This document is a presentation about the proper use of adjectives and adverbs. It provides examples to illustrate the difference between adjectives, which describe nouns, and adverbs, which modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. It includes a short quiz with multiple choice questions testing the audience's knowledge of whether words in sentences should be adjectives or adverbs. The presentation emphasizes that while something may sound right, the grammatically correct form is important.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and Adverbs
Is it real
windy?
Is it real
windy?
Or
really
windy?
Or
really
windy?
3. This presentation
explains how to
discriminate
between and use
correct adjectival
and adverbial
forms.
This presentation
explains how to
discriminate
between and use
correct adjectival
and adverbial
forms.
4. An adjective and/or adverbAn adjective and/or adverb
item on an objective testitem on an objective test
might look like thismight look like this .. ....
5. Sample ItemSample ItemSample ItemSample Item
Jacob ate slow, chewing his food thoroughly.Jacob ate slow, chewing his food thoroughly.
His mother was really impressed since sheHis mother was really impressed since she
often accused him of bolting dinner.often accused him of bolting dinner.
A.A.slowlyslowly
B.B.thoroughthorough
C.C.realreal
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Jacob ateJacob ate slowslow, chewing his food, chewing his food thoroughlythoroughly..
AA BB
His mother wasHis mother was reallyreally impressed since sheimpressed since she
CC
often accused him of bolting dinner.often accused him of bolting dinner.
A.A.slowlyslowly
B.B.thoroughthorough
C.C.realreal
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Jacob ateJacob ate slowlyslowly, chewing his food, chewing his food thoroughlythoroughly..
AA BB
His mother wasHis mother was reallyreally impressed since sheimpressed since she
CC
often accused him of bolting dinner.often accused him of bolting dinner.
A.A.slowlyslowly
B.B.thoroughthorough
C.C.realreal
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Is slow,
thoroughly, or
really a
problem?
Is slow,
thoroughly, or
really a
problem?
Slow must
become
slowly, a fix
that option A
makes.
Slow must
become
slowly, a fix
that option A
makes.
6. AdjectivesAdjectives describedescribe nounsnouns..AdjectivesAdjectives describedescribe nounsnouns..
The man lay on the couch.The man lay on the couch.
That’s not
very
descriptive!
That’s not
very
descriptive!
I’m not sure
handsome
is the right
adjective.
I’m not sure
handsome
is the right
adjective.
TheThe handsomehandsome man lay on theman lay on the redred
couch.couch.
7. AdverbsAdverbs modifymodify verbsverbs,, adjectivesadjectives,,
andand other adverbsother adverbs..
AdverbsAdverbs modifymodify verbsverbs,, adjectivesadjectives,,
andand other adverbsother adverbs..
The man flirted in a bold manner.The man flirted in a bold manner.
Sometimes
successfully!
Sometimes
successfully!
The manThe man shamelesslyshamelessly flirted in anflirted in an
extremelyextremely bold manner.bold manner.
8. WhatWhat soundssounds right isright is notnot
always correct!always correct!
WhatWhat soundssounds right isright is notnot
always correct!always correct!
Kenny thinks that he is real cool.Kenny thinks that he is real cool.Kenny thinks that he isKenny thinks that he is reallyreally cool.cool.
Totally hip people
know that the adverb
really needs to
modify an adjective
like cool!
Totally hip people
know that the adverb
really needs to
modify an adjective
like cool!
9. Quick TestQuick TestQuick TestQuick Test
Directions:Directions: In the items that follow, chooseIn the items that follow, choose
the option that corrects an error in thethe option that corrects an error in the
underlined portion(s). If no error exists, chooseunderlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose
“No change is necessary.”“No change is necessary.”
Blow us away
with what you
know.
Blow us away
with what you
know.
10. Item 1Item 1Item 1Item 1
Farzana did poor on her algebra quiz. SheFarzana did poor on her algebra quiz. She
couldn’t concentrate well because her tablematecouldn’t concentrate well because her tablemate
was chomping noisily on a piece of gum.was chomping noisily on a piece of gum.
A.A.poorlypoorly
B.B.goodgood
C.C.noisynoisy
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Farzana didFarzana did poorpoor on her algebra quiz. Sheon her algebra quiz. She
AA
couldn’t concentratecouldn’t concentrate wellwell because her tablematebecause her tablemate
BB
was chompingwas chomping noisilynoisily on a piece of gum.on a piece of gum.
CC
A.A.poorlypoorly
B.B.goodgood
C.C.noisynoisy
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Farzana didFarzana did poorlypoorly on her algebra quiz. Sheon her algebra quiz. She
AA
couldn’t concentratecouldn’t concentrate wellwell because her tablematebecause her tablemate
BB
was chompingwas chomping noisilynoisily on a piece of gum.on a piece of gum.
CC
A.A.poorlypoorly
B.B.goodgood
C.C.noisynoisy
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
11. Item 2Item 2Item 2Item 2
Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he isLawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is
still very happy with hisstill very happy with his AA..
A.A.realreal
B.B.soso
C.C.wellwell
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he isLawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is
stillstill veryvery happy with hishappy with his AA..
A.A.realreal
B.B.soso
C.C.wellwell
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he isLawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is
stillstill veryvery happy with hishappy with his AA..
A.A.realreal
B.B.soso
C.C.wellwell
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
12. Item 3Item 3Item 3Item 3
The excruciating long school day put Wanda inThe excruciating long school day put Wanda in
a bad mood. She was very tired and justa bad mood. She was very tired and just
wanted to go home to relax.wanted to go home to relax.
A.A.excruciatinglyexcruciatingly
B.B.worserworser
C.C.realreal
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
TheThe excruciatingexcruciating long school day put Wanda inlong school day put Wanda in
AA
aa badbad mood. She wasmood. She was veryvery tired and justtired and just
BB CC
wanted to go home to relax.wanted to go home to relax.
A.A.excruciatinglyexcruciatingly
B.B.worserworser
C.C.realreal
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
TheThe excruciatinglyexcruciatingly long school day put Wanda inlong school day put Wanda in
AA
aa badbad mood. She wasmood. She was veryvery tired and justtired and just
BB CC
wanted to go home to relax.wanted to go home to relax.
A.A.excruciatinglyexcruciatingly
B.B.worserworser
C.C.realreal
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
13. Item 4Item 4Item 4Item 4
The horrifying news that Professor AndersonThe horrifying news that Professor Anderson
was assigning another 10-page paper made hiswas assigning another 10-page paper made his
students complain bitter about his very hardstudents complain bitter about his very hard
requirements.requirements.
A.A.horrifyinglyhorrifyingly
B.B.bitterlybitterly
C.C.real demandingreal demanding
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
TheThe horrifyinghorrifying news that Professor Andersonnews that Professor Anderson
AA
was assigning another 10-page paper made hiswas assigning another 10-page paper made his
students complainstudents complain bitterbitter about hisabout his very hardvery hard
B CB C
requirements.requirements.
A.A.horrifyinglyhorrifyingly
B.B.bitterlybitterly
C.C.real demandingreal demanding
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
TheThe horrifyinghorrifying news that Professor Andersonnews that Professor Anderson
AA
was assigning another 10-page paper made hiswas assigning another 10-page paper made his
students complainstudents complain bitterlybitterly about hisabout his very hardvery hard
BB CC
requirements.requirements.
A.A.horrifyinglyhorrifyingly
B.B.bitterlybitterly
C.C.real demandingreal demanding
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
14. Item 5Item 5Item 5Item 5
The duck quacked loud, hoping that we wouldThe duck quacked loud, hoping that we would
throw it some of our French fries.throw it some of our French fries.
A.A.loudestloudest
B.B.real loudreal loud
C.C.loudlyloudly
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
The duck quackedThe duck quacked loudloud, hoping that we would, hoping that we would
throw it some of our French fries.throw it some of our French fries.
A.A.loudestloudest
B.B.real loudreal loud
C.C.loudlyloudly
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
The duck quackedThe duck quacked loudloud, hoping that we would, hoping that we would
throw it some of our French fries.throw it some of our French fries.
A.A.loudestloudest
B.B.real loudreal loud
C.C.loudlyloudly
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
15. Item 6Item 6Item 6Item 6
Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about VeronicaMr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica
and finish typing his report real quick.and finish typing his report real quick.
A.A.very quickvery quick
B.B.real quicklyreal quickly
C.C.right nowright now
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about VeronicaMr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica
and finish typing his reportand finish typing his report real quickreal quick..
A.A.very quickvery quick
B.B.real quicklyreal quickly
C.C.right nowright now
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about VeronicaMr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica
and finish typing his reportand finish typing his report real quickreal quick..
A.A.very quickvery quick
B.B.real quicklyreal quickly
C.C.right nowright now
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
16. Item 7Item 7Item 7Item 7
We roasted in the very hot sun, sweat pouringWe roasted in the very hot sun, sweat pouring
profuse off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea andprofuse off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea and
lemonade plagued us mercilessly.lemonade plagued us mercilessly.
A.A.real hotreal hot
B.B.profuselyprofusely
C.C.mercilessmerciless
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
We roasted in theWe roasted in the very hotvery hot sun, sweat pouringsun, sweat pouring
AA
profuseprofuse off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea andoff our skin. Thoughts of iced tea and
BB
lemonade plagued uslemonade plagued us mercilesslymercilessly..
CC
A.A.real hotreal hot
B.B.profuselyprofusely
C.C.mercilessmerciless
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
We roasted in theWe roasted in the very hotvery hot sun, sweat pouringsun, sweat pouring
AA
profuselyprofusely off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea andoff our skin. Thoughts of iced tea and
BB
lemonade plagued uslemonade plagued us mercilesslymercilessly..
CC
A.A.real hotreal hot
B.B.profuselyprofusely
C.C.mercilessmerciless
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
17. Item 8Item 8Item 8Item 8
We moved into the new apartment real easy.We moved into the new apartment real easy.
Rebecca shamelessly flirted with some strongRebecca shamelessly flirted with some strong
neighbors who were happy to help with theneighbors who were happy to help with the
heavy boxes.heavy boxes.
A.A.easilyeasily
B.B.shamelessshameless
C.C.happilyhappily
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
We moved into the new apartmentWe moved into the new apartment real easyreal easy..
AA
RebeccaRebecca shamelesslyshamelessly flirted with some strongflirted with some strong
BB
neighbors who wereneighbors who were happyhappy to help with theto help with the
CC
heavy boxes.heavy boxes.
A.A.easilyeasily
B.B.shamelessshameless
C.C.happilyhappily
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
We moved into the new apartmentWe moved into the new apartment easilyeasily..
AA
RebeccaRebecca shamelesslyshamelessly flirted with some strongflirted with some strong
BB
neighbors who wereneighbors who were happyhappy to help with theto help with the
CC
heavy boxes.heavy boxes.
A.A.easilyeasily
B.B.shamelessshameless
C.C.happilyhappily
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
18. Item 9Item 9Item 9Item 9
Alex did good during his speeches, addressingAlex did good during his speeches, addressing
his classmates with confidence and poise. But hehis classmates with confidence and poise. But he
did poorly for the semester because he neverdid poorly for the semester because he never
submitted homework punctually.submitted homework punctually.
A.A.wellwell
B.B.poorpoor
C.C.punctualpunctual
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Alex didAlex did goodgood during his speeches, addressingduring his speeches, addressing
AA
his classmates with confidence and poise. But hehis classmates with confidence and poise. But he
diddid poorlypoorly for the semester because he neverfor the semester because he never
BB
submitted homeworksubmitted homework punctuallypunctually..
CC
A.A.wellwell
B.B.poorpoor
C.C.punctualpunctual
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
Alex didAlex did wellwell during his speeches, addressingduring his speeches, addressing
AA
his classmates with confidence and poise. But hehis classmates with confidence and poise. But he
diddid poorlypoorly for the semester because he neverfor the semester because he never
BB
submitted homeworksubmitted homework punctuallypunctually..
CC
A.A.wellwell
B.B.poorpoor
C.C.punctualpunctual
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
19. Item 10Item 10Item 10Item 10
The incessant loud barks of her neighbor’s dogsThe incessant loud barks of her neighbor’s dogs
kept Diane from getting a good night’s sleep. Shekept Diane from getting a good night’s sleep. She
did not feel well rested the next day.did not feel well rested the next day.
A.A.incessantlyincessantly
B.B.wellwell
C.C.goodgood
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
TheThe incessantincessant loud barks of her neighbor’s dogsloud barks of her neighbor’s dogs
AA
kept Diane from getting akept Diane from getting a goodgood night’s sleep. Shenight’s sleep. She
BB
did not feeldid not feel wellwell rested the next day.rested the next day.
CC
A.A.incessantlyincessantly
B.B.wellwell
C.C.goodgood
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
TheThe incessantlyincessantly loud barks of her neighbor’s dogsloud barks of her neighbor’s dogs
AA
kept Diane from getting akept Diane from getting a goodgood night’s sleep. Shenight’s sleep. She
BB
did not feeldid not feel wellwell rested the next day.rested the next day.
CC
A.A.incessantlyincessantly
B.B.wellwell
C.C.goodgood
D.D.No change is necessary.No change is necessary.
