fact that there are
two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to
advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral
responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral
responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St.
Augustine that "an unjust law is no law at all."
Now, what is the difference between the two? How does one
determine whether a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man
made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God.
An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral
law. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust
law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural
law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law
that degrades human personality is unjust. All segregation
statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and
damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of
superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority.
Segregation, to use the terminology of the Jewish philosopher
Martin Buber, substitutes an "I it" relationship for an "I thou"
relationship and ends up relegating persons to the status of
things. Hence segregation is not only politically, economically
and sociologically unsound, it is morally wrong and sinful. Paul
Tillich has said that sin is separation. Is not segregation an
existential expression of man's tragic separation, his awful
estrangement, his terrible sinfulness? Thus it is that I can urge
men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is
morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation
ordinances, for they are morally wrong.
8. Let us consider a more concrete example of just and unjust
laws. An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power
majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not
make binding on itself. This is difference made legal. By the
same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a
minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This is
sameness made legal. Let me give another explanation. A law is
unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being
denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the
law. Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up
that state's segregation laws was democratically elected?
Throughout Alabama all sorts of devious methods are used to
prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are
some counties in which, even though Negroes constitute a
majority of the population, not a single Negro is registered. Can
any law enacted under such circumstances be considered
democratically structured?
Sometimes a law is just on its face and unjust in its application.
For instance, I have been arrested on a charge of parading
without a permit. Now, there is nothing wrong in having an
ordinance which requires a permit for a parade. But such an
ordinance becomes unjust when it is used to maintain
segregation and to deny citizens the First-Amendment privilege
of peaceful assembly and protest.
I hope you are able to see the distinction I am trying to point
out. In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law, as
would the rabid segregationist. That would lead to anarchy. One
who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with
a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual
who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who
willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse
the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality
expressing the highest respect for law.
9. Of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil
disobedience. It was evidenced sublimely in the refusal of
Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to obey the laws of
Nebuchadnezzar, on the ground that a higher moral law was at
stake. It was practiced superbly by the early Christians, who
were willing to face hungry lions and the excruciating pain of
chopping blocks rather than submit to certain unjust laws of the
Roman Empire. To a degree, academic freedom is a reality
today because Socrates practiced civil disobedience. In our own
nation, the Boston Tea Party represented a massive act of civil
disobedience.
We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in
Germany was "legal" and everything the Hungarian freedom
fighters did in Hungary was "illegal." It was "illegal" to aid and
comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. Even so, I am sure that, had
I lived in Germany at the time, I would have aided and
comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist
country where certain principles dear to the Christian faith are
suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that country's
antireligious laws.
I must make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and
Jewish brothers. First, I must confess that over the past few
years I have been gravely disappointed with the white moderate.
I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the
Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is
not the White Citizen's Counciler or the Ku Klux Klanner, but
the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to
justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of
tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who
constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I
cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; who
paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another
man's freedom; who lives by a mythical concept of time and
10. who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a "more
convenient season." Shallow understanding from people of good
will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from
people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more
bewildering than outright rejection.
I had hoped that the white moderate would understand that law
and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice and that
when they fail in this purpose they become the dangerously
structured dams that block the flow of social progress. I had
hoped that the white moderate would understand that the present
tension in the South is a necessary phase of the transition from
an obnoxious negative peace, in which the Negro passively
accepted his unjust plight, to a substantive and positive peace,
in which all men will respect the dignity and worth of human
personality. Actually, we who engage in nonviolent direct
action are not the creators of tension. We merely bring to the
surface the hidden tension that is already alive. We bring it out
in the open, where it can be seen and dealt with. Like a boil that
can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be
opened with all its ugliness to the natural medicines of air and
light, injustice must be exposed, with all the tension its
exposure creates, to the light of human conscience and the air of
national opinion before it can be cured.
In your statement you assert that our actions, even though
peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence.
But is this a logical assertion? Isn't this like condemning a
robbed man because his possession of money precipitated the
evil act of robbery? Isn't this like condemning Socrates because
his unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical
inquiries precipitated the act by the misguided populace in
which they made him drink hemlock? Isn't this like condemning
Jesus because his unique God consciousness and never ceasing
devotion to God's will precipitated the evil act of crucifixion?
We must come to see that, as the federal courts have
11. consistently affirmed, it is wrong to urge an individual to cease
his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights because the
quest may precipitate violence. Society must protect the robbed
and punish the robber. I had also hoped that the white moderate
would reject the myth concerning time in relation to the
struggle for freedom. I have just received a letter from a white
brother in Texas. He writes: "All Christians know that the
colored people will receive equal rights eventually, but it is
possible that you are in too great a religious hurry. It has taken
Christianity almost two thousand years to accomplish what it
has. The teachings of Christ take time to come to earth." Such
an attitude stems from a tragic misconception of time, from the
strangely irrational notion that there is something in the very
flow of time that will inevitably cure all ills. Actually, time
itself is neutral; it can be used either destructively or
constructively. More and more I feel that the people of ill will
have used time much more effectively than have the people of
good will. We will have to repent in this generation not merely
for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the
appalling silence of the good people. Human progress never
rolls in on wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless
efforts of men willing to be co workers with God, and without
this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of
social stagnation. We must use time creatively, in the
knowledge that the time is always ripe to do right. Now is the
time to make real the promise of democracy and transform our
pending national elegy into a creative psalm of brotherhood.
Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of
racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity.
You speak of our activity in Birmingham as extreme. At first I
was rather disappointed that fellow clergymen would see my
nonviolent efforts as those of an extremist. I began thinking
about the fact that I stand in the middle of two opposing forces
in the Negro community. One is a force of complacency, made
up in part of Negroes who, as a result of long years of
12. oppression, are so drained of self respect and a sense of
"somebodiness" that they have adjusted to segregation; and in
part of a few middle-class Negroes who, because of a degree of
academic and economic security and because in some ways they
profit by segregation, have become insensitive to the problems
of the masses. The other force is one of bitterness and hatred,
and it comes perilously close to advocating violence. It is
expressed in the various black nationalist groups that are
springing up across the nation, the largest and best known being
Elijah Muhammad's Muslim movement. Nourished by the
Negro's frustration over the continued existence of racial
discrimination, this movement is made up of people who have
lost faith in America, who have absolutely repudiated
Christianity, and who have concluded that the white man is an
incorrigible "devil."
I have tried to stand between these two forces, saying that we
need emulate neither the "do nothingism" of the complacent nor
the hatred and despair of the black nationalist. For there is the
more excellent way of love and nonviolent protest. I am grateful
to God that, through the influence of the Negro church, the way
of nonviolence became an integral part of our struggle. If this
philosophy had not emerged, by now many streets of the South
would, I am convinced, be flowing with blood. And I am further
convinced that if our white brothers dismiss as "rabble rousers"
and "outside agitators" those of us who employ nonviolent
direct action, and if they refuse to support our nonviolent
efforts, millions of Negroes will, out of frustration and despair,
seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies--a
development that would inevitably lead to a frightening racial
nightmare.
Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The
yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is
what has happened to the American Negro. Something within
has reminded him of his birthright of freedom, and something
13. without has reminded him that it can be gained. Consciously or
unconsciously, he has been caught up by the Zeitgeist, and with
his black brothers of Africa and his brown and yellow brothers
of Asia, South America and the Caribbean, the United States
Negro is moving with a sense of great urgency toward the
promised land of racial justice. If one recognizes this vital urge
that has engulfed the Negro community, one should readily
understand why public demonstrations are taking place. The
Negro has many pent up resentments and latent frustrations, and
he must release them. So let him march; let him make prayer
pilgrimages to the city hall; let him go on freedom rides -and
try to understand why he must do so. If his repressed emotions
are not released in nonviolent ways, they will seek expression
through violence; this is not a threat but a fact of history. So I
have not said to my people: "Get rid of your discontent."
Rather, I have tried to say that this normal and healthy
discontent can be channeled into the creative outlet of
nonviolent direct action. And now this approach is being termed
extremist. But though I was initially disappointed at being
categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the
matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the
label. Was not Jesus an extremist for love: "Love your enemies,
bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and
pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you."
Was not Amos an extremist for justice: "Let justice roll down
like waters and righteousness like an ever flowing stream." Was
not Paul an extremist for the Christian gospel: "I bear in my
body the marks of the Lord Jesus." Was not Martin Luther an
extremist: "Here I stand; I cannot do otherwise, so help me
God." And John Bunyan: "I will stay in jail to the end of my
days before I make a butchery of my conscience." And Abraham
Lincoln: "This nation cannot survive half slave and half free."
And Thomas Jefferson: "We hold these truths to be self evident,
that all men are created equal . . ." So the question is not
whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we
will be. Will we be extremists for hate or for love? Will we be
14. extremists for the preservation of injustice or for the extension
of justice? In that dramatic scene on Calvary's hill three men
were crucified. We must never forget that all three were
crucified for the same crime--the crime of extremism. Two were
extremists for immorality, and thus fell below their
environment. The other, Jesus Christ, was an extremist for love,
truth and goodness, and thereby rose above his environment.
Perhaps the South, the nation and the world are in dire need of
creative extremists.
I had hoped that the white moderate would see this need.
Perhaps I was too optimistic; perhaps I expected too much. I
suppose I should have realized that few members of the
oppressor race can understand the deep groans and passionate
yearnings of the oppressed race, and still fewer have the vision
to see that injustice must be rooted out by strong, persistent and
determined action. I am thankful, however, that some of our
white brothers in the South have grasped the meaning of this
social revolution and committed themselves to it. They are still
all too few in quantity, but they are big in quality. Some -such
as Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden, James McBride
Dabbs, Ann Braden and Sarah Patton Boyle--have written about
our struggle in eloquent and prophetic terms. Others have
marched with us down nameless streets of the South. They have
languished in filthy, roach infested jails, suffering the abuse
and brutality of policemen who view them as "dirty nigger-
lovers." Unlike so many of their moderate brothers and sisters,
they have recognized the urgency of the moment and sensed the
need for powerful "action" antidotes to combat the disease of
segregation. Let me take note of my other major
disappointment. I have been so greatly disappointed with the
white church and its leadership. Of course, there are some
notable exceptions. I am not unmindful of the fact that each of
you has taken some significant stands on this issue. I commend
you, Reverend Stallings, for your Christian stand on this past
Sunday, in welcoming Negroes to your worship service on a
15. nonsegregated basis. I commend the Catholic leaders of this
state for integrating Spring Hill College several years ago.
But despite these notable exceptions, I must honestly reiterate
that I have been disappointed with the church. I do not say this
as one of those negative critics who can always find something
wrong with the church. I say this as a minister of the gospel,
who loves the church; who was nurtured in its bosom; who has
been sustained by its spiritual blessings and who will remain
true to it as long as the cord of life shall lengthen.
When I was suddenly catapulted into the leadership of the bus
protest in Montgomery, Alabama, a few years ago, I felt we
would be supported by the white church. I felt that the white
ministers, priests and rabbis of the South would be among our
strongest allies. Instead, some have been outright opponents,
refusing to understand the freedom movement and
misrepresenting its leaders; all too many others have been more
cautious than courageous and have remained silent behind the
anesthetizing security of stained glass windows.
In spite of my shattered dreams, I came to Birmingham with the
hope that the white religious leadership of this community
would see the justice of our cause and, with deep moral
concern, would serve as the channel through which our just
grievances could reach the power structure. I had hoped that
each of you would understand. But again I have been
disappointed.
I have heard numerous southern religious leaders admonish their
worshipers to comply with a desegregation decision because it
is the law, but I have longed to hear white ministers declare:
"Follow this decree because integration is morally right and
because the Negro is your brother." In the midst of blatant
injustices inflicted upon the Negro, I have watched white
churchmen stand on the sideline and mouth pious irrelevancies
16. and sanctimonious trivialities. In the midst of a mighty struggle
to rid our nation of racial and economic injustice, I have heard
many ministers say: "Those are social issues, with which the
gospel has no real concern." And I have watched many churches
commit themselves to a completely other worldly religion which
makes a strange, un-Biblical distinction between body and soul,
between the sacred and the secular.
I have traveled the length and breadth of Alabama, Mississippi
and all the other southern states. On sweltering summer days
and crisp autumn mornings I have looked at the South's
beautiful churches with their lofty spires pointing heavenward. I
have beheld the impressive outlines of her massive religious
education buildings. Over and over I have found myself asking:
"What kind of people worship here? Who is their God? Where
were their voices when the lips of Governor Barnett dripped
with words of interposition and nullification? Where were they
when Governor Wallace gave a clarion call for defiance and
hatred? Where were their voices of support when bruised and
weary Negro men and women decided to rise from the dark
dungeons of complacency to the bright hills of creative
protest?"
Yes, these questions are still in my mind. In deep
disappointment I have wept over the laxity of the church. But be
assured that my tears have been tears of love. There can be no
deep disappointment where there is not deep love. Yes, I love
the church. How could I do otherwise? I am in the rather unique
position of being the son, the grandson and the great grandson
of preachers. Yes, I see the church as the body of Christ. But,
oh! How we have blemished and scarred that body through
social neglect and through fear of being nonconformists.
There was a time when the church was very powerful--in the
time when the early Christians rejoiced at being deemed worthy
to suffer for what they believed. In those days the church was
17. not merely a thermometer that recorded the ideas and principles
of popular opinion; it was a thermostat that transformed the
mores of society. Whenever the early Christians entered a town,
the people in power became disturbed and immediately sought
to convict the Christians for being "disturbers of the peace" and
"outside agitators."' But the Christians pressed on, in the
conviction that they were "a colony of heaven," called to obey
God rather than man. Small in number, they were big in
commitment. They were too God-intoxicated to be
"astronomically intimidated." By their effort and example they
brought an end to such ancient evils as infanticide and
gladiatorial contests. Things are different now. So often the
contemporary church is a weak, ineffectual voice with an
uncertain sound. So often it is an archdefender of the status
quo. Far from being disturbed by the presence of the church, the
power structure of the average community is consoled by the
church's silent--and often even vocal--sanction of things as they
are.
But the judgment of God is upon the church as never before. If
today's church does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the
early church, it will lose its authenticity, forfeit the loyalty of
millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no
meaning for the twentieth century. Every day I meet young
people whose disappointment with the church has turned into
outright disgust.
Perhaps I have once again been too optimistic. Is organized
religion too inextricably bound to the status quo to save our
nation and the world? Perhaps I must turn my faith to the inner
spiritual church, the church within the church, as the true
ekklesia and the hope of the world. But again I am thankful to
God that some noble souls from the ranks of organized religion
have broken loose from the paralyzing chains of conformity and
joined us as active partners in the struggle for freedom. They
have left their secure congregations and walked the streets of
18. Albany, Georgia, with us. They have gone down the highways
of the South on tortuous rides for freedom. Yes, they have gone
to jail with us. Some have been dismissed from their churches,
have lost the support of their bishops and fellow ministers. But
they have acted in the faith that right defeated is stronger than
evil triumphant. Their witness has been the spiritual salt that
has preserved the true meaning of the gospel in these troubled
times. They have carved a tunnel of hope through the dark
mountain of disappointment. I hope the church as a whole will
meet the challenge of this decisive hour. But even if the church
does not come to the aid of justice, I have no despair about the
future. I have no fear about the outcome of our struggle in
Birmingham, even if our motives are at present misunderstood.
We will reach the goal of freedom in Birmingham and all over
the nation, because the goal of America is freedom. Abused and
scorned though we may be, our destiny is tied up with
America's destiny. Before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we
were here. Before the pen of Jefferson etched the majestic
words of the Declaration of Independence across the pages of
history, we were here. For more than two centuries our
forebears labored in this country without wages; they made
cotton king; they built the homes of their masters while
suffering gross injustice and shameful humiliation -and yet out
of a bottomless vitality they continued to thrive and develop. If
the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the
opposition we now face will surely fail. We will win our
freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the
eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands.
Before closing I feel impelled to mention one other point in
your statement that has troubled me profoundly. You warmly
commended the Birmingham police force for keeping "order"
and "preventing violence." I doubt that you would have so
warmly commended the police force if you had seen its dogs
sinking their teeth into unarmed, nonviolent Negroes. I doubt
that you would so quickly commend the policemen if you were
to observe their ugly and inhumane treatment of Negroes here in
19. the city jail; if you were to watch them push and curse old
Negro women and young Negro girls; if you were to see them
slap and kick old Negro men and young boys; if you were to
observe them, as they did on two occasions, refuse to give us
food because we wanted to sing our grace together. I cannot
join you in your praise of the Birmingham police department.
It is true that the police have exercised a degree of discipline in
handling the demonstrators. In this sense they have conducted
themselves rather "nonviolently" in public. But for what
purpose? To preserve the evil system of segregation. Over the
past few years I have consistently preached that nonviolence
demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we
seek. I have tried to make clear that it is wrong to use immoral
means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just
as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to
preserve immoral ends. Perhaps Mr. Connor and his policemen
have been rather nonviolent in public, as was Chief Pritchett in
Albany, Georgia, but they have used the moral means of
nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice. As
T. S. Eliot has said: "The last temptation is the greatest treason:
To do the right deed for the wrong reason."
I wish you had commended the Negro sit inners and
demonstrators of Birmingham for their sublime courage, their
willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst
of great provocation. One day the South will recognize its real
heroes. They will be the James Merediths, with the noble sense
of purpose that enables them to face jeering and hostile mobs,
and with the agonizing loneliness that characterizes the life of
the pioneer. They will be old, oppressed, battered Negro
women, symbolized in a seventy two year old woman in
Montgomery, Alabama, who rose up with a sense of dignity and
with her people decided not to ride segregated buses, and who
responded with ungrammatical profundity to one who inquired
about her weariness: "My feets is tired, but my soul is at rest."
20. They will be the young high school and college students, the
young ministers of the gospel and a host of their elders,
courageously and nonviolently sitting in at lunch counters and
willingly going to jail for conscience' sake. One day the South
will know that when these disinherited children of God sat down
at lunch counters, they were in reality standing up for what is
best in the American dream and for the most sacred values in
our Judaeo Christian heritage, thereby bringing our nation back
to those great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the
founding fathers in their formulation of the Constitution and the
Declaration of Independence.
Never before have I written so long a letter. I'm afraid it is
much too long to take your precious time. I can assure you that
it would have been much shorter if I had been writing from a
comfortable desk, but what else can one do when he is alone in
a narrow jail cell, other than write long letters, think long
thoughts and pray long prayers?
If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and
indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me.
If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates
my having a patience that allows me to settle for anything less
than brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me.
I hope this letter finds you strong in the faith. I also hope that
circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet each of
you, not as an integrationist or a civil-rights leader but as a
fellow clergyman and a Christian brother. Let us all hope that
the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the
deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear
drenched communities, and in some not too distant tomorrow
the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our
great nation with all their scintillating beauty.
Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, Martin Luther
21. King, Jr.
Published in:
King, Martin Luther Jr.
Page Editor: Ali B. Ali-Dinar, Ph.D.
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Assignment Guidelines for Paper #2: Critical Thinking
Assignment Description: You will read and analyze “A Letter
from Birmingham Jail,” by Martin Luther King. King writes the
letter to the clergymen in Birmingham, Alabama. He defends his
own actions and hopes the clergymen will go before their
congregations and lobby to change the way Blacks were being
treated at the time. Study the letter to discover how King uses
logos, ethos, and pathos to “win” his argument. You will need
to use quotations from the “Letter” and state which literary
device he is using. (Is he using ethos, pathos, or logos in the
quotes you use?)
Construct your analysis using MLA guidelines. Use Times
Roman, 12-point, type. If you don’t understand the MLA
guidelines tell me and I will review the guidelines for the class.
Your paper should be approximately three pages in length.
Peer Review Due per the Syllabus (must have a typed finished
paper). This is not a rough draft. You are to finish your paper,
doing the best you can, prior to peer review. (There are no
excuses for not having your paper typed and printed for peer
22. review.) Failure to have a paper ready will cost 10 points off
your grade. Ensure that all reviewers sign your paper.
Turn in your final paper per the Syllabus. Attach your signed
peer review and any other drafts you have to the back of your
paper.
Minimum Requirements: Write a well-constructed essay. Use
MLA guidelines to write your paper. Your paper should be
about three (3) pages in length, double-spaced. Indent
paragraphs. Do not skip extra lines between paragraphs. Use
Times Roman, 12-point type.
Process for Completion: Your introduction should state you are
analyzing King’s “Letter” to discover how he uses ethos,
pathos, and logos. Hopefully, you will learn from King how to
use ethos, pathos, and logos when you write your argument
papers later in the semester.
I doubt that you will need to use outside sources; however,
if any outside sources are used, you must cite direct quotations,
summaries, paraphrases, and ideas you got from your sources.
Use MLA style to construct your citations both IN the paper and
at the end in a “Works Cited” section. The “Research Paper”
pass-out on e-campus lists how to cite each of the above. If you
need help with citations, just ask me to help. See the last
section of this document for your Works Cited Citation, if you
used the document on e-Campus.
Grading Criteria: Since your assignment is to analyze a writing,
you will be graded on content (including the conclusions you
draw). You will also be graded on grammar, punctuation,
spelling, and English phrasing. In short, all aspects of your
essay will be considered.
Plagiarism: Please see the section in your Syllabus concerning
plagiarism. If you use sources, be sure to cite all sources you
use, both in the body of the paper and in the “Works Cited”
section.
Outcomes from this assignment: This is a critical thinking
exercise. I would expect you to feel that you gained some
understanding of critical thinking upon completion of this
23. assignment. In addition to requiring critical thinking, this
assignment will build a bridge to later assignments. I look
forward to your papers.
Works Cited
King Jr., Martin Luther. “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” Dallas:
Richland College E-Campus,
2017. Print.