The document discusses research on mindfulness, affect labeling, and their effects on brain regions involved in emotional processing. It summarizes several studies that found:
1) Dispositional mindfulness is associated with greater prefrontal cortex activation and reduced amygdala activity during an affect labeling task.
2) Affect labeling, compared to simply observing or matching emotions, activates the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex which is linked to decreased amygdala response.
3) Both affect labeling and reappraisal activate prefrontal regions involved in regulating limbic activity, though labeling seems to have a stronger effect on prefrontal cortex activation and a similar effect on amygdala response.
Interpersonal biofeedback training with couples YUVAL ODED
Couples therapy many times elicits very extreme emotional reactions. For a therapist observing the interaction, it is
often very clear how partners react to each other’s' emotions and behaviors but for the partners themselves those
patterns may not be conscious. Since many patterns of behaviors are related to deeply automatic reactions
dependent on past histories of the partners, it can take a lot of time and effort to help them change those rigid
behaviors.
Desires and Decisions - A look into how positive emotions influence decision ...Shiva Kakkar
In the past few years the field of emotions has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. A major reason for this is the ability of emotions to influence human motivation and actions by influencing the cognitive processes of the brain (Latham, 2007). Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) has for long suggested that not all human decisions are rational in nature. A significant part of irrational decision making can be attributed to the play of emotions in human beings. Thus, it is interesting to see how emotions interfere with the thinking process of individuals. The paper specifically attempts to view the effect of positive emotions i.e. feeling of happiness, joy and/or enthusiasm on the decision making process in human beings. In order to achieve this, two opposite scientific views in the form of a critique and a refutation are presented to understand the utility of positive emotions in decision making.
Interpersonal biofeedback training with couples YUVAL ODED
Couples therapy many times elicits very extreme emotional reactions. For a therapist observing the interaction, it is
often very clear how partners react to each other’s' emotions and behaviors but for the partners themselves those
patterns may not be conscious. Since many patterns of behaviors are related to deeply automatic reactions
dependent on past histories of the partners, it can take a lot of time and effort to help them change those rigid
behaviors.
Desires and Decisions - A look into how positive emotions influence decision ...Shiva Kakkar
In the past few years the field of emotions has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. A major reason for this is the ability of emotions to influence human motivation and actions by influencing the cognitive processes of the brain (Latham, 2007). Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) has for long suggested that not all human decisions are rational in nature. A significant part of irrational decision making can be attributed to the play of emotions in human beings. Thus, it is interesting to see how emotions interfere with the thinking process of individuals. The paper specifically attempts to view the effect of positive emotions i.e. feeling of happiness, joy and/or enthusiasm on the decision making process in human beings. In order to achieve this, two opposite scientific views in the form of a critique and a refutation are presented to understand the utility of positive emotions in decision making.
Attitudes and Attitude change
• The different origins of attitudes
• Attitude structure
• Functions of attitudes
• Methods for measuring attitudes
• The link between attitude and behaviour
• Theories of attitude change
Splitting the affective atom: Divergence of valence and approach-avoidance mo...Maciej Behnke
Valence and approach-avoidance motivation are two distinct but closely related components of affect. However, little is known about how these two processes evolve and covary in a dynamic affective context.We formulated several hypotheses based on the Motivational Dimensional Model of Affect. We expected that anger would be a unique approach-related rather than avoidancerelated negative emotion. We also expected that high-approach positive emotions (e.g., desire) would differ from low-approach positive emotions (e.g., amusement) producing a stronger link between valence and approach-avoidance motivation. We also explored other dynamic properties of discrete emotions such as the difference between approach-avoidance motivation and valence as a marker of balance within affective components. We asked 69 participants to provide continuous ratings of valence and approach-avoidance motivation for eight standardized clips representing different discrete emotions. Using multilevel modeling, we established a significant relationship between valence and approach-avoidance motivation with high-approach emotions producing a stronger link between valence and approach-avoidance motivation compared to neutral states and lowapproach emotions. Contrary to expectations, we observed that individuals exhibited an avoidance response during anger elicitation. Finally, we found that awe was a distinct positive emotion where approach motivation dominated over valence. These findings are relevant to the theory and research on diverging processes within the core structure of affect.
We can begin to ‘re-frame’ the way we look at ourselves, and our beliefs about ourselves and others --- by changing our behavior --- which then changes the neuropathways in our brains, so that the new behaviors we practice can permanently change the way we think about ourselves.
An excellent way to take advantage of this breakthrough begins with examining our current interpretation and response to our experiences.
Emotional labor can be defined as a form of emotional regulation in which employees have to display certain emotions as part of their work and promote organizational goals. Such organizational control of emotions can lead to suppression of feelings through emotional dissonance, altered relational perceptions, changed communication patterns, and other negative and counterproductive personal and work effects including stress, demotivation and exhaustion. Emotional labor involves managing feelings and emotions to meet the demands of a job.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13203.30248
Attitudes and Attitude change
• The different origins of attitudes
• Attitude structure
• Functions of attitudes
• Methods for measuring attitudes
• The link between attitude and behaviour
• Theories of attitude change
Splitting the affective atom: Divergence of valence and approach-avoidance mo...Maciej Behnke
Valence and approach-avoidance motivation are two distinct but closely related components of affect. However, little is known about how these two processes evolve and covary in a dynamic affective context.We formulated several hypotheses based on the Motivational Dimensional Model of Affect. We expected that anger would be a unique approach-related rather than avoidancerelated negative emotion. We also expected that high-approach positive emotions (e.g., desire) would differ from low-approach positive emotions (e.g., amusement) producing a stronger link between valence and approach-avoidance motivation. We also explored other dynamic properties of discrete emotions such as the difference between approach-avoidance motivation and valence as a marker of balance within affective components. We asked 69 participants to provide continuous ratings of valence and approach-avoidance motivation for eight standardized clips representing different discrete emotions. Using multilevel modeling, we established a significant relationship between valence and approach-avoidance motivation with high-approach emotions producing a stronger link between valence and approach-avoidance motivation compared to neutral states and lowapproach emotions. Contrary to expectations, we observed that individuals exhibited an avoidance response during anger elicitation. Finally, we found that awe was a distinct positive emotion where approach motivation dominated over valence. These findings are relevant to the theory and research on diverging processes within the core structure of affect.
We can begin to ‘re-frame’ the way we look at ourselves, and our beliefs about ourselves and others --- by changing our behavior --- which then changes the neuropathways in our brains, so that the new behaviors we practice can permanently change the way we think about ourselves.
An excellent way to take advantage of this breakthrough begins with examining our current interpretation and response to our experiences.
Emotional labor can be defined as a form of emotional regulation in which employees have to display certain emotions as part of their work and promote organizational goals. Such organizational control of emotions can lead to suppression of feelings through emotional dissonance, altered relational perceptions, changed communication patterns, and other negative and counterproductive personal and work effects including stress, demotivation and exhaustion. Emotional labor involves managing feelings and emotions to meet the demands of a job.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13203.30248
Emotions are subjective feelings related to mood and affect. Emotions are biologically basic, present at birth, and universally experi- enced, but can be shaped by culture and learn- ing.
New directions in the psychology of chronic pain managementepicyclops
Lecture followed audience discussion on contextual cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the management of chronic pain from the West of Scotland Pain Group on Wednesday 5th December 2007. The speaker is Lance M. McCracken PhD, of the Pain Management Unit at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & University of Bath, Bath UK.
www.wspg.org.uk
Further reading:
DAHL, J., & LUNDGREN, T. (2006). Living beyond your pain using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease chronic pain. Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63472470
HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K., & WILSON, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, Guilford Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41712470
MCCRACKEN, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Progress in pain research and management, v. 33. Seattle, IASP Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57564664
Pairing Positive and Negative to Fill the Hole in the HeartRick Hanson
Implicit memory systems – including expectations, emotional residues and reactive patterns – are a primary target of therapy. Since they are vulnerable to change during consolidation, the skillful pairing of positive and negative material in awareness can gradually soothe and ultimately replace negative implicit memories. This workshop will explore neuro-savvy methods for doing this, including how to identify the positive material that will best "antidote" old pain or deficits in internalized resources.
Emotion
Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and
Outcomes
Kateri McRae, Bethany Ciesielski, and James J. Gross
Online First Publication, December 12, 2011. doi: 10.1037/a0026351
CITATION
McRae, K., Ciesielski, B., & Gross, J. J. (2011, December 12). Unpacking Cognitive
Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi:
10.1037/a0026351
Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes
Kateri McRae and Bethany Ciesielski
University of Denver
James J. Gross
Stanford University
Studies of emotion regulation typically contrast two or more strategies (e.g., reappraisal vs. suppression)
and ignore variation within each strategy. To address such variation, we focused on cognitive reappraisal
and considered the effects of goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) and tactics (i.e., what
people actually do) on outcomes (i.e., how affective responses change). To examine goals, we randomly
assigned participants to either increase positive emotion or decrease negative emotion to a negative
stimulus. To examine tactics, we categorized participants’ reports of how they reappraised. To examine
reappraisal outcomes, we measured experience and electrodermal responding. Findings indicated that (a)
the goal of increasing positive emotion led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases
in skin conductance than the goal of decreasing negative emotion, and (b) use of the reality challenge
tactic was associated with smaller increases in positive affect during reappraisal. These findings suggest
that reappraisal can be implemented in the service of different emotion goals, using different tactics. Such
differences are associated with different outcomes, and they should be considered in future research and
applied attempts to maximize reappraisal success.
Researchers have identified many types of emotion regulation
strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression;
Gross & Thompson, 2007). Contrasting these strategies has led to
important insights about differences among emotion regulatory
processes (Dillon, Ritchey, Johnson, & LaBar, 2007; Goldin,
McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Gross, 1998; Hayes et al., 2010;
Sheppes & Meiran, 2007) but has deemphasized the variability that
exists within any given strategy, such as those occasioned by
differing goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) or tactics
(i.e., what people actually do).
One promising target for examining within-strategy variation is
cognitive reappraisal, which refers to altering emotions by chang-
ing the way one thinks. Successful reappraisal influences many
aspects of emotional responding, including self-reported negative
affect (Gross, 1998), peripheral physiology (Jackson, Malmstadt,
Larson, & Davidson, 2000; Ray, McRae, Ochsner, & Gross, 2010),
and neural indicators of emotional arousal (Hajcak & Nieuwen-
huis, 2006; Ochsner et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006). However, there
has been notable va ...
Emotions can be both boon or bane. One of the psychotherapies that uses emotions as the basis to manage patients having difficulty in controlling or adapting emotions is EFT (emotion-focused therapy). It is beneficial in improving one's own self and interpersonal relationships by following and guiding their emotional experiences and thus, bringing positive emotional changes and ultimately, a better change in life. The two major conditions where it is employed more commonly are depression and emotional trauma and have been clinically proven to be successful
Read More information about Emotion Focused Therapy: https://www.icliniq.com/articles/emotional-and-mental-health/emotion-focused-therapy
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. Mindfulness
= process whereby one is aware and
receptive to present moment experiences
(mental state achieved by focusing awareness on the
present moment; calmly acknowledging and
accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and bodily
sensations, used as a therapeutic technique)
3. Affect Labeling “I’m angry”
= putting feelings into words, either of an
external stimulus or one’s own
(instead of trying to push an emotion away, the idea is
to actually draw closer to it by feeling it, identifying it,
and putting a label on it. Can be done verbally, with
pen and paper...etc)
4. Reappraisal “find the silver lining”
= technique by which we reframe the
meaning of an event, thereby changing its
emotional significance and impact (used in
CBT) (Gross 1998)
*of note this is an intentional attempt to regulate one’s
emotion, whereas affect labeling is incidental
5. Areas of Interest in the Brain
Amygdala = emotional distress
Prefrontal cortex = higher functioning
● Right Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC) =
associated with symbolic processing of emotional
information (Hariri et all 2000, Lieberman 2005)
● Medial Prefrontal cortex (MPFC) = has dense projections
to amygdala, activated during self-relevant task such as
monitering ones own emotional state (Quirk et al 2003,
Talor et al 2003, Ghashghaei 2002)
6. Background
studies have shown that mindful
traits/meditation practices reduce negative
affect, stress, mood disturbance, and dz spec
health sx
○ Can this be quantified?
○ What is the mechanism?
○ How can this be applied?
7. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of
dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling.
Psychosomatic medicine, 69(6), 560-565. (Cited 824)
DESIGN
● n = 27 (UCLA graduates) indicated trait level of
mindfulness then completed affect labeling task
while undergoing fMRI
● variable = matching facial expressions to affect words
● control = matching faces to gender appropriate names
● connectivity analyses conducted to test for relationship
between PFC and amygdala
8. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of
dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling.
Psychosomatic medicine, 69(6), 560-565.
9. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of
dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling.
Psychosomatic medicine, 69(6), 560-565.
RESULTS
First neural evidence for association of
mindfulness, affect labeling, and improved
neural affect regulation
● disposition mindfulness is associated with greater
widespread PFC activation and reduced b/l amygdala
activity (no correlation to ethnicity or reaction time)
10. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of
dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling.
Psychosomatic medicine, 69(6), 560-565.
Participants with high
mindfulness showed a
negative association
between between
prefrontal cortex and
R.amygdala responses
11. DESIGN
● n=30, completed various
tasks with concurrent fMRI
● control = gender label,
gender match & shape
match
● variable = affect label &
affect match & observe
condition (negative emotion
faces presented and
subjects instructed to
observe without processing
instructions)
Lieberman, Matthew D., et al. "Putting feelings into
words." Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421-428.
(Cited 879)
12. DESIGN
● fMRI imaging data analyzed for entire brain and with
more specific region of interest (ROI) on the amygdala.
● observe condition used to ID areas in the amygdala
sensitive to passive viewing of emotionally evocative
stimuli
● activity in the identified clusters were then computed for
each matching and labeling condition and compared to
control (shape matching condition)
Lieberman, Matthew D., et al. "Putting feelings into
words." Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421-428.
(Cited 879)
13. RESULTS
● ROI identified single cluster in L. amygdala sensitive to
passive viewing of single emotionally evocative image
● no sex differences in amygdala activity
● affect labeling diminishes emotional reactivity along a
pathway from RVLPFC to MPFC
● affect labeling => inc activity in a single brain region RVLPFC
(this was the only region in the entire brain more active during
affect labeling as compared to gender labeling)
● RVLPFC and MPFC both had inverse correlation with
amygdala activity
Lieberman, Matthew D., et al. "Putting feelings into
words." Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421-428.
14. Lieberman, Matthew D., et al. "Putting feelings into
words." Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421-428.
15. Lieberman, Matthew D., et al. "Putting feelings into
words." Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421-428.
16. Lieberman, Matthew D., et al. "Putting feelings into
words." Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421-428.
affect labeling showed
significantly less
amygdala activity than
affect matching
(linguistic processing is
more effective than non
linguistic processing in
regards to activating
RVLPFC)
17. Burklund, L. J., Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2014). The common and distinct
neural bases of affect labeling and reappraisal in
healthy adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. (Cited 74)
● n = 39, aged 55-85 y/o, 8 wk mindfulness-based
stress reduction program
● fMRI with more personally relevent affect labeling
and appraisal, aka modified so that participants
labeled their own emotional responses (instead of
external stimuli)
18. Burklund, L. J., Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2014). The common and distinct
neural bases of affect labeling and reappraisal in
healthy adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5.
(A) Reappraisal
(B) Label
(C) Observe
(D) Shape Match
conditions.
19. Burklund, L. J., Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., &
Lieberman, M. D. (2014). The common and distinct
neural bases of affect labeling and reappraisal in
healthy adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5.
Similar mechanism, different degrees of effect:
● Affect labeling activated PFC to a greater extent
than reappraisal, though amygdala/limbic activity
did not show significant differences
● Reappraisal is more effective than labeling in
reducing self-reported feelings of unpleasantness
20. This connection = mechanism by which language
alters basic mechanisms of limbic control
aka incidental emotion regulation
Big Picture
Affect labeling ⇒ ↑RVLPFC ⇒ ↑MPFC ⇒ ↓amygdala → ↓ emotional distress
21. Identifying an emotion in a patient and
guiding them to label (verbalize) it can have
therapeutic benefit by decreasing patients
limbic system activity (aka anxiety, fear,
anger etc)
(talk therapy, various spiritual coping mechanisms)
Therapeutic
23. ● immediate/short lived fear = analgesic
● chronic fear = magnify pain sensation
(Eckman 2007)
● patients with chronic pain who engaged in tasks that caused
increases in VLPFC activity were associated with improved
pain symptoms (Lieberman 2004)
● Affect labeling decreased diminished skin conductance
responses (compared to affect matching) (Crockett et al
2006)
Affect labeling to decrease Pain
