African American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black...

African American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black...
African American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black Matters
In Black Matters, Toni Morrison discusses "knowledge" and how it seems to take on a Eurocentric
standpoint. The "knowledge" she discusses is the traditional literature that is "unshaped by the four–
hundred–year–old presence of the first Africans and then African–Americans in the United States"
(Morrison 310). Morrison also addresses the treatment of African Americans in current society
dealing with "racial discourse" (311), in addition, to ignoring matters of race. Morrison strongly
argues that the traditional canon, taught and respected by much of society, ignores black's
contribution to society. She is also concerned with the lack of true African representation within the
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This statement is depicted in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," through "the Negro servant" named
Tobe. Although he is a character in the story, the reference to him is as "a doddering Negro man to
wait on her… He talked to no one, probably not even to her, for his voice had grown harsh
and rusty, as if from disuse" (Faulkner 76). I feel through literature, society and "white" writers
show the African–American experience or (black life) as valueless. Morrison also argues that
society ignores issues of race by disguising the actual subject. She demonstrates this idea using a
famous book within the canon, "Huckleberry Finn". She says that, "the critique of class and race is
there, although disguised or enhanced through a combination of humor, adventure, and the
naïve… the novel masks itself in the comic, the parody and exaggeration of the tall tale"
(Morrison 320). Despite the serious subject matter within the book "it simulates and describes the
parasitical nature of white freedom" (321). Morrison also claims that society reduces the importance
of the African–American experience by perpetuating negative stereotypes. She states that the ending
of "Huckleberry Finn" has been labeled as a "brilliant finesse that returns Tom Sawyer to the center
stage where he should be" (321). By replacing the black slave, Jim, with the white character of Tom
at the end of the book, racial stereotypes are confirmed.
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The Detrimental Effects Of The Anti-Discrimination Act On...
Furthermore, literature also has the ability to expand our understanding of uncommon opinions.
When literature presents an uncommon perspective, most begin to envision the negative aspects due
to their fear of change. For example, before the Anti–Discrimination Act was enforced in 1944,
traditional Americans had a strong impression that African–Americans were ruining their culture
and were an economic burden. Thus, many African–Americans were denied career and educational
opportunities. However, the Anti–Discrimination Act allowed African–Americans to freely publish
literature. Hence, in that year, many pieces of African–American literature appeared in bookstores
and libraries across America (USA Department of Labour). The detrimental effects

Phillis Wheatley, Olaudah Equiano, And Frederick Douglass...
Proposition(s) centered around body of works authored by African Americans often fluctuate with
the social stratification of its people. The writing is not stagnant bound to warranted eons, but fluid
with time, as generally as any other form of literature. In other words, African American writing
tends to reflect that of the current society they are subjected to, among a number of other conditions.
In the 1800's, prior to the dawning of the Civil War, Black publication, in its diminutive amount,
consisted roughly of memoirs, of which recounted the perils of slavery and the bliss circumvention,
in turn, creating the earliest form of Black literature, slave narratives. In their own time and
thereafter, said narratives have been the object of much scrutiny of both damning and plauditory
natures. The authors of the works serve as no exception to such, considering each have received
perlustration from their kinsmen and their counterparts, alike. Phillis Wheatley, Olaudah Equiano,
and Frederick Douglass are examples of said Black authors, being that all have been accused of
spiritually fleeing their race and relinquishing their "Black" identity. In regards to the act of one
fleeing their own race, one must be consciously aware of what race is. Race is defined as a concept
used in the categorization of humans into groups, based on combinations of shared physical traits,
ancestry, genetics, and social or cultural traits. In reality, it plays a decisive role in the perpetuation
or

The Importance Of African American Literature
African American literature transformed society for those who suffered from racial inequality. In the
1800's, writers focused on enforcing antislavery for black Americans through poetry, short stories,
and ballads. James M. Whitfield was one of those highly recognized individuals. Frederick
Douglass, William Wells Brown, and his community honored him due to his accomplishments as a
poet (Gates and Smith 422). Many believed that Whitfield would become the next Edgar Allan Poe
or John Greenleaf Whittier, the leading white antislavery poet during that time, because his works
were so successful (Gates and Smith 423). James M. Whitfield's poem "America" expressed
antislavery through the utilization of different genres, styles, and themes. Furthermore, "Whitfield
was born free in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1822" (Gates and Smith, 423). He began writing to
demonstrate his support for African American rights by age 16 ("James Monroe Whitfield"). In
1853, he published his collection of America and Other Poems, which received a fair amount of
attention (Gates and Smith 423). However, this did not lead him to end his barbering business, as
many thought it would. Whitfield also issued "numerous poems and letters in San Francisco
newspapers supporting African American civil rights and citizenship" ("James Monroe Whitfield").
James Whitfield was closely affiliated with Frederick Douglass and Martin R. Delany because of
their shared views on slavery. Additionally, Frederick Douglass

African American Inequality In Literature
Inequality in America is expressed in many ways, for example literature and media. Today, I'd like
to focus on American Literature of African American inequality through Narrative Identity.
Narrative can be expressed as "a basic human strategy for coming to terms with fundamental
elements of our experience, such as time, process, and change." While Narrative Identity is
identified as is the study of "the distinctive nature of narrative and its various structures, elements,
uses, and effects." (Course Notes). I have chosen three authors who expressed their views of racial
inequality through poems and short stories. Frederick Douglas, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston
Hughes are all African American descendants who have personally experienced inequality in
American and has chosen to express their experiences in American Literature. Even though these
authors have shared experiencing inequality, they are all different because of the time in which their
experienced occurred.
Frederick Douglas a former slave later to remembered as a hero, wrote a book about his life called
"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas." In this narrative Frederick Douglas expresses how
African Americans were treated during this time. He goes into detail about his experiences from an
illiterate lost young boy to a self–educated confident grown man. Frederick Douglas was born into
slavery 1818. He among many other slaves have no recognition of their origin. "I was born in
Tuckahoe, near

Impact Of Slavery On African American Literature
Voices of Freedom: Slavery's impact on African American Literature In the early to mid–nineteenth
century, America found itself divided over the issue of slavery. The culture, traditions, and economy
of southern states depended heavily on slave labor, while the northern states opposed the institution
of slavery. Even though the slave trade was declared illegal in the early nineteenth century, slavery
itself was not illegalized until more than a half century later. Abolitionists used powerful anti–
slavery writings as a way to fight against slavery. During this time, African American literature
emerged with a distinct focus on black culture within the larger American society. These authors and
their writings preserved the culture of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This uncompromising narrative documents the horrors faced by female slaves, particularly sexual
abuse and the heartache felt by slave mothers whose children were taken from them. Often slave
narratives were deemed fictional by the white American public. These autobiographies were
constantly under scrutiny for their veracity, even though many narratives were published with
endorsements from famous abolitionists confirming the story's authenticity. Some slave narratives
were penned by authors referring to themselves as "Himself" or "Herself." Jacobs was forced to
write under the pseudonym Linda Brent to publish her own narrative. Jacob's autobiography showed
how female slaves struggled with sexual harassment and their efforts to protect their identities as
women and mothers. With a mounting national debate over slavery, these ever growing narratives
provided a unique manuscript documenting glimpses into the inner thoughts of slaves. Another
African American writer whose literature was influenced by slavery was Phillis Wheatley. She was
kidnapped from Africa at the age of eight and brought to America on a slave ship. John Wheatley, a
prominent figure in Boston, purchased the young child and made her a servant for his wife.
Wheatley's owners soon recognized her intelligence and extraordinary literary talent and afforded
her an education. Wheatley's life was an exception

Perseverance In African American Literature
Perseverance, is a word best suited to describe the early literary and vernacular traditions of
African–Americans and the post–slavery literature. Through the fight for freedom and equality one
motif that stands out the most is education and more specifically writing as a form of freedom. This
perseverance for education/writing speaks to me as both the daughter of an immigrant that also
worked hard to get an education, and an aspiring writer.
The first section of the Norton Anthology of African American Literature stresses how important
early literary and vernacular traditions were to the slaves as they were a means of rebellion and
catharsis. One of the excuses the early settlers made for slavery was based around the idea that
African slaves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phillis Wheatley is a good example of this because she constantly had to prove herself to her white
readers and even then there were those, including Thomas Jefferson that discredited her work. In a
previous class, American Literature, I remember being shocked to read about Jefferson's sentiments
towards African–Americans, not that I held him in such high regard, but it seemed as though he was
stubbornly trying to hold on to the idea that African–Americans were lesser than him and incapable
of literary genius. I mean to go as far as to write the "compositions published under her name are
below the dignity of criticism," is condescending (xxxix). Even so the determination that writers
such as Frederick Douglas, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois among many others, had to rise
above this prejudice and instead work to educate and inspire other African–American writers is
awe–inspiring. Then these writers had the challenging task of creating work that would enlighten the
reader without alienating them as well as match the period aesthetics. Those societal pressures aren't
really present in today's literary world as they were then. For African–American writers, however,
there seemed to be a higher expectancy of their work as now in the nineteenth century their audience
had grown and they still had to work through the prejudices some had concerning their writing

How Did Langston Hughes Influence African American Literature
American literature is a distinct reflection of its time, the Harlem Renaissance period was significant
for its progressive ideas on civil rights. This period was one that expressed the struggles and
oppression that African–Americans faced throughout the 1920's. The Harlem Renaissance brought
forth the everyday struggles, yet highlighted the beauty of a culture cultivated through oppression.
Harlem in New York City became the beacon of African–American culture that spread socially
aware music, art, and literature. Harlem became the destination to which approximately 300,000
African–Americans migrated to, while fleeing the South's economic and social strife. Harlem
bloomed with jazz music and fashion making its nightlife the envy of white entrepreneurs. This
period produced a series of activist writers whose work was a stepping stone to civil equality, such
as W.E.B. De Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and the most influential Langston Hughes. Seen as the
most influential activist writer to come out of the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes was the first to
incorporate all aspects of African–American culture never shying away from issues even his own
culture criticized him for. He often criticized through his literary work, black middle class
Americans who imitated Caucasian customs and lifestyle. Over the course of his life Langston
Hughes created many influential pieces of literature, however the early work in the start of his
career is what brought him the recognition

African American Literature And Religion
Throughout history it can be easy to see that religion/faith and spirituality have been a big influence
on African American Literature. Religion and faith in African American Literature comes in many
forms depending on the author, but generally, this theme tended to relate to the desire for freedom.
Quite often authors wrote in prayer form, asking for God's assistance to help them make it through
their time of misery, to help them get through life as a slave. Faith in African American Literature
was vital to the unity of the African American slaves. Spirituality as well, as faith, brought a feeling
of community amongst the separated African American slaves. The African Americans religious
practices were an essential and foundational aspect of the world that the slaves created for
themselves inside the plantation, which was a cruel, cold, and unfair world forced upon the slaves.
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The point that is brought about among the texts is not necessarily the differences among the
Christian faith or African faiths or the Muslim faiths and how each affected the African American
slave. The big picture seen in the text is that faith and religion did in fact have a great positive effect
among the slaves and also had an effect on the environment that the slaves were pressed into during
the lineage of the black Americans from the 1800s until now.
Religion and Spirituality was in continues to be such a prominent theme in African American
Literature because religion and spirituality was/is so important in their everyday lives. I think that
without religion, many would have succumbed to their woes and their inhuman spiritual strength
would be

Discrimination Against African American Literature
Robert Hinsberger
Honors American Studies English
Mrs. Ravenscraft
April 17, 2017
Discrimination against African Americans in The Invisible Man
In the 1950s African Americans were treated unfairly and discriminated against. During the post
civil war time tensions were still high, the discrimination and separation between the blacks and
whites was still prevalent. Discrimination is portrayed through Jim Crow laws, which affected every
African American tremendously, the narrator's experience at the Battle Royal, and the narrator 's
transition from the black college to New York and The Brotherhood. In the Invisible Man, Ellison
utilizes characterization to represent the division between whites and blacks in America in the
1950s.
Ralph ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the fighting "the white women were presented as the 'forbidden fruit.' The Battle Royal
incident showed the white women being paraded before the black boys as something to look at, to
admire, and to desire, but not to touch" (Sistrunk–Krakue 1). Sistrunk–Krakue describes the white
women in the novel as royalty, like prized possessions, as if this was a once in a lifetime opportunity
to see these women. These women are presented as dreams because the description includes
admiration, desire, but something they can 't actually attain. The white women show division of
social classes because they looked around with their "impersonal eyes" (Ellison 19). The eyes give
away the fact that the women don 't even acknowledge anyone around them, they are just doing
what they 're order to do by the wealthy white men. Sistrunk–Krakue's idea of dreaminess and
royalty of the white women places them on an entirely different social platform, one that would be
an impossible feat for a black boy. This judgment of the white women further explains the disrespect
that blacks receive in society and how they 're judged in most every facet of life.
Within Invisible Man, judgment of races is a commonplace in society, Ellison exemplifies this point
by starting the novel with a presentation of judgment between races. The town's privileged white
men invite the narrator to give his prestigious speech at their

Examples Of Racism In African American Literature
Much of African American literature deals with racism – as a literary record of African American
experience. 'Racialism', a word we do not often hear in everyday speech, refers to the belief in racial
superiority, inferiority, and purity based on the conviction that moral and intellectual characteristics,
just like physical characteristics, are biological properties that differentiate the races. 'Racism' refers
to the unequal power relations that grow from the socio–political domination of one race by another
and that result in systematic discriminatory practices (for example, segregation, domination, and
persecution). Therefore, although anyone can be a racialist, in order to be a racist – in order to be in
a position to segregate, dominate, or persecute – one has to be in a position of power as a member of
the politically dominant group, which in America usually means that one has to be 'White'. In other
words, the systematic practice of racism (for example, denying qualified persons of color
employment, housing, education, or anything else to which they are entitled) can occur on a regular
basis only when those who do it can expect to get away with it. And those who do it can expect to
get away with it when the group to which they belong controls most of the positions of power in the
political, judicial, and law–enforcement systems.
To put the matter another way, the systematic practice of racial discrimination can occur only when
racism has become institutionalized.

African American Self Care Literature Review
This particular article explores how "social, cultural, and historical roots" influence how African–
Americans use "self–care practices" to manage chronic illnesses. These three influences mentioned
shapes how a certain cultural group views the idea of self–care. The authors illustrate that the idea of
self–care is more than just one's commitment to lead a healthier lifestyle. In fact, the examination of
how one defines self–care is presents a more complex task. It is well documented that African–
Americans have had and continue to have traumatic experiences that stem from this country's
shameful history concerning slavery. Although slavery was abolished, the authors suggest that the
apparent systemic racism and oppression of African–Americans also continues to shape how this
particular group of people develop self–care practices. For example, the authors' highlight the
significance of a church's role in the African–American culture as a method of "survival and
advancement." They asserted that the church's role was strengthened because it provided social
services and temporary protection from racial discrimination. From a Health Sciences perspective,
this exploration of self–care practices is vital because it further emphasizes that social and cultural
determinants influence the health outcomes and the very concept of a community's definition of
self–care. Therefore, acknowledgement of these factors is important because a health professional
will be unable to assist the public if he/she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They assessed 167 participants who varied in age and "health insurance status." More specifically,
the authors recruited participants who lived with "1 more chronic illnesses." The participants were
enlisted from 2 " urban counties in California." The authors interviewed the 167 participants "3
times in a 1–year period." All the interviews were tape

The Transition Of African American Literature
All throughout history you have many African American authors or writers who chose to write
stories about their lives. These stories are written in many different ways, and they gave us a true
insight on what was going during certain time periods. Also on how they lived or was treated during
their lifetime. This transition of literature, or writings ranged from those who grew up on a
plantation having to live out their whole lives as a slaves to those who were free, but they lived
under the constriction of Jim Crow laws. Another transition that can be seen through writing is how
African Americans went from living under Jim Crow to where we are today; having it where African
Americans are free with equal rights. With the help of African Americans

African American Literature
"To be a negro in this country and to be relatively conscious is to be in a rage almost all of the time,"
but to be both negro and female is to live in a constant state of rage (Baldwin).
As an African American woman, my passions are deeply rooted in my identity. The ways in which
African Americans as well as women create works of literature in order to empower and govern
their identities is of central importance to me. With entities such as NAACP, Black Lives Matter,
and many more social groups rising to champion the needs and wants of the community, it is
important that there is a strong foundation voicing what those needs are. In dealing with writers
directly related to the culture, who describe the predicament of the individual in a specific time and
place, I hope to evaluate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prestigious and highly coveted, Rice University's dedication to academics is exactly the institution
in which I want to attend, with the purpose of studying literature from diverse cultures as well as
female writers in order to forge a better understanding of the cultural connection African American
women share with the country in which they live. It is my hope that in critically analyzing literature
using my understanding of critical race theory and feminist approaches to literary studies I will be
able to further scholarly research, illuminating the unique and underappreciated role of
intersectionality in both an individual's personal life and in their relationship to the world. The social
ideas literature lends often serves as the provider of meaning, such that the literature in a time of
crisis bears special importance. Ours is a time of crisis, and looking at past writers' attempts to speak
to their times will help us address ours. I see my undertaking as a lifetime commitment to study,
teach, and participate in the creation of our

African American Stereotypes In Literature
Minorities are some of the most targeted and mistreated people in the world because of a
misconceptions we are given. Many people already have this image or idea of a person before
getting to know them because of what they have heard or read. Cultural representation of people and
how they are portray in literature affect how people are viewed and treated.
Some common stereotypes are that Asians are very intelligent people. For Latinos, many people
believe that they are gang affiliated and not very intelligent. As for African Americans, some
common ones include that they all are very similar in appearance or that they are all on welfare or
that they have big lips. Many believe that white people are rich and privileged. We hear these
stereotypes as well as others all the time that many ignorant people believe it and treat ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Going back to the Freedom Writers book, many of the student had a hostile attitude towards their
teacher because she was white and they don't feel like she is up to the task because they feel like she
is too delicate and doesn't really know how rough their life is. One of her student even thought that
she was rich because culturally white people are represented more highly as opposed to minorities.
Many people have less trust in African Americans and Latinos because they are associated with
drugs and violence. In Ferguson Brown was shot by a police officer because he believed brown was
armed, this mistrust caused brown's death and an up roaring.
Historically literature undermines the minorities. African Americans went from being slave to
separate but equal to equal though there is still some racism. In literature minorities are sometimes
portrayed as bad people. Even in television, the heroes are mostly white people. In the future there
could be more diversity since more ethnic groups are being added. Take Princesses for example,
Most of them are white besides Tiana which a

African American Literature Reflection Paper
Before starting this class, African American Literature, I wasn't too sure what to expect. I had never
taken an AFAS class before but I had heard great things from my friends so I decided to take one.
Professor Carter was an amazing professor and always sounded to extremely passionate and excited
during class which I found very admirable. The way he spoke about the different aspects of the class
and the different pieces of writing was very intriguing and always held my attention in class. We
read a variety of African American literature in this class which included novels, poems, and short
stories and each and every one of them related perfectly to what we were talking about during that
time in class. We studied different authors and their writing styles, as well as different eras including
the Harlem Renaissance.
The thing that set this class apart from the rest was the use of multimedia in the class. This included
the weekly voice threads, the live videos each class period, and the multimedia projects throughout
the semester. This was my favorite part of the class. I loved how the professor didn't just want us to
express our opinions of the literature in projects, but he wanted us to express our opinions in the
most creative ways. We were assigned weekly voice threads which allowed us to answer several
questions based off of our own opinions of the readings we read for class. Personally, I loved this
because I felt like I could proudly share what I felt about the reading

A Research on African-American Literature
African American Literature Introduction The history of African Americans in America has been a
tale of relentless desire for the American Dream of freedom and prosperity. White America's
reactions to that desire and the resulting struggles in different periods have been faithfully
chronicled by Art, Music and Literature. Though there are numerous works recounting racial
relations in America, the three assigned readings, To My Old Master, Sonny's Blues and
Birmingham Sunday, give exceptional reflections of the 1860's 1950's and 1960's America by
notable African Americans. To My Old Master by Jourdon Anderson To My Old Master (Young,
1996, pp. 15–16) is chronologically the first of the three selected readings and is a letter written on
August 7, 1865. Written 1 year after the author's emancipation and only 4 months after the end of
the American Civil War, Anderson's letter is clearly the product of the struggle between North and
South regarding slavery, the emancipation of slaves by the Emancipation Proclamation during the
War, and the ability of former slaves to carve a successful niche for themselves as capable and
newly–free people who were finally given a chance to succeed. The author apparently received
correspondence from his former slave–owner requesting that Anderson return to Tennessee and
work on his former owner's farm. Unfortunately for the Colonel, when Anderson received the
Colonel's request, the former slave had already become emancipated, relocated to

The Age Of African American Literature
Wheatley was the first African American to have her work published and is known as the mother of
African American literature. Wheatley was brought into slavery and she was very fortunate to have
masters that allowed her to learn to read and write. In the 18th century, it was very rare to find an
African American who was educated and with Whitley being a female it was even more surprising.
Her vernacular was very broad and she was not timid about letting her voice be heard. In fact, you
can imagine the type of women she was by reading His Excellency General Washington. Whitley's
poems mostly consist of themes that revolved around Christianity, slavery and abstract ideas which
were based on her personal beliefs, experiences, and ideas. The belief that the power of poetry is
immeasurable was her inspiration while writing. After reading a few poems by Whitley I realized
her work is still relevant and by break down each piece of work I can find inspiration. Throughout
this paper I am going to analyze Wheatley works and also find was to see how her work relates to
modern times. The poem "To S.M., a Young African Painter on Seeing His Work" is one Wheatley
less popular pieces of work even though it contain a very inspiring message. The way she used
detailed and descriptive words in such an angelic ways was breath taking. Upon viewing the artist's
work, Wheatley was inspired and therefore wrote a poem about what she saw. The amount of
enlightenment that she absorbed is expressed

Essay on Literacy in African-American Literature
Levels of Literacy in African–American Literature – Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,
Song of Solomon, and Push
Through literacy will come emancipation. So runs a theme throughout the various selections we
have read thus far. But emancipation comes in many forms, as does literacy. The various aspects of
academic literacy are rather obvious in relation to emancipation, especially when one is confronted
with exclusion from membership in the dominant culture. In the various slave narratives we have
examined, all but one writer, Mary Prince, managed to achieve academic literacy to varying degrees
(although, Mary Prince was in the process of learning to read and write). And even though she was
not literate, Mary was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Auld's reasoning is that being able to read would "[...] forever unfit him [Douglass] to be a slave. He
would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master" (274). From Auld's
admonitions, Douglass determines that his road to freedom is paved with words: "From that
moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. [...] The very decided manner with
which he spoke [...] served to convince me that he was deeply sensible of the truths he was uttering"
(275). Douglass understands that he has everything to gain from literacy, especially the freedom that
he desires above all else. His path will be difficult, though, since he will have to find ways to teach
himself to read, but it becomes a quest for him.
Does Frederick Douglass have to pay a price to become literate? He states that he "[...] was
compelled to resort to various stratagems [...]" to become literate and would "[...] [make] friends of
all the little white boys whom I met in the street" (276). He would ply them with scraps of bread in
his efforts to gain knowledge and would read while he was running errands for his master. Later, he
forges "protections" (307) so he and others can attempt to escape to Maryland. Ethically or morally,
does he feel even the slightest regret that he resorts to subterfuge and bribery to meet his goals? His
text is not explicit in this regard, but given his circumstances, it is obvious that the end justify

The Influence Of The Harlem Renaissance On African...
The Affect of the Harlem Renaissance on African American Literature The second half of the
eighteenth century introduced a new expression to the literary world. The new expression was a
voice that belonged to the African American writers. The African American writers wrote with a
flair and brought a new perspective to the realm of literature. Literature, as America had known it,
consisted of works from Christopher Columbus, John Smith, William Bradford, and Mary
Rowlandson; these writers captured the essence of life, through their eyes. Through their eyes, the
readers were able to see what life was like for Christopher Columbus through his letters capturing
details of the voyages. Another famous writing in the eighteenth century was a voice from a
different perspective than voyages but, it was a voice dealing with savages, as they were called. This
voice was the voice of Mary Rowlandson, one of the first female writers in American Literature.
Rowlandson's narrative was based on her captivity with the Indians and the reestablishment of her
life after she was returned to her hometown. Through narration and translation, the Native
Americans were able to capture their literature in their native tongue. What type of literature could
the Native Americans have to contribute to the literary world? The Native Americans, like other
cultures, have stories that have been passed down from generation to generation, in the form of oral
expressions. The oral expressions the Native

African American Literature And Literature Essay
African American literature is the body of work produced in the United States by writers of African
descent. This particular genre traces back to the works from the late eighteenth century by writers
such as Phillis Wheatley to later reaching early high points with slave narratives and the Harlem
Renaissance, and thus continuing today with authors such as Colson Whitehead and Maya Angelou.
Among the themes and issues explored within African American literature are the roles of African
Americans within the larger American society, African–American culture, racism, slavery, and
equality. African American writing has also tended to incorporate oral forms such as spirituals,
gospel music, jazz, and rap. Dating back to the pre–Revolutionary War period, African American
writers have engaged in a creative dialogue with American letters. The result is a literature rich in
culture and social insight. These pieces offer illuminating assessments of American identities as well
as its history. Since the time of early slavery African American literature has been overlooked within
the literature criticism. This essay thrives to show that within the English profession African
American literature does belong alongside the great works such as A Christmas Carol by Charles
Dickens and poetry as A Road less taken by Robert Frost. I will dive deep into history to not only
investigate what critics think about African American literature, but why is it not held to a higher
standard just as American

How Did David Walker Impact On African American Literature
Throughout time we see African American literature go through it rigorous period of troubled times.
It was not often that African–American poets or writers came together to share their identical
thoughts. But, this may have come from some being born in different time periods, or it may have
come from the location that many had to reside in to not be persecuted or damned from society.
Although these writers may have never co–existed amongst one another, their writings shared the
same ideas. America needed to offer freedom and equality for blacks across the country, and to be
given anything of less standard was deemed unacceptable.
The Antebellum period of American literature included slave narrators such as Douglass, Brown,
and Jacobs, who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, in his "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," Hughes explores the alienation that blacks feel
when it comes to the idea of African American freedom. When making the connection to rivers, it's
almost a song that goes through your head. When comparing that depth of the river to that of your
ancestors, firmly placing them in important historical, religious, and cultural sites all over the world.
The speaker begins by claiming a connection to the world's ancient rivers that predated human
beings, and that has made his soul grow "deep like the rivers." This insightful and articulate
description indicates the speaker's immense intellect, and allows him to make a definitive
connection between people of his race and the rest of human civilization. White Americans often
viewed their darker–skinned counterparts as less than human, and here, Hughes offers concrete
proof of historical

The Emergence Of The United States As An Independent...
African –American history predated the emergence of the United States as an independent country,
and African – American literature was similarly in deep roots. Jupiter Hammon who was considered
as the first published Black writer in America. In 1761, he published his first poem named "An
Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries". Through his poem, he implemented
the idea of a gradual emancipation as a way to end slavery. His idea was later reprinted in some
works such as "Le Mulatre" a short story published in 1837 by Victor Sejour and Clotel; or, The
President's Daughter (1853) by William Wells Brown. The second African American writer was
"Lucy Terry". She was stolen from America and sold into slavery in Rhode Island as an infant. She
spent time in Rhode Island, up until the age of five, when she was sold to Ebenezer Wells of
Deerfield. At the time, an Indian attack occurred in an area of Deerfield called "The Bars", which
was a colonial term for a meadow. At the age of 16, Lucy Terry wrote her first work "Bars Fight", a
ballad about an attack of Deerfield. The Ballad was preserved orally until it was published in 1855
in Josiah Holland's History of western Massachusetts. Wheatley was the contemporary of Lucy
Terry. She was also a slave, born in West Africa. She was sold into slavery at the age of seven and
transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her
to read and write and encouraged her poetry when

White Lies In African American Literature
One similarity in all of the African American literature read this semester is this one fact. White
people lie. Granted, everyone lies. In these particular literacy works, however, the main characters'
white counterparts seemed to have done the most fibbing to put it lightly. From this habit of lying,
most forms of African American literature have been effected, from early literary documents written
by African Americans that have been altered by white editors to lies told by white people in the
actual story written by African Americans. This paper will take a look at examples of incidents in
which these lies occurred, and also discuss these lies told by whites and how they effected African
Americans individually as well as a whole. This first example of the type of lies told by white
people effected the earlier African American literary authors. They fell victim to these white lies in
terms of their freedom of what they could and could not write. One example is that of Briton
Hammon in his literary tale entitled "A Narrative of Uncommon Sufferings." In his piece, he recalls
different event he had experienced. One of these events was an encounter with a group of Indians.
He noted them as "savages" which is very similar to how white people of this time period addresses
the matter of Indians. This simple metaphor led some to believe this literary work of Briton
Hammon was, indeed, heavily edited by a white editor. As a whole, different events throughout the
story

African American Literature : The Black Poets
I would define African American Literature as literature created by authors of the African America
race. It started with slave narratives and during the Harlem Renaissance attention was brought to the
arts of African American artiest, poets, musicians, and authors. African American Literature is more
than slave narratives. It is heartfelt stories of lost love, justices, death, and finding one's own
strength. African American literature comes in the form of poetry, short stories, non–fiction and
fiction. I feel that African American literature takes creativity, reliability, a strong plot. Authors, such
as, Octavia Butler give reader literature that is compelling and thought provoking through plot twists
and complex characters.
A common theme in the books we read this semester was weary. Characters throughout the book
became weary of a situation, another person and/ or themselves. I will discuss points of weariness
felt by characters throughout the novels we have read over the semester.
The Black Poets
A new anthology edited by Dudley Randall
The Black Poets is a collection of poems by African American writers. The collection has several
themes throughout the book. These themes rang from sacred and secular, racism, hatred, and so
forth. I chose to focus on the theme of weary. Below are excerpts from poems within the book, The
Black Poets. These certain poems are ones that highlight the different aspects of being weary. To be
weary has multiply meaning depending on the

Reflection Of African American Literature
AFAS 160D: African American Literature is a thought–provoking course detailing the dynamic
culture and literature African Americans have produced in American society. The readings provided
challenge our stereotypical way of thinking when it comes to privilege, discrimination, racism, and
oppression. These readings include Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler, The Institutionalist by
Colson Whitehead, a variety of poems, and more. No matter what content the course puts out, it is
always an enjoyable read. The online part is also a positive aspect because it can fit into anyone's
tenuous schedule. I rarely have time during the day, so I work on this class either at my shifts as a
Desk Assistant on campus or at night, when I can find that free time. I feel neutral about the
assignments because for a gen–ed, there was quite a lot of work. The assignments were related to the
readings and helped me better understand them, but it seemed a little excessive. For this class, the
website Notebowl is used instead of D2L. This change tripped me up at first, but over time, I started
to understand and get use to it. Notebowl is more online–friendly than D2L and allows for better
communication across all boards (professor–student, TA–student, student–student). The only
downside is the $25 cost and I hope that can be subsidized in the future. In this order, I will tell any
potential student about the course and why they should take it.
My mind ordered the reasons above in that way because of importance. The meat of the course, the
readings, are by far the most essential component of the class. If the readings did not fit the vibe of
the class, were few and far between, or were too daunting, then I would not recommend the course.
Nonetheless, Professor Carter bestowed upon us glorious readings that were same part intriguing,
entertaining, and thought–provoking. The readings made the course for me and broadened my
library all together and, specifically, for African American literature. What differentiates this class
from others is that it is fully online. Every semester in my collegiate career, I have taken an online
class. For me, it allows me to not be swamped during the day and work on it at night, where,
sometimes, I am

Literature Review On White African Americans
The review of research literature conducted by Robinson, Keith, and Angel L. Harris identifies
various factors that seem to contribute to the White–African American achievement gap. Racial
differences in parenting practices seem to account for a significant portion of White–African
American achievement gap even after controlling for socioeconomic status. This is an indication,
through the suggestion of findings that White parents have the likelihood of engaging in practices
that relate to academic achievement, compared to the African American parents, which includes
such practices as involvement in school activities, warmth sensitivity, and monitoring as well as
engaging children in decision–making activities. White students also have the likelihood ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They emphasize that "parenting styles for African Americans might be direct results of their
experiences as a subordinate group in the United States (1349)," which is to say that parental input
contributes to students inadequate achievement gap, especially for the black students. A study
conducted for controlling parenting styles as well as demographic factors eliminated the
achievement gap between White and Black students and found that this is to be the case or one
academic outcome –language and literacy skills in ratings. This, they identified was because of the
different measures of education, because the study used slightly differing measures for parenting
styles, including indicators which reflected the way that parents talk to their children about school
experiences, school work, activities among others. Variables such as these, which capture parent–
student interaction, contribute to the response of inadequate achievement. In addition, it also helps
children from different social backgrounds to develop an orientation towards

What Is The Reflection Of African American Literature
Ever since I took Hip Hop Cinema last semester with Dr. Tani Sanchez I have been greatly
interested in African American writing and African American culture in general. This course has
allowed me to become a more cultured and informed person which I believe is a character trait that
is vital in current day society. This piece of writing will further explain why I have found this
African American literature course so interesting and describe memorable things in this course have
made me have strong feelings and then I will relate those interests and feelings to pieces of literature
that we have read throughout the course of the semester in order to tie those interests and feelings to
some examples and personal memories. I believe that the things which I saw as memorable
throughout the course will stick with me long after finals week due to the fact that they are vital to
being an inclusive and understanding culture in my opinion. The most memorable things that I will
take away from this course are how poorly the views towards African Americans have been and still
tend to be, how the Harlem Renaissance was able to play such a big part in the history of African
American culture, and how African American writers were able to showcase a sense of revolution
within their specific pieces of writing. The most memorable thing I took from this course was with
regards to how African Americans have been viewed throughout American history in popular
culture, this course has really been able to show me how poorly African Americans were viewed by
people who were not part of the diverse African American culture. Over the course of the semester
as we saw this theme over and over again, it was clear that I felt a sense of anger over learning about
how poorly African Americans have been viewed in society and that has led me to sad about how so
many people could have such a negative view on a group of people that live on the same streets in
the same cities as they do. The piece of writing which I would like to compare this memorable part
of the course is "Going To Meet The Man" by James Baldwin. This text is all about a Sheriff named
Jess who witnesses a lynching when he is taken there for what his father

The African-American Nightmare Exposed in Black...
African–American Nightmare Exposed in Olaudah Equiano, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Song
of Solomon, and Push
The American Dream was founded on the concept that "all men are created equal"(Jefferson 729)
and that everyone has the capability and resources to "pull themselves up by their bootstraps." The
Declaration of Independence was written so Americans could achieve this dream, but was not
written with the African slave in mind. The African slave was never intended to be a part of this
American Dream, therefore, not capable of obtaining it. These slaves were beaten up and/or lynched
by their massas with these bootstraps instead of being "pulled up" by them.
Even after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This note was the promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed
the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Washington 217).
King's dream does not happen in his time, nor does he expect it to happen. It is the dream deferred:
I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American Dream, that one day this nation will
rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed–we hold these truths to be self–evident, that all
men are created equal...(219).
Themes of the Dream and "dreaming" are often seen in the works of African–American literature.
This "Dream Theme" starts with the slave narratives of Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano
written in the 1800s, and then moves on into more contemporary literature such as in Toni
Morrison's novel, Song of Solomon and Sapphire's Push.
In his narrative, Douglass, often spent

African American Literature Course Analysis
A child is a product of their environment. However, the label granted to the child is designated by
the community and society in which the child inhabits. I, myself, am the product of a predominantly
White society. The transparency and colorless pigment of the of the people that surrounded me was
a blessing, but also a curse. I took refuge in the water–downed, flavorless editions of Civil Rights
stories I was told, and for eighteen years, it seemed that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks
were the only valid Civil Rights Movement Advocates. Although my knowledge of African
American culture and history was fragmented and distorted as a child and young adolescent, the
studies and in–depth discusses of my Introduction to African American Literature class awaken an
understanding and heartfelt appreciation within me that I will forever treasure and utilize to analyze
the struggles that African Americans continue to have for political, social and economic
advancement.
The renowned singer and musician, Bob Marley, quoted, "In this future, you can't forget your past."
Though his words are creditable, the African American Literature course now causes me to annotate
and dissect even the smallest and most simplistic words or thoughts. The reason why in this future
we can't forget our past is because the past is the future ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The class has taught me to use the outline of the past to script the future and correct historical
mishaps. With the knowledge gained in the course through the studies and discussions of famous
historical figures that aided in shaping the course of time and a well sought out education, I will
enplanement these resources into my everyday life to make wiser political, social, and economic
choices that will not only shape my life but possibly the world and generations to

Death and the African American Literature
Racism in the United States is without a doubt one of the most gruesome forms of inhumanity. This
disease generated the dehumanization of slavery which has taken the lives of innumerable innocent
African Americans. It has also robbed a whole race of their identities, heritages and cultures.
Throughout the myriad of novels, excerpts, poems, videos and other forms of literature that we
encountered in this course, it is unmistakable that the African American literary tradition
demonstrates that the past (the unbelievable sufferings of African Americans) can never be arrested
and forgotten. The many that have perished at the feet of racism are the history of African
Americans themselves, and the African American literary tradition makes it a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The lyrics to spirituals such as "I feel like my time ain't long" and "Many Thousands Gone" help
develop the idea of compounding loss. The unknown speakers and singers in these songs are not just
mourning over the losses of the past, but impending losses as well–their own death. Such spirituals
as these two show that death in slavery is a cycle, history often repeats itself. Just as one is killed,
many more will face the same fate. The idea of compounding loss is a terrible way to think and
function, for one to think about their impending death and openly succumb to it is unbelievable and
beyond words, but that is the reality that slavery brings to its captives. A cycle of pain and misery
has been eating away at them too much and too long that all they can do is hope for the sweet relief
of death. Douglass' Narrative and Negro spirituals have done a remarkable job as being the
establishment of history and literature of the African American lives, now future writers have been
given the background to begin their own writings. Although Abel Meeropol was not an African
American writer (he was Jewish), the vividness of his 1936 poem "Strange Fruit," follows the
traditional writing techniques of slave narratives and spirituals in exemplifying the viciousness and
massacre that African Americans are still encountering. Meeropol confirm that although almost a
century has passed since the Narrative and these Negro spirituals; it is still evident that the

Literature Review On African Americans
Abstract: This review will consider the reasons why African American students are often referred for
disciplinary action in comparison to their Caucasian peers as well as the disproportionate academic
achievement gap faced by minority students and students in poverty in comparison to their
Caucasian peers. This article will also discuss the impact of trauma from racial stigma on learning
and behavior, and serve to primarily provide immediate solutions to educators and stakeholders
where African American children can thrive both academically and socially through culturally
reflective instructional practices. This review defines and explains the achievement gap of African
American and minority students and students in poverty in relation to(about)

The Themes Of African American Literature
Within African American Literature, there are many themes that are relatable across many different
forms of media. Paintings, for example, can have similar and contradictory themes to those that are
used in African American Literature. Like authors with their literature, artists too take from their
experiences and opinions and form a creation that is a reflection of what they believe. These
creations, both literature and paintings, can contain certain topics that are quite alike. Ellis Wilson,
and African American artist, created a painting that exhibits the theme of spirituality in his painting
Prayer in the Field. This theme can be linked to at least three works from African American
literature that broadens the way readers and spectators of art see spirituality.
In Prayer in the Field, it is not difficult to see that spirituality is a major theme. There are three
elements of this painting that support the theme of spirituality. The first element of this painting that
one notices is the bright colors used. Ellis Wilson, whom is known for his expressive, emphasis of
color, uses warm and inviting colors to create a scene that conveys complete tranquility (Ellis
Wilson). Along with color, the next element is the four figures kneeling in the field praying. These
elongated forms, which Wilson is also known for, are what bring in the spirituality aspect (Ellis
Wilson). The tone of Prayer in the Field created by the colors is what gives these kneeling figures
meaning. The warm

The Importance Of The American Dream In African American...
"We hold these truths to be self–evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."
These profound words written in the Declaration of Independence embody what makes up what is
known as the "American Dream." America is perceived as the land of opportunity and prides itself
on the fundamental beliefs of freedom and equality. In the United States, if one works hard, there is
nothing one can not accomplish. These values and beliefs make up the American Dream, yet, for
centuries, have faced an uphill battle fighting in order to achieve their dreams (Eliassen 1). For
African Americans, the perception of the American Dream can be vastly different than it is to any
other segments of the population. The concepts of equality and identity have played a significant
role in African American's ability to achieve the American dream. For centuries, the unique
experience of being denied equal opportunity to achieve the American Dream had great significance
in African American Literature. From the end of the Civil War to present day America, African
American authors, Booker T. Washington, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Langston Hughes, Lorraine
Hansberry, and Natasha Trethewey, use the written word to expose the injustices and the challenges
that black Americans faced in achieving their version of the American Dream. Over the years, the
concept of the American Dream is

Figurative Language, Tone, And Characterization Of African...
In our society, specifically the south, African–American men are constantly viewed with negative
connotations. It is so disturbing to know our society has molded our minds into believing this
misconception. This fallacy originated from generational hate that has been in existence since
slavery, and is apparent in many forms of African–American literature. Black Men in a Public Space
did a phenomenal job of depicting the negative connotations presented to black men in the south. As
I read the literature, it allowed me to picture these senseless acts and sympathize with African–
American males. I noticed Staples brought to his readers' attention that despite class, race, and
gender of a black man, he would be viewed with adverse connotations. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Staples is implying that hikers avail cowbells to let bears know they are in the area. In his case, he is
the hiker, the bears are those who are fearful of Staples, and the cowbell represents actions that he
might do aware people of his presence. Due to this notion of black men being so "dangerous", they
feel as though they must conform to this strange reality to make others feel less endangered and/or
comfortable especially in the south. "And yet words on a parchment would not be enough to deliver
slaves from bondage, or provide men and women of every color and creed their full rights and
obligations as citizens of the United State" (Obama). President Obama notably avowed this idea of
oppression being embedded in our Constitution. Obama's statement applied figurative language that
presents equality contradictions in the Constitution. It confirms that though we have been granted
lawful freedom, it does not dismantle the inequality that is already institutionalized.
Though, there are a few approaches for black men to dodge the system. For instance, O.J. Simpson
was not viewed as an African–American just an American up until he was accused of a crime. O.J.
Simpson was only considered an American until the time of his trial because he did not associate
with many people of color, avoided speaking on topics concerning the black community, and
according to some he did not "act"

African American Literature
African–American Influence on American literature African American literature can be summarized
as the writings of authors from African descent. In the United States, African descendents have had
very different experiences from each others depending on where they lived. In the southern states of
the United States, Blacks have been really oppressed until the Civil War, with the big part being
illiterate well into the end of 1800. In the northern states ,Blacks had a considerable greater freedom,
and with the end of the Civil War, a new and educated African American social class emerged.
African American literature was influenced by these factors, and it varied greatly but it always held
undeniable similarities, circling the Black ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It became obvious to the African American population that they would not be able to equalize
themselves with the White population, simply because they were not equals. Blacks had a strong
sense of heritage that was linked to Africa, and their history in America had worked to make them
into different Americans, with their own particular desires, folklore and culture.
It was only in the 1920's that a new literature genre that had been appearing gradually would be
classified and identified as an African–American literature. The movement that promoted this new
notion of a literature that had its foundation built on the African American experience was the
Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance marked a historical period in African American
history. This movement offered the African American community an active voice, a way through
which the African American community could for the first time transport to the greater America
their history, life, culture and afflictions. The most important publishers and critics for the first time
took African American literature seriously, and with this recognition came national attention and
notoriety. No longer was the rich African American literature for his own community, this literature
gained momentum and established the African American community as part of America. The
Harlem Renaissance was made possible by a change in the social status of African Americans.

African American Women In Higher Education Literature Review
The gross under–representation of African American women in senior leadership positions in higher
education is very apparent today. Although there has been a small increase of African American
women administrators in higher education, the literature suggests that both race and gender are
alarming forces in the lives of African American women. This review of the literature will focus on
African American women in higher education, career development, power issues affecting career
development, and historical and current barriers. By examining the issues surrounding racial and
gendered stereotypes, an understanding of the variables that persist in organizations that restrict the
upward mobility of African American women in leadership can be

Feminism and Racism in African American Literature
Throughout literature, feminism and racism have played crucial roles in the lives of the characters
and plotlines in stories and novels. Audiences are captivated by the drama a character must face in
order to succeed in life or society. This struggle to overcome personal discrimination and adversity
has transcended centuries and genres of literature. African American literature is no exception.
Authors of African American literature would base the events that were taking place in the world
around them and incorporate them into their novels. Often times this was the only voice African
Americans had in society.
The treatment of African Americans in America was filled with brutality and hate. However, they
have also suffered by the attempts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They quickly begin a secret relationship, and before long she runs away with him to get married.
However, she will soon learn that life with Joe is no fairy tale either. Joe, or as Janie called him
Jody, had dreams of becoming a "big voice" in Eatonville, Florida. He soon becomes mayor,
postmaster, storekeeper, and even the biggest landlord in the town. He viewed Janie as a typical
trophy wife who was to be seen and never heard from. He hoped to transform her into what he felt
the perfect example of a mayor's wife should be. She was beautiful, and in his opinion, should
provide a certain example of how a woman of character should behave. At first she gives into Jody's
ideas on how she should be acting; however, after 20 years of being silent, Janie finally has her fill.
The store that Jody and Janie owned had become a hang out for several of the men in Eatonville. It
was a place for them to swap stories about their days and even their families. Jody, wanting to be an
example of how an important member of society was to act, never wanted to be outdone by these
men. He would not allow her to express her opinions or thoughts, and would not allow her to stand
up for herself or women when she overheard the degrading conversations that the men were having.
He made a constant effort to prove his control over Janie by

Langston Hughes : Black Poets Impact On African American...
Texas Southern University
Black Poets Impact In African American Literature
Michael Winston
English 132–11
Prof. Dr. Harmon
11–20–2017
African American literature is literature written from African descents that focused on the early time
to recent time movements. Early as the 1700's and late as the 1900's where African American
literature was in progress. Poetry was a substantial part of African American literature, because
black poets talked about culture, racism, slavery, and equality rights. Black poets expressed their
views, struggles, and influenced others at times in several movements in African American
literature.
Langston Hughes stood as a literary and cultural translation of political resistance and the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Angelou, 2017)
Angelou was determined to resist being a victim of oppression. No matter how she was viewed in
the history books, she will " rise. " She called herself a poet, in love with the "sound of language,"
''the music in language," as she explained to The Associated Press in 2013. But she lived so many
lives. She was a wonder to Toni Morrison, who marveled at Angelou's freedom from inhibition, her
willingness to celebrate her own achievements. She was a mentor to Oprah Winfrey, whom she
befriended when Winfrey was still a local television reporter, and often appeared on her friend's talk
show program. She mastered several languages and published not just poetry, but advice books,
cookbooks and children's stories. She wrote music, plays and screenplays, received an Emmy
nomination for her acting in "Roots," and never lost her passion for dance, the art she considered
closest to poetry. (OregonLive.com, 2017)
Lucille Clifton was a prolific and widely respected poet, Clifton's work emphasizes endurance and
strength through adversity, focusing particularly on African–American experience and family life.
(Poetry Foundation, 2017) Lucille mainly talks about her life as an African American. Her view

transcends the black experience " to embrace the entire world, human and non–human, in the deep
affirmation she

African American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black...

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